FELIX FRANCO and FRANCO EXPRESS, INC ., An Illinois Domestic Corporation v. Richland Refrigerated Solutions, LLC

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-3271
F ELIX F RANCO and F RANCO EXPRESS, I NC .,
An Illinois Domestic Corporation,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
R ICHLAND R EFRIGERATED SOLUTIONS, LLC,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 3:21-cv-00048 — James D. Peterson, Chief Judge.
____________________
A RGUED SEPTEMBER 27, 2023 — DECIDED F EBRUARY 12, 2025
____________________
Before SYKES, Chief Judge, and F LAUM and LEE, Circuit
Judges.1
1 Circuit Judge Flaum passed away on December 4, 2024, and did not
participate in the decision of this case, which is being resolved under 28
U.S.C. § 46(d) by a quorum of the panel.

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2 No. 22-3271
LEE, Circuit Judge. Felix Franco, a commercial truck driver,
was asleep in the bunkbed area of his parked semi-trailer
truck when it was hit by another truck. Behind the wheel of
the offending vehicle was an employee of Richland Refriger-
ated Solutions, LLC. Invoking diversity jurisdiction, Franco2
sued Richland, alleging that its negligence caused him to in-
jure his back, necessitating surgery. For its part, Richland
acknowledged that its employee’s negligence had caused the
accident but disputed that the accident was the source of
Franco’s injury. The case went to trial, and a jury entered a
verdict in Richland’s favor. Franco appeals the district court’s
pretrial rulings, jury instructions, and denial of his post-trial
motions. We affirm in all respects.
I. Background
Franco had parked his semi-trailer truck and was sleeping
in the bunkbed area on April 10, 2019, when a Richland em-
ployee drove a truck into Franco’s vehicle. The impact pro-
pelled Franco into the air, and he struck his back on the corner
of a small refrigerator. According to Franco, this incident in-
jured his back, causing him severe pain. Franco, however, had
a history of degenerative back problems, and he had suffered
from back pain even before the accident. He ultimately re-
quired surgery for his lower spine in 2021.
Richland stipulated that it was responsible for the collision
but disputed that the accident was the cause of Franco’s pain
and resulting surgery. According to Franco, however, his pre-
existing back issues had stabilized before the 2019 accident,
2 Franco Express, Inc. is a trucking business Franco owns. For conven-
ience’s sake, we refer to both Franco and Franco Express as “Franco.”

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No. 22-3271 3
and the incident exacerbated his back condition, necessitating
his surgery. We review briefly the portions of the pretrial pro-
ceedings and trial that are relevant to this appeal.
A. Pretrial Rulings
1. Illustrations
At the pretrial conference, Franco sought to admit into ev-
idence four medical illustrations of the human spine, each
presenting a different part of the back. Noting that neither
party had used the drawings during the many depositions
that they had taken in the case, the court denied the request
but allowed the parties to use two of the drawings as demon-
strative exhibits to help the jury understand the medical ex-
pert testimony to be offered at trial. The court also said it
would provide the jury with a limiting instruction regarding
the use of the drawings.
When Franco introduced the two illustrations at trial, true
to its word, the court explained to the jurors that the purpose
of the illustrations was to “orient [them] to some of the terms”
and to help them understand the medical terminology they
will hear throughout the trial.
2. Jury Instructions
During the pretrial conference, the court also provided the
parties with proposed jury instructions and a special verdict
form; neither side objected. Because Richland did not dispute
that its driver had caused the collision, the court and the par-
ties discussed how to frame the contested issue for the jury.
The following colloquy is particularly salient:
THE COURT: Very good. Okay. Then we’ve got the
post-trial instructions. I have a couple of questions.

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4 No. 22-3271
And so I’ve tried to do my best job of doing what I
think we need. I have left out some things that you had
proposed, and I want to explain what I’ve done and ask
you for your input here. So the plaintiffs had included
an instruction -- or plaintiff had included an instruc-
tion on duty of ordinary care, and defendant had pro-
posed an instruction defining negligence. I have omit-
ted those because we have a concession that liability
isn’t really contested, so this is really a damages case.
So I don’t think I need those, but I want to make sure I
didn’t miss the reason you included them.
Anything from the plaintiff?
PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL: That’s fine. I agree, Your
Honor.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Well, I don’t disagree with what
you say --
THE COURT: Yeah.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: -- with the exception that it’s
damages, but there’s also causation.
THE COURT: Absolutely.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: That is a major issue in the case.
THE COURT: Yes. So it is my intent that the causation
question be captured and the jury be instructed on that.
They certainly have to answer that question, but I think
the negligence itself is conceded, although my clerk
and I were discussing how we didn’t have to really
phrase it in the way -- in that way. We can phrase it
relatively neutrally that just says an accident hap-
pened, the defendant has accepted responsibility, and

