United States of America v. James Flannery

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 19-3558
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
James Flannery
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri - St. Louis
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Submitted: January 15, 2021
Filed: April 8, 2021
[Unpublished]
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Before COLLOTON, WOLLMAN, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
After James Flannery pled guilty to three counts relating to his receipt of
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) payments to which he was not entitled,
the district court1 sentenced him to a prison term of 12 months and 1 day, ordered
1 The Honorable Ronnie L. White, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

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him to pay $113,046.10 in restitution, and imposed a $5,500 fine. Flannery appeals
only the imposition of the fine. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm.
I.
From approximately January 2012 to May 2018, Flannery reported to the
Social Security Administration that he was disabled and unable to work in order to
obtain SSDI benefits. In fact, Flannery was operating a wooden pallet business and
had income that he failed to report. In total, Flannery received $113,046.10 in SSDI
benefits to which he was not entitled.
Following an indictment by a federal grand jury, Flannery pled guilty to wire
fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343; misuse of a Social Security number, in
violation of 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(4); and theft of government funds, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 641. Before sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a
presentence investigation report (PSR). According to the PSR, Flannery has a net
worth of $311,300, comprising $326,300 in assets and $15,000 in liabilities. The
PSR also determined the United States Sentencing Guidelines (Guidelines) range for
the fine to be $5,500 to $55,000. Flannery did not object to the content of the PSR
before or at sentencing.
At sentencing, the district court adopted the PSR as its findings of fact. The
district court stated that it had heard from the defense, read the PSR, considered the
motions for downward variance and downward departure, read Flannery’s letters of
support, and considered Flannery’s history of abuse by his parents. The court also
referenced Flannery’s current medical issues. The court additionally acknowledged
the substance and severity of Flannery’s crime, and it noted Flannery’s criminal
history, including that he committed the instant offense while on probation. The
district court sentenced Flannery to three concurrent terms of 12 months and 1 day
imprisonment, a downward variance from the Guidelines range of 18 to 24 months

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imprisonment, and three years of supervised release. It also ordered him to pay
$113,046.10 in restitution.
The district court additionally imposed a $5,500 fine. Defense counsel
objected, arguing that the fine was “excessive” in light of the “large amount of
restitution” and the time Flannery will spend in prison. R. Doc. 78, at 15. The
district court overruled the objection, stating that it did not think the fine was
excessive and that it was “appropriate in this situation.” R. Doc. 78, at 16.
II.
On appeal, Flannery challenges the imposition of the fine. When a defendant
challenges the imposition of a fine, we review the imposition and amount of the fine
for clear error. See United States v. Morais, 670 F.3d 889, 893 (8th Cir. 2012).
Further, as we explained in Morais:
The district court has statutory authority [under 18 U.S.C. § 3571] to
impose a fine, and the sentencing guidelines[, USSG § 5E1.2(a),]
recommend imposition of a fine in all cases, unless the defendant
establishes that he is unable to pay and is not likely to become able to
pay a fine. In determining whether to impose a fine and the amount of
any fine, the court must consider a number of factors under the
governing statutes and the applicable sentencing guideline. The
district court need not provide detailed findings on each of the factors,
but the court must consider at least “the factors relevant to the
particular case before it.” The court should make findings regarding
the defendant’s ability to pay, and should not impose a fine that the
defendant has little chance of paying.
Id. at 893-94 (citations omitted).
Flannery argues that the district court erred by not explaining its reasons for
imposing the $5,500 fine, contending that the record “bears no indication” that the
district court considered the required factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3572(a), such as his

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health and the fine’s impact on his wife. Appellant’s Br. 8. He also argues that the
district court erred by imposing an “excessive” fine in view of the district court’s
insufficient factfinding regarding his ability to pay the fine and that the district court
improperly relied upon the PSR. The district court stated before sentencing that it
had considered various materials and Flannery’s individual circumstances, that it did
not think the fine was excessive, and that the fine was “appropriate in this situation.”
It expressly considered the unobjected-to PSR, which established that Flannery has
a net worth of $311,300. “Unless a defendant objects to a specific factual allegation
contained in the PSR, the court may accept that fact as true for sentencing purposes.”
United States v. Brooks, 648 F.3d 626, 629 (8th Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (citation
omitted).2 Flannery’s restitution and fine together comprise a little over one-third
of his net worth. The district court also heard the arguments of counsel, which
included discussions of Flannery’s income and earning capacity from his pallet
business. Flannery’s counsel stated that Flannery had “the wherewithal to pay the
[$113,046.10] restitution” and that he intended to “pay the restitution off as soon as
possible.” R. Doc. 78, at 4-5. The district court also expressly mentioned Flannery’s
health before imposing the sentence and in fact cited his health as one of its reasons
for granting a downward variance.
Finally, although Flannery contends that § 3572(a)(2) requires the district
court to consider the fine’s impact on his wife, § 3572(a)(2) actually requires the
district court to consider “the burden that the fine will impose upon . . . any person
who is financially dependent on the defendant.” Flannery points to nothing in the
2 Contrary to Flannery’s arguments, United States v. Granados, 962 F.2d 767
(8th Cir. 1992), does not stand for the proposition that the district court here
improperly relied upon the “unsupported, unverified PSR.” In Granados, the PSR
merely stated that the defendant owned a home, but the home’s equity was not
provided and there were no other assets specifically listed. 962 F.2d at 774. We
stated that “[a] determination that the defendant has sufficient assets to pay the fine
must be based on more than a statement to that effect in the PSR.” Id. Here,
however, the unobjected-to PSR listed specific assets and assigned values to those
assets, demonstrating a net worth in excess of $300,000 and an ability to pay this
bottom-of-the-Guidelines fine.

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record demonstrating that his wife is financially dependent on him, and Flannery
does not argue on appeal that she is. The PSR states that Flannery and his wife have
been separated since October 2015 and that she is a full-time sales floor associate at
Walmart. “[T]he court must consider at least ‘the factors relevant to the particular
case before it.’” Morais, 670 F.3d at 894 (emphasis added) (citation omitted); cf.
United States v. Hines, 88 F.3d 661, 662-63 (8th Cir. 1996) (finding that district
court erred in not considering the fine’s impact on defendant’s dependents where the
terms of the fine payment left defendant’s wife and stepson with no financial support
and the wife had recently lost her job).
The district court was not required to “provide detailed findings on each of
the [§ 3572(a)] factors,” and it “did address the key issue: ‘the defendant’s income,
earning capacity, and financial resources.’” Morais, 670 F.3d at 894 (citing 18
U.S.C. § 3572(a)(1)). “We are not left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake was committed.” Id. Accordingly, we find that the district court’s
imposition of the fine was not clearly erroneous.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
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