ROBERT FLETCHER and BARTLOW GALLERY , LTD v. Peter Doig

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
R OBERT F LETCHER and BARTLOW G ALLERY , LTD,
Plaintiffs, Cross-Appellees,
v.
PETER DOIG,
Defendant-Appellee, Cross-Appellant,
A PPEAL OF : WILLIAM F REDERICK Z IESKE.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 1:13-cv-3270 — Mary M. Rowland, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED M AY 15, 2024 — DECIDED J ULY 29, 2025
____________________
Before BRENNAN , K IRSCH , and LEE, Circuit Judges.
LEE, Circuit Judge. This case involves two conflicting nar-
ratives over the origin of a painting. Robert Fletcher and
Bartlow Gallery, Ltd., believe that Peter Doig, a well-known
artist, created a painting depicting a desert scene with a pond
while Doig was incarcerated in Canada in the 1970s. Accord-
ing to Fletcher, he purchased the work from Doig at that time

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2 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
for $100. Doig flatly disputes this, saying that he was never
incarcerated in Canada and the work certainly is not his.
Fletcher and Bartlow sued, asking the court to declare that it
was Doig who created the painting.
After three years of heated litigation, the district court held
a bench trial and sided with Doig, finding that the landscape
was not painted by the artist, but by another individual
named Peter Doige. And so, the court entered judgment
against Fletcher and Bartlow and in favor of Doig.
At the conclusion of the case, Doig and the other named
defendants filed a motion seeking sanctions against Fletcher,
Bartlow, and their counsel, William Zieske, under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927 for litigating
the case in bad faith. The district court granted the motion,
and Zieske now appeals the award of sanctions and the dis-
trict court’s subsequent denial of his motion to amend that
award.1
Central to Zieske’s argument is the district court’s prior
ruling denying Doig’s motion for summary judgment on the
grounds that there were genuine disputes of material fact. But
good faith to prosecute a claim at one stage of the litigation
does not preclude a more fulsome record from rendering the
claim frivolous later. Because the district court did not abuse
its discretion in granting the motion for sanctions here, we af-
firm.
1 Although Doig filed a cross-appeal, he has chosen not to pursue it.

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 3
I
A. The Painting2
In the mid-1970s, Fletcher attended Lakehead University
in Thunder Bay, Ontario, and he worked as a correctional of-
ficer at the Thunder Bay Correctional Center (TBCC). During
that time, Fletcher purchased a painting from a prisoner in-
carcerated at TBCC. The painting depicted a desert landscape
with a pond.
Fletcher had observed the painting’s progress from its in-
itial stages to completion over a period of some months, as the
painter composed the work in TBCC art classes. After the
painter was released from prison, Fletcher helped the artist
find employment through the Seafarers Union in Thunder
Bay, and the painter (presumably, out of gratitude) sold the
painting to Fletcher for $100. The painter signed the painting,
“1976 Pete Doige.”
Nearly forty years later, in 2011, Fletcher’s friend noticed
the painting while visiting Fletcher’s home and suggested
that it had been created by renowned artist, Peter Doig. Hop-
ing to sell the painting, Fletcher contacted art dealer, Peter
Bartlow, who owned Bartlow Gallery. Fletcher and Bartlow
agreed to split the proceeds of any sale.
Around the same time, Fletcher contacted Sotheby’s for an
estimate in the event that the painting was sold at auction. He
received an email response acknowledging the rarity of such
an early painting by Doig and requesting more information,
such as whether the work was signed, dated, or titled; the
2 The facts are taken from the district court’s findings from the bench
trial and are uncontroverted unless otherwise noted.