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No. 22-3271 5
the question is whether the injury -- whether the acci-
dent caused any injury -- damages and what they are
is essentially what we’re asking, so.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: In my view of your instructions,
I’m satisfied with –
THE COURT: All right. Very good.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: -- the instructions.
Although the court remarked (perhaps inartfully) that “li-
ability isn’t really contested,” the court and the parties all
agreed that the jury would have to decide whether the acci-
dent caused Franco’s injury and the damages he was seeking.
B. The Trial Evidence
In addition to his own testimony, Franco offered testi-
mony from his treating physician, Dr. Dzung Dinh, and a re-
tained expert, Dr. Alexander Ghanayem. Richland called its
own medical expert, Dr. Jerry Bauer.3
1. Franco
Franco recounted his medical history, the events sur-
rounding the accident, his subsequent back surgery and med-
ical care, and his perception of how the accident impacted his
ability to work as a truck driver. He acknowledged that, even
before the accident, he had experienced back and hip pain,
sometimes daily. To alleviate it, Dr. Dinh had prescribed epi-
dural steroid injections and a prescription pain killer. Because
3 The parties presented the expert witnesses through deposition testi-
mony. The district court ruled on the parties’ objections to their deposition
designations during the pretrial conference; none of those rulings are in
dispute here.

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6 No. 22-3271
the efficacy of these treatments had waned over time, Franco
planned to have surgery in 2021. Franco insisted at trial, how-
ever, that the accident greatly increased his back pain, and he
was unable to work for long periods of time after the surgery.
2. Dr. Dinh
Dr. Dinh is a board-certified neurosurgeon specializing in
complex spinal surgery. He treated Franco from July 2019
through at least 2021. According to Dr. Dinh, Franco suffered
from stenosis (the degenerative narrowing of the low-back
spinal canal) as well as neurogenic claudication (an increase
in pain during activity caused by buildup and narrowing in
the lower spinal canal). Dr. Dinh described the progression of
Franco’s back problems over time as evidenced by his MRIs
in 2017, 2019, and 2021, and his owns accounts.
When periodic epidural steroid injections ceased to allevi-
ate Franco’s pain, Dr. Dinh recommended surgery and oper-
ated on Franco in 2021. Dr. Dinh could not say whether the
accident had accelerated the degeneration of Franco’s spine,
but he acknowledged that Franco would have needed the sur-
gery regardless of the accident.
3. Dr. Ghanayem
Franco’s retained expert, Dr. Ghanayem, leads the ortho-
pedics department at Loyola University Stritch School of
Medicine. After examining Franco and reviewing his medical
history, Dr. Ghanayem confirmed Franco’s pre-existing spinal
stenosis and degenerative disc disease. He also agreed that
Franco’s stenosis caused neurogenic claudication and a “clog-
ging” of the spinal canal resulting in pain. Dr. Ghanayem
acknowledged, too, that Franco had reported worsening back
pain in the years preceding the accident.

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No. 22-3271 7
That said, Dr. Ghanayem disagreed that Franco’s MRIs
demonstrated “a progression per se.” And, in his opinion, the
accident was a contributing cause of Franco’s chronic back
condition that necessitated surgery.
4. Dr. Bauer
Richland offered its own medical expert, Dr. Bauer, a
board-certified neurosurgeon. Like Dr. Ghanayem, Dr. Bauer
examined Franco and studied his medical history. According
to Dr. Bauer, Franco started to report back pain about five
years before the accident. He agreed that Franco suffered
from degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, and scoliosis.
But, in his opinion, Franco’s severe back condition made him
a candidate for surgery in 2017, two years before the accident.
In Dr. Bauer’s view, the 2019 accident had no effect on
Franco’s condition, and Franco would have needed lower
back surgery anyway.
II. Analysis
A. Motions for Judgment as a Matter of Law
We begin with the district court’s denial of Franco’s mo-
tions for judgment as a matter of law under Fed. R. Civ. P.
50(a) and (b), which we review de novo. See Venson v. Altami-
rano, 749 F.3d 641, 646 (7th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted); see also
Abellan v. Lavelo Prop. Mgmt., LLC, 948 F.3d 820, 827 (7th Cir.
2020) (reviewing the district court’s denial of Rule 50(b) mo-
tion de novo when state substantive law applied). In doing so,
we examine whether there is “a legally sufficient evidentiary
basis” for the jury’s verdict. See May v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 716
F.3d 963, 971 (7th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (citation omitted).
In answering this question, we construe all evidence and
draw all reasonable inferences in Richland’s favor. See id.

