United States of America v. Ramon Martinez-Alcazar

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
RAMON MARTINEZ-ALCAZAR,
Defendant-Appellant.
No. 15-50172
D.C. No. 3:13-cr-01554-L-1
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of California
M. James Lorenz, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted August 2, 2016
Pasadena, California
Before: REINHARDT, KOZINSKI, and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges.
Martinez–Alcazar appeals his conviction for the importation of heroin in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952 and 960, contending that the district court abused its
discretion under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) by admitting character evidence and
that this admission prejudiced him.
FILED
AUG 10 2016
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

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1. Martinez-Alcazar argues that the government’s prior–act evidence was
inadmissible character evidence because it did not describe a prior smuggling action
that was sufficiently similar to the one at issue in this trial. The prior act, however,
was sufficiently similar for the district court not to have abused its discretion by
admitting the evidence. In both the prior act and the smuggling at issue in this case,
the defendant drove a recently purchased car, with his wife in the passenger seat, in
which law enforcement found a secret compartment in the vehicle. We repeatedly
have admitted into evidence prior acts, such as the one in this case, under Rule 404(b)
to show knowledge when both the prior act and the present act involved secret
compartments and the defendant claimed as a defense to the crime at issue that he
lacked knowledge of such a compartment. See, e.g., United States v. Bibo-Rodriguez,
922 F.2d 1398, 1402 (9th Cir. 1991); United States v. Castro–Castro, 464 F.2d 336,
337 (9th Cir. 1972); United States v. Escobedo, No. 98-50059, 1999 WL 637927 (9th
Cir. Aug. 20, 1999); United States v. Ramirez–Ozuna, No. 96-50601, 1997 WL
415339 (9th Cir. July 24, 1997). Moreover, although the two acts in this case were
a decade apart, we have held that district courts do not abuse their discretion when
admitting decade old evidence. See United States v. Vo, 413 F.3d 1010, 1018 (9th Cir.
2005); United States v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir. 1997); United States
v. Spillone, 879 F.2d 514, 519 (9th Cir. 1989); United States v. Ross, 886 F.2d 264,
2

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267 (9th Cir. 1989). We note, however, that any prior act as remote in time as a
decade is suspect as improper character evidence and that the district court also would
not have abused its discretion if it had found the prior–act evidence to be inadmissible.
2. Even if the district court had erred, Martinez-Alcazar would not have been
able to show prejudice. United States v. Chase, 340 F.3d 978, 993 (9th Cir. 2003) (en
banc). “To meet that standard, the government must show a fair assurance that the
verdict was not substantially swayed by the error.” Id. (quoting United States v.
Bauer, 132 F.3d 504, 510 (9th Cir.1997)). Here, there is a “fair assurance” that the
jury would have convicted Martinez–Alcazar even without the disputed evidence,
given the weakness of his defense. Martinez–Alcazar contends that he and his wife
drove about 1,000 miles one way for a dental appointment which never took place and
that he did not know about a secret compartment in his car, even though an expert
testified that it would be immediately noticeable to any driver going over
approximately 10 miles per hour. His main theory is that he left the car in a parking
lot in Mexico, where smugglers tampered with it and hid drugs inside it, on the
assumption that Martinez–Alcazar would drive the car back across the border and that
they could then retrieve the drugs somewhere in the United States without his
knowledge. Given the implausibility of this defense, any error in admitting the
disputed evidence would have been harmless.
3

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AFFIRMED.
4

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