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4 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
painting’s size; and the history of the painting and how
Fletcher came to acquire it.
Meanwhile, Bartlow sought to authenticate the painting.
First, he sent an email to Doig regarding the painting and
Fletcher’s acquisition of it. Doig’s associate responded, stating
that Doig had never lived or attended school in Thunder Bay
and did not believe he knew Fletcher.
Despite this, Bartlow emailed Gordon VeneKlasen, Doig’s
longtime gallerist. In the email, Bartlow noted Fletcher’s belief
that he had purchased the painting from Doig and observed
that Bartlow could not find any accounts of Doig’s life from
1976 to 1978. Suggesting that Doig may desire to keep his in-
carceration private, Bartlow proposed that VeneKlasen ask
Doig to admit authorship of the work so that “the circum-
stances shall remain forgotten.”
In the ensuing exchange, VeneKlasen declared that the
painting was not authored by Doig, and Bartlow accused
Doig of falsifying records to obscure facts about his past.
Bartlow resolved to “turn up the heat a notch” in the face of
Doig’s denial that the work was his.
B. The Proceedings
Fletcher and Bartlow filed this lawsuit in 2013 against
Doig, VeneKlasen, Matthew Dontzin (Doig’s attorney), and
Dontzin Law Firm LLP. They alleged that the defendants had
interfered with their prospective economic advantage and re-
quested a declaratory judgment stating their right to attribute
the painting to Doig.
In response, Dontzin and his firm served Fletcher and
Bartlow’s counsel, William Zieske, with a letter notifying him
of their intention to seek sanctions pursuant to Rule 11(c) and

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 5
demanding that he withdraw the complaint. Attached to the
letter were numerous exhibits, including correspondence
from Lakehead University indicating that no one by the name
of Peter Doig had ever been enrolled there; search results from
a police database indicating that Peter Doig did not have a
criminal record; records from Doig’s secondary school as well
as correspondence with family members indicating that he
was not incarcerated in 1975 or 1976; and internet searches for
“Peter Doige” showing that there were several individuals
with that name living in Canada.
When the plaintiffs refused to withdraw their complaint,
the defendants provided a sworn declaration by Marilyn
Doige Bovard. In it, Bovard stated that she was the sister of
one Peter Edward Doige, who had attended Lakehead Uni-
versity in the 1970s. She also recalled that in the 1970s, her
brother had been incarcerated at TBCC, where he had taken
painting and music classes and created several paintings and
drawings. To top it off, Bovard said that the desert scene de-
picted in the painting in question resembled a location in Ar-
izona where she and her brother had lived for six months. At-
tached to her declaration were copies of Doige’s Lakehead
University student ID and his driver’s license, along with a
statement of his death.
At a September 2013 status hearing, the district court in-
vited Zieske to consider staying the case to determine
whether the painting had been created by Doige rather than
Doig given the evidence the defendants had produced. The
court reminded Zieske that, even if he had had a reasonable
basis for initiating the case, he could “lose an objectively rea-
sonable basis in the middle of the litigation.” The district court
commented that it was at least conceivable that such time had

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6 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
come. Undeterred, Zieske declared his intent to continue pur-
suing the case.
Some months later, Zieske submitted an affidavit, in
which he recounted a conversation with Peter Doige’s (and
Bovard’s) mother. According to Zieske, their mother believed
that Doige had never spent any time in Ontario or Thunder
Bay, contradicting Bovard. But Zieske never introduced any
testimony from Doige’s mother to substantiate this claim,
and, at a May 7, 2014 hearing, Zieske explained to the court
that he would not be doing so because Doige’s mother had
refused to cooperate as a witness.
As discovery proceeded, the facts continued to mount in
the defendants’ favor. Documents from the Seafarers Union
in Thunder Bay and Lakehead University confirmed Peter Ed-
ward Doige’s membership in the union and attendance at the
school during the period in question. The defendants also ob-
tained a declaration from an inmate at TBCC in the late 1970s
who had taken art classes, as well as one from the TBCC art
teacher from 1975 to 1977. Both swore that Peter Doige had
created the paining. What is more, Doig identified more than
twenty witnesses who, he claimed, had knowledge that he
was not in Thunder Bay during the years in question. Later,
at trial, Bartlow admitted that he never attempted to contact
those individuals, because he had assumed they would give
false testimony to support Doig’s story.
By contrast, the plaintiffs never procured any evidence to
substantiate their assertion that Doig had been employed
with the Thunder Bay Seafarers Union. And Lakehead told
them that it had no records at all for a Peter Doig.