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8 No. 22-3271
(citation omitted). As a result, Franco faces a difficult task
here—we will reverse the verdict “only if no rational jury
could have found in [Richland’s] favor.” See Andy Mohr Truck
Ctr., Inc. v. Volvo Trucks N. Am., 869 F.3d 598, 602 (7th Cir.
2017) (citation omitted).
At the close of the evidence, Franco moved for judgment
as a matter of law under Rule 50(a), which the district court
denied. After the verdict, Franco renewed his motion under
Rule 50(b) and asserted that, based on the trial evidence, no
reasonable jury could have found that the accident was not a
cause of his injuries. The district court concluded otherwise,
and Franco argues these rulings were erroneous.
We apply Wisconsin’s substantive law in this diversity
case. See Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427
(1996). To successfully establish liability in a negligence action
under Wisconsin law, Franco needed to prove that Richland
owed a duty of care, it breached that duty, there was a causal
relation between the conduct and the injury, and the injury
resulted in actual loss or damage. See Ollerman v. O’Rourke Co.,
Inc., 288 N.W.2d 95, 109 (Wis. 1980); see also Webber v. Armslist
LLC, 70 F.4th 945, 958 (7th Cir. 2023).
Because Richland stipulated to the first two elements, cau-
sation was the key question in this case. “In negligence cases,
the test for causation is whether the conduct at issue was a
substantial factor in producing plaintiff’s injury.” Emer’s
Camper Corral, LLC v. Alderman, 943 N.W.2d 513, 519 (Wis.
2020) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The phrase, ‘sub-
stantial factor,’ denotes that the [defendant’s] conduct has
such an effect in producing the injury as to lead a reasonable
person to regard it as a cause, using that word in the popular

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No. 22-3271 9
sense.” Toeller v. Mutual Serv. Cas. Ins. Co., 340 N.W.2d 923,
926 (Wis. Ct. App. 1983) (citation omitted).
On appeal, Franco argues that the evidence supports only
one conclusion—that the accident led to his back pain, sur-
gery, and the associated damages. Indeed, Franco asserts that
the defense presented no evidence that his pre-existing condi-
tions were causes of his pain and eventual surgery. But this
argument flies in the face of the record.
Dr. Dinh, the neurosurgeon who performed Franco’s back
surgery, testified that Franco’s MRIs from 2017, 2019, and
2021 revealed the progressive nature of Franco’s conditions
prior to the accident. Counsel asked Dr. Dinh specifically if
Franco’s collapsed disc space was degenerative, and Dr. Dinh
replied: “Absolutely, in his case …. Because it was there be-
fore the accident.” And in direct contradiction to Franco’s pre-
sent argument, Dr. Dinh concluded that the accident did not
have a direct causal effect on Franco’s condition requiring sur-
gery.
Similarly, Dr. Bauer, after examining Franco and review-
ing his medical history, opined that Franco’s degenerative
back condition made him a candidate for the surgery in as
early as 2017—two years before the accident. And he testified
that Franco’s degenerative back condition existed prior to the
accident.
In fact, both Dr. Dinh and Dr. Bauer noted explicitly that
Franco would have needed the surgery regardless of the acci-
dent. And Franco’s own expert, Dr. Ghanayem, went so far as
to opine that the accident was a contributing cause to Franco’s
back condition, not the sole cause, as Franco contends here.

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10 No. 22-3271
Under Wisconsin law, “[c]ausation is not established
where the harm would have occurred even absent the defend-
ant’s negligence.” Webber, 70 F.4th at 963 (citing Beacon Bowl,
Inc. v. Wis. Elec. Power Co., 501 N.W.2d 788, 807 (Wis. 1993)).
Because a reasonable jury could find from the evidence that
the accident did not cause the condition that led to Franco’s
eventual surgery, the district court did not err in denying his
Rule 50 motions.
B. Rule 59 Motion for a New Trial
Turning to Franco’s Rule 59 motion for a new trial, we re-
view the district court’s denial of the motion for abuse of dis-
cretion. Venson, 749 F.3d at 656 (citation omitted). “A new trial
is appropriate if the jury’s verdict is against the manifest
weight of the evidence or if the trial was in some way unfair
to the moving party.” Id. (citation omitted).
On appeal, Franco contends that he is entitled to a new
trial under Rule 59. But he did not develop this argument, ei-
ther before the district court or here. Accordingly, we are un-
der no obligation to address it. See United States v. Adams, 625
F.3d 371, 378 (7th Cir. 2010) (“failing to develop [ ] argument
in [ ] meaningful way” waives argument); United States v. Elst,
579 F.3d 740, 747 (7th Cir. 2009) (“Perfunctory and undevel-
oped arguments as well as arguments unsupported by perti-
nent authority are waived.”) (citation omitted); see also United
States v. Hook, 471 F.3d 766, 775 (7th Cir. 2006).
It is worth noting, however, that Franco misunderstands
the standard that governs a motion for a new trial under Rule
59. For example, he asserts that “there was evidence the collision
events caused the physical problems to the plaintiff” and that
“[a] fair conclusion is the pain level is permanent and increased