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 7
After discovery, Doig moved for summary judgment on
December 11, 2015. By this time, the court had dismissed the
claims against the other defendants. Fletcher and Bartlow op-
posed the motion, citing a report by Bartlow himself purport-
ing to authenticate the painting as Doig’s and a report by a
third-party art appraiser, who assessed the value of the work
under the assumption that Doig was the painter. They also
provided a declaration by Fletcher, recounting his experience
meeting Doig and purchasing the landscape. Fletcher also ex-
pressed his belief that the recent depictions of Doig in
YouTube videos resembled the painter he had met in Canada
in the 1970s in mannerisms, facial features, and hand gestures.
The district court denied Doig’s motion for summary
judgment on April 6, 2016. Central to the court’s decision was
Fletcher’s affidavit statements that Doig was the person he
had met at Thunder Bay—statements, the court recognized, it
must credit as true on summary judgment. Additionally, the
court noted the gap in Doig’s school records for the relevant
years, 1976 and 1977; the lack of indisputable evidence that
Doig was not in Thunder Bay during that time; and the art
appraiser’s opinion that could be inferred as evidence going
to Doig’s authorship (at least, at the summary judgment
stage).
In August 2016, the district court held an eight-day bench
trial. In the end, the court returned a verdict for Doig, finding
that the evidence “conclusively demonstrate[d]” that Peter
Doig “absolutely did not paint the disputed work,” and “Pe-
ter Edward Doige did author the work.”

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8 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
C. The Sanctions Award
After securing a victory, the defendants filed a post-judg-
ment motion for sanctions against Fletcher, Bartlow, and
Zieske, invoking Rule 11(c), 28 U.S.C. § 1927, and the court’s
inherent authority. They argued that the complaint lacked an
objectively reasonable basis and that the plaintiffs and their
counsel had pursued the action on frivolous grounds.
The district court granted the motion in part and denied it
in part in a December 30, 2022, order. The district court con-
cluded that sanctions were warranted against Fletcher,
Bartlow, and Zieske for their continued pursuit of the action
from May 7, 2014, through the entry of judgment. Although
the court stopped short of finding that Fletcher and Bartlow
had commenced the action in bad faith, it observed that they
and Zieske should have had substantial doubt about the
claims as discovery proceeded.
According to the court, by at least May 7, 2014—when
Zieske reported to the court that Doige’s mother would not
cooperate as a witness—“it should have become indisputably
clear to Plaintiffs and Zieske that their claims stood no chance
of success and, in fact, that the claims were factually merit-
less.” As the district court saw it, by that date, the three should
have recognized that they lacked anyone who would under-
mine Bovard’s account or otherwise rebut the defendants’ ev-
idence that Doige was the creator of the painting. Develop-
ments later in the litigation, the district court pointed out,
only served to underscore the “total implausibility” of their
claims.
As for the amount of the award, the district court reviewed
the reasonableness of the defendants’ fees and reduced the

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 9
requested amount by twenty percent. The district court also
awarded to the defendants fifty percent of their purported
non-taxable costs. In all, the court imposed a sanction of
$2,525,958.35, for which Fletcher, Bartlow, and Zieske were
jointly and severally liable, and rejected Zieske’s request to
reduce the fee to reflect his inability to pay.
Zieske subsequently moved to alter or amend the sanc-
tions order under Rule 59(e).3 The district court denied the
motion, finding that the “sanctions were unfortunately appro-
priate,” and rejected Zieske’s argument that survival of sum-
mary judgment was inconsistent with the imposition of sanc-
tions.
II
Zieske now appeals both the sanctions order and the order
denying his motion to amend the award of sanctions. We re-
view the district court’s decisions to award sanctions and
deny the Rule 59(e) motion for abuse of discretion. See Philos
Techs., Inc. v. Philos & D, Inc., 802 F.3d 905, 916 (7th Cir. 2015)
(Rule 11 sanctions); United States v. Rogers Cartage Co., 794 F.3d
854, 862 (7th Cir. 2015) (§ 1927 sanctions); Tucker v. Williams,
682 F.3d 654, 661 (7th Cir. 2012) (sanctions pursuant to inher-
ent judicial power); Miller v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 683 F.3d 805,
813 (7th Cir. 2012) (motion to reconsider under Rule 59(e)).
Salient here, “[w]e reverse a district court’s imposition of
sanctions only if one or more of the following is true: (1) the
record contains no evidence upon which the court could have
rationally based its decision; (2) the decision is based on an
3 After this motion was filed, Judge Gary Feinerman retired, and the
case was reassigned to Judge Mary M. Rowland.

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10 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
erroneous conclusion of law; (3) the decision is based on
clearly erroneous factual findings; or (4) the decision clearly
appears arbitrary.” Mullen v. Butler, 91 F.4th 1243, 1250 (7th
Cir. 2024) (internal quotation marks omitted).
On appeal, Zieske raises three issues: (1) whether the dis-
trict court erred in imposing sanctions; (2) whether the district
court erred by declining to consider Zieske’s ability to pay un-
der 28 U.S.C. § 1927; and (3) whether the district court erred
by, in Zieske’s words, shifting the burden to him and requir-
ing him to disprove the reasonableness of the defendants’
proposed attorneys’ fees.
A. Imposition of Sanctions
Zieske’s principal argument is that the district court’s de-
cision to award sanctions is legally irreconcilable with its
prior denial of summary judgment. But this argument fails for
two main reasons. First, a motion for summary judgment and
motion for sanctions are governed by two very different
standards. Second, the two motions may require the court to
consider very different records.
A district court’s decision on summary judgment under
Rule 56 is governed by a different standard than the decision
to impose sanctions under Rule 11 or § 1927.4 Under Rule 56,
“[s]ummary judgment is appropriate only if there are no dis-
puted questions of material fact and the moving party is enti-
tled to judgment as a matter of law.” Schlaf v. Safeguard Prop.,
LLC, 899 F.3d 459, 465 (7th Cir. 2018). In determining whether
4 The district court did not rely on its inherent authority when impos-
ing sanctions, viewing Rule 11 and § 1927 as sufficient grounds for its or-
der. Thus, we limit our discussion to these two sources of authority.

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 11
a genuine issue of material fact exists, courts must construe
all facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party
and draw all reasonable and justifiable inferences in that
party’s favor. Myers v. Hasara, 226 F.3d 821, 825 (7th Cir. 2000)
(citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986)).
Particularly apropos here, “[c]redibility determinations,
the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate
inferences from the facts are jury functions,” not functions of
a judge deciding a summary judgment motion. Anderson, 477
U.S. at 255. Indeed, we have repeatedly stressed that sum-
mary judgment should be denied even when a non-movant’s
opposition is based upon self-serving statements, so long as
they are supported by adequate foundation such as personal
knowledge. See, e.g., Durukan Am., LLC v. Rain Trading, Inc.,
787 F.3d 1161, 1164 (7th Cir. 2015); Navejar v. Iyiola, 718 F.3d
692, 697–98 (7th Cir. 2013) (reversing summary judgment
based on error discounting party’s affidavit as “self-serv-
ing”).5
By contrast, Rule 11 requires that the factual contentions
underlying claims must “have evidentiary support” or must
“likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable oppor-
tunity for further investigation or discovery.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
11(b)(3). The decision to impose sanctions is a matter of the
district court’s discretion after considering the evidence, see
Divane v. Krull Elec. Co., Inc., 200 F.3d 1020, 1025 (7th Cir.
1999), and in making the decision, the court must undertake
5 Whether and to what degree a claimant’s patently inaccurate, self-
serving statements alone can overcome a mountain of directly contradic-
tory evidence, such as what the defendants presented in this case, is a
question not before us today.

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12 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
an objective inquiry into whether the party or counsel should
have known that its position was groundless, see Cuna Mut.
Ins. Soc’y v. Office & Prof’l Emps. Int’l Union, Loc. 39, 443 F.3d
556, 560 (7th Cir. 2006).
District courts are likewise afforded broad discretion to
impose sanctions under § 1927, which authorizes sanctions
against any attorney “who so multiplies the proceedings in
any case unreasonably and vexatiously.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927; see
Bell v. Vacuforce, LLC, 908 F.3d 1075, 1082 (7th Cir. 2018). To
find an attorney liable under § 1927, “[s]ubjective bad faith …
is not always necessary” and “must be shown only if the con-
duct under consideration had an objectively colorable basis.”
Dal Pozzo v. Basic Mach. Co., 463 F.3d 609, 614 (7th Cir. 2006).
“If a lawyer pursues a path that a reasonably careful attorney
would have known, after appropriate inquiry, to be unsound,
the conduct is objectively unreasonable and vexatious.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Notably, nowhere in Rule 11 or § 1927 does it say that a
denial of summary judgment always precludes an imposition
of sanctions for frivolous litigation. This makes sense given
Rule 56’s insistence that the court view the record in the light
most favorable to the non-movant, while Rule 11 and § 1927
require the court to evaluate the strength and bases of the
claims as well as the conduct of the parties and their attorneys.
Furthermore, the factual record the parties present at sum-
mary judgment may be substantially different from the facts
before the court when it considers a motion for sanctions. For
example, it is not uncommon for the parties to discover addi-
tional evidence between summary judgment and trial that
bear on the strength of their claims. Moreover, when consid-
ering a sanctions motion, the court may be called to consider