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No. 22-3271 11
in severity and duration and resulted directly from defend-
ant’s actions.” He also says that Richland presented no evi-
dence in rebuttal to Franco’s theory that the accident was a
cause of Franco’s spinal injury. But merely pointing to a smat-
tering of favorable evidence, while wholly ignoring contrary
facts, does not demonstrate that the jury’s verdict was con-
trary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Nor does it show
that the trial was somehow unfair to Franco. Accordingly, the
district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Franco’s
request for a new trial.
C. Jury Instructions
Next, Franco challenges the court’s preliminary and post-
trial jury instructions, as well as the special verdict form. But,
again, Franco did not challenge the jury instructions or ver-
dict form before the district court, so our review could end
here. For the sake of completeness, however, we note that,
even if he had, we would still affirm.
In its preliminary instructions to the jury, the district court
explained that “Richland admits that its driver was negligent,
but the parties dispute what damages -- what the plaintiffs’
damages are, so this is a case about the damages.” In Franco’s
view, the court’s statement “is reasonably interpreted there
[sic] is no dispute of causal relationship of defendant’s actions
to the plaintiff’s injuries.” The court, however, also instructed
the jury that they needed to decide “whether plaintiffs have
proved that Richland’s negligence caused them to suffer dam-
ages.” Because, read as a whole, the court’s preliminary in-
structions neither misled the jury on the issue in dispute nor
prejudiced Franco, it did not err.

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12 No. 22-3271
Franco also takes issue with the special verdict form. The
form included two questions: “Question 1 asks whether the
2019 accident was a cause of the plaintiffs’ injuries,” and if the
jurors answered yes to Question 1, they were then asked to
“decide in Question 2 what amount of money, if any, would
fairly and adequately compensate plaintiffs for the harm
caused by the 2019 accident.”
According to Franco, Richland already had stipulated that
its driver had caused the accident and, thus, both Questions 1
and 2 were incorrect. But this confuses Richland’s concession
that its employee’s negligence caused the accident with
whether the resulting impact caused Franco’s injuries that re-
quired surgery. Answering the latter question was the entire
point of the trial.
We have been clear that district courts have “substantial
discretion with respect to the precise wording of jury instruc-
tions so long as the final result, read as a whole, completely
and correctly states the law.” Calhoun v. Ramsey, 408 F.3d 375,
379 (7th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Moreover, an erroneous
jury instruction is not prejudicial unless, “considering the in-
structions as a whole, along with all of the evidence and argu-
ments, the jury was misinformed about the applicable law.”
Susan Wakeen Doll Co. v. Ashton–Drake Galleries, 272 F.3d 441,
452 (7th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). The court’s instruction
and the explanation of causation on the special verdict form
accurately states Wisconsin law for negligence cases, so we
see no error. See Beacon Bowl, 501 N.W.2d at 807.
D. Demonstrative Exhibits
Finally, we review whether the district court abused its
discretion by excluding two of Franco’s demonstrative

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No. 22-3271 13
exhibits. See United States v. Arroyo, 406 F.3d 881, 886 (7th Cir.
2005) (citation omitted). As always, “[w]e afford the district
court considerable discretion in the handling of exhibits dur-
ing the course of a trial as well as during jury deliberations.”
Id. (citation omitted); Nachtsheim v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 847
F.2d 1261, 1278 (7th Cir. 1988) (“Whether to admit demonstra-
tive evidence … is a decision committed to the broad discre-
tion of the trial court.”).
During the parties’ final pretrial conference, Franco
sought to admit in evidence four medical illustrations, labeled
A, B, C, and D, depicting various parts of the human anatomy.
After hearing from the parties, the district court denied the
request but allowed two illustrations (A and D) to be used as
demonstrative exhibits.
On appeal, Franco takes issue with the court’s refusal to
allow the other illustrations (B and C) to be used as demon-
stratives. He asserts that illustration B, entitled “Spinal
Nerves & Sensory Dermatomes,” was “the most important
drawing to tie Franco’s testimony to the expert’s testimony”
so that the jury could “verify the injury site with pain refer-
ences.” In Franco’s mind, illustration C, entitled “Autonomic
Nervous System,” also would have been helpful for the jury
to understand “the interplay between the vertebrae/nerves”
and certain body functions. The district court, however, ex-
plained that illustrations A and D would be sufficient to pro-
vide the jurors with an “orientation” of the anatomy of the
spine and that they were “more than is necessary.” Such a rea-
soned decision was well within its discretion.

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14 No. 22-3271
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district
court is AFFIRMED.

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