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 13
the history of the proceedings as well as the conduct of the
parties and their respective counsel.
Thus, a denial of summary judgment does not excuse the
parties and counsel from their obligations under Rule 11 and
§ 1927 for the remainder of the case. As the Rule 11 Advisory
Committee aptly observed, “a litigant’s obligations with re-
spect to the contents of [court] papers are not measured solely
as of the time they are filed with or submitted to the court, but
include reaffirming to the court and advocating positions con-
tained in those pleadings and motions after learning that they
cease to have any merit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 advisory commit-
tee’s note to 1993 amendment. Thus, an attorney, who ad-
vances a claim or defense during a pretrial conference on the
eve of trial, is subject to the obligations of Rule 11(b) “meas-
ured as of that time.” Id.
Resisting this conclusion, Zieske points to the Advisory
Committee’s statement that, “if a party has evidence with re-
spect to a contention that would suffice to defeat a motion for
summary judgment based thereon, it would have sufficient
evidentiary support for purposes of Rule 11.” Id. When read
in context, however, this statement simply recognizes that (1)
a factual contention a party makes in support of or in opposi-
tion to summary judgment satisfies Rule 11 so long as it is
supported by some evidence at the time it is made, and (2) a
court’s finding of a material dispute as to that contention re-
flects the existence of such evidentiary support. But that is dif-
ferent from what we have here.
In this case, the district court imposed sanctions much
later in the proceedings, with a more complete record before
it and with the ability to evaluate the entire procedural history
as well as the evidence each side presented at trial.

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14 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
Accordingly, its earlier denial of Doig’s summary judgment
motion did not handcuff its ability to evaluate Zieske’s com-
pliance with Rule 11 and § 1927 as the case proceeded.
The cases upon which Zieske relies do not mandate a con-
trary conclusion. In LeBeau v. Libbey-Owens-Ford Co., for exam-
ple, we held that the district court abused its discretion in im-
posing sanctions against the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC) and awarding attorneys’ fees to an em-
ployer and a union in a Title VII case. 799 F.2d 1152, 1164 (7th
Cir. 1986). There, the district court had denied summary judg-
ment, ruling that the question of the defendants’ intent could
not be answered as a matter of law, five years before holding
that the EEOC’s suit was frivolous and ordering sanctions. Id.
at 1157. In reviewing the district court’s decisions, we noted
that “when a trial judge rules that there are facts under which
a plaintiff can prevail, it is highly inconsistent for him to later
find the suit frivolous because it is foreclosed as a matter of
law.” Id. at 1158. But the panel followed that observation with
a caveat: it did “not suggest … that no suit that survives a mo-
tion for summary judgment can ever be found frivolous.” Id.
at 1158 n.7.
Zieske’s citations to Lemaster v. United States, 891 F.2d 115
(6th Cir. 1989), and Calloway v. Marvel Entertainment Group,
854 F.2d 1452 (2d Cir. 1988), are similarly misplaced. We ob-
serve, as an initial matter, that both cases involved a prior ver-
sion of Rule 11 rather than the current version. See Calloway,
854 F.2d at 1469 (noting that Rule 11 required filings to be
“well grounded in fact”). But, even putting that to the side,
Lemaster and Calloway actually support Doig’s position. In
both cases, the courts affirmed the lower courts’ orders im-
posing sanctions well after summary judgment despite the

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 15
fact that the courts had denied summary judgment motions
earlier in the proceedings. See Lemaster, 891 F.2d at 121 (noting
that the “mere survival of a summary judgment motion, in
which all facts are construed in the non-movant’s favor, does
not insulate the party from sanctions if it is later determined
that all factual claims were groundless”); Calloway, 854 F.2d at
1473 (affirming sanctions and explaining that “[i]t is … en-
tirely possible that a baseless factual claim will survive a mo-
tion for summary judgment, particularly where an attorney
prepares an affidavit for a client s[t]ating a material fact for
which there is no basis”).
For these reasons, the sole basis Zieske presents for chal-
lenging the district court’s sanctions order—that it could not
do so because it had denied summary judgment earlier—is
legally unsound. With that, we turn to the district court’s rea-
sons for imposing sanctions.
In its order, the district court recounted the September
2013 status hearing and its admonition to Zieske that, even
though he might have had an objectively reasonable basis to
commence the case, he could lose it as the litigation proceeds.
The court also marked the significance of the May 7, 2014,
hearing, during which Zieske reported that he would not be
able to produce Doige’s mother as a witness. By that time, the
district court concluded, Fletcher, Bartlow, and Zieske should
have realized that no one from Doige’s family would be able
to refute Bovard’s account that Doige was at TBCC at the rel-
evant time or contradict the defendants’ evidence that it was
Doige and not Doig who had painted the desert landscape.
In addition, the district court found it “[m]ost troubling[ ]”
that, while Doig had provided the plaintiffs with a list of po-
tential witnesses who could verify that he was not at TBCC in

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16 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
1976 and 1977, the plaintiffs had done nothing to seek evi-
dence from any of them. Commenting on this approach, the
court cited our statement in Hill v. Norfolk and Western Railroad
Co., that such an “ostrich-like tactic” is “as unprofessional as
it is pointless.” 814 F.2d 1192, 1198 (7th Cir. 1987).
Turning to the trial, the district court noted that Fletcher’s
recollections—the plaintiffs’ principal evidence—were “irrep-
arably shaky and, in fact, wrong.” For example, Fletcher ini-
tially believed that the TBCC art teacher was a different per-
son; he could not identify the parole officer or superintendent
at the facility; and he incorrectly recalled that his brother was
the person to first suggest that Doig had painted the land-
scape. This was not surprising given that Fletcher was in his
sixties by the time of the trial and the events in question took
place in the 1970s. Indeed, Fletcher himself admitted that his
recollection was “rough.”
The district court contrasted this with the evidence Doig
presented to corroborate his assertion that he was nowhere
near Thunder Bay during the years in question. For example,
Doig not only testified that he was attending a Toronto school
in the late 1970s, but he also presented his yearbook photo-
graphs as well as other pictures of him in Toronto during that
time. And Doig’s mother corroborated his testimony, testify-
ing that no one in the family had ever been to Thunder Bay.
But this is not all. Doig also presented evidence indicating
that, while he was not at Thunder Bay, Doige was. For in-
stance, Doige’s sister provided a copy of Doige’s Lakehead
University student ID card from the 1970s, bearing Doige’s
photo, name, and signature. A former TBCC inmate also re-
viewed the Lakehead ID photo and stated that he recognized
the man as another TBCC inmate named Peter Doige, who

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 17
happened to be a good painter. And Doig offered the state-
ments of Doige’s ex-wife, who through trial and deposition
testimony recalled that Doige had told her that he had once
been jailed in Thunder Bay.
It was only after evaluating the entirety of the evidence
and the procedural history of the case that the district court
determined that, by May 7, 2014, Fletcher, Bartlow, and
Zieske either knew or should have known that “they had no
objectively reasonable basis for their claims that it was unrea-
sonable for them to continue with the suit.”
Although reasonable minds might disagree as to this de-
termination, we apply a deferential standard when reviewing
a district court’s imposition of sanctions, and we cannot con-
clude that the district court’s findings were unreasonable. See
Harrington v. DeVito, 656 F.2d 264, 269 (7th Cir. 1981) (“Gener-
ally, an abuse of discretion only occurs where no reasonable
person could take the view adopted by the trial court. If rea-
sonable persons could differ, no abuse of discretion can be
found.”).
To be fair, there is no indication that the plaintiffs or
Zieske lacked a good faith basis to initiate the lawsuit; a case
may be filed based upon the “shaky” memories of a litigant
like Fletcher. But as the case progresses, such memories may
either be borne out or invalidated by the evidence. Some-
times, as here, the record develops in a way that makes it plain
that the memories were simply unfounded and incorrect. It is
the responsibility of parties and their lawyers to discern if and
when that happens and take the appropriate action consistent
with their duties under Rule 11 and § 1927.

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18 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
B. Ability to Pay
Next, Zieske attacks the district court’s failure to account
for his ability to pay when calculating the appropriate sanc-
tions award. In rejecting Zieske’s argument that his ability to
pay should be considered, the district court cited Shales v. Gen-
eral Chauffeurs, Sales Drivers and Helpers Local Union No. 330,
557 F.3d 746, 749 (7th Cir. 2009). In Shales, we held that an at-
torney’s ability to pay is not relevant to the imposition of sanc-
tions under § 1927. See id. We explained there that a violation
of § 1927 is akin to an intentional tort, and just as “there is no
principle in tort law that damages depend on a tortfeasor’s
assets,” so too in the § 1927 context, “[d]amages depend on
the victim’s loss, not the wrongdoer’s resources.” Id.
This rule comports with § 1927’s purpose to compensate
the injured party and compel the attorney to “bear the cost of
his own lack of care.” Ordower v. Feldman, 826 F.2d 1569, 1574
(7th Cir. 1987) (quoting In re TCI, Ltd., 769 F.2d 441, 445 (7th
Cir. 1985)); cf. Hamilton v. Boise Cascade Express, 519 F.3d 1197,
1205 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting that § 1927 “fits much more com-
fortably with a victim-centered approach” and expressing
“reluctan[ce] to supply a parsimony provision where Con-
gress has not done so”). The district court, therefore, did not
abuse its discretion when it refused to consider Zieske’s abil-
ity to pay when imposing sanctions.
C. Attorneys’ Fees Award
Finally, Zieske argues that the district court improperly
placed upon him the burden to disprove the propriety of the
attorneys’ fees award. As he sees it, the court presumed that
the defendants’ requested fees were reasonable and effec-
tively required Zieske to disprove their reasonableness. He

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Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508 19
says that the following statement in the court’s order demon-
strates this point:
But Zieske is wrong that he could not meaning-
fully respond to Defendants’ itemized fees and
costs. The court told Zieske that he ‘should as-
sume that the court will find that sanctions are
warranted for the post-5/7/2014 time frame.’
That meant that Zieske should explain whether
the fees and costs incurred by Defendants after
May 7, 2014 were reasonable—plainly indicat-
ing that the court would find that reasonable
fees and costs incurred after that date directly
resulted from his sanctionable conduct (contin-
uing the litigation).
Zieske is correct that the “fee applicant bears the burden
of establishing entitlement to an award and documenting the
appropriate hours expended and hourly rates.” Hensley v.
Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983) (superseded in part by stat-
ute on other grounds). But the district court followed this
principle, requiring the defendants to file a memorandum
with evidentiary support substantiating the fees they sought.
The defendants complied and filed a 350-page document with
billing entries and supportive materials.
Rather than filing a response challenging the defendants’
request, Zieske submitted a document requesting additional
clarification from the court as well as additional time to file a
response. At this request, the district court responded that
Zieske should assume that the court would find sanctions
were warranted for the post-May 7, 2014 timeframe, and the
court granted Zieske’s requested extension. Zieske again filed
a document arguing that he was not sufficiently informed of

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20 Nos. 23-2364 & 16-3508
the basis for the sanctions against him and had not been af-
forded an adequate opportunity to respond to the requested
fees. Thus, in the passage Zieske cites, the district court was
merely recounting its order that Zieske file substantive chal-
lenges to the defendants’ petition. It does not support Zieske’s
contention that the district court was presuming the reasona-
bleness and appropriateness of the defendants’ request.
Indeed, prior to arriving at the final amount, the district
court considered each of Zieske’s arguments that the fees
were unreasonable, conducted its own independent review,
and deducted the requested fee amount by twenty percent.
We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s conclu-
sions.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the award of sanc-
tions and the judgment of the district court.

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