Aislynn Thomas-McDonald v. Jorge E. Silva

Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida

Opinion filed May 20, 2026.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D25-2466
Lower Tribunal Nos. 23-202-GD-02; 23-3910-GD-02
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Aislynn Thomas-McDonald, et al.,
Petitioners,

vs.

Jorge E. Silva,
Respondent.

A Writ of Certiorari to the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Jose
Luis Fernandez, Judge.

Freeman Mathis & Gary, LLP, and Robert M. Klein, and Christopher J.
Fraga; Lawson Huck Gonzalez, PLLC, and Eric C. Reed, Jason B. Gonzalez,
Alex J. Fumagali and Caitlin N. Emling (Orlando), for petitioners.

Silva & Silva, P.A., and Paul Jon Layne, for respondent.

Before LINDSEY, LOBREE, and BOKOR, JJ.

LINDSEY, J.
This petition arises from guardianship proceedings initiated by

Respondent, attorney Jorge E. Silva, to determine the capacity of his father,

Orlando G. Silva (“Orlando”), and to be appointed his guardian. Petitioners,

Aislynn Thomas-McDonald and Thomas-McDonald Law Firm, P.A.

(“Thomas-McDonald” and the “Law Firm,” collectively, “Petitioners”), who are

petitioners/counter-defendants in the proceeding below, seek a common law

writ of certiorari directed at the trial court’s order overruling Thomas-

McDonald’s Objections to Interrogatories 2 and 3 (the “Order”). Thomas-

McDonald alleges that answering these interrogatories requires her to

disclose her medical background, including any psychotherapy and

medications taken. She argues this information is irrelevant to the claims

and defenses in this action and is privileged under Florida’s statutory

psychotherapist-patient privilege. We agree.

The question before us is whether a court appointed attorney who

provided legal services in a guardianship proceeding must disclose her

confidential medical information as part of her fees application for services

rendered to the opponent of those fees. The answer is a constitutional no.1

1
See FLA. CONST. art. I, § 23 (“Every natural person has the right to be let
alone and free from governmental intrusion into the person’s private life
except as otherwise provided herein. This section shall not be construed to
limit the public’s right of access to public records and meetings as provided
by law.”).

2
Further, no Florida case cited by Silva allows compelled disclosure of

confidential medical information on these facts and we decline to do so here.

For the reasons below, we grant the petition and quash the order on review.

BACKGROUND

This petition arises from Silva’s guardian proceedings to determine the

capacity of his father, Orlando, who is the Ward in this proceeding. In March

2023, Silva was appointed Orlando’s guardian after Orlando was found to be

incapacitated. Thomas-McDonald was also approved as Orlando’s court-

appointed counsel.

It is undisputed that under section 744.108, Florida Statutes (2025), an

attorney who renders services to a ward is entitled to a reasonable fee for

those services. Consequently, in January 2023, Thomas-McDonald filed a

Petition for Order Authorizing Payment of Attorney’s Fees and Costs from

December 14, 2022, through January 15, 2023. Silva objected to this fee

request in his capacity as Orlando’s guardian.

In June 2023, Thomas-McDonald filed an Amended Verified Petition

for Payment of Attorney’s Fees and Costs (“Amended Petition”). Under the

Amended Petition, Thomas-McDonald requested that “an Order be entered

awarding Final Judgment in favor of a fee award for the counsel of Orlando

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G. Silva,” including “a reasonable fee for time incurred in rendering legal

services during the mental health proceeding [of] $55,433.00 as well as costs

of $27,478.37, less $3,300.00 paid, for the total due at present for

$79,611.37.” Silva objected again and filed a declaration that Thomas-

McDonald’s fee petition proceedings constituted adversary matters under

Florida Probate Rule 5.025(b).2 Silva sought denial of the Amended Petition

and sanctions against Thomas-McDonald.

Discovery followed. Silva deposed Thomas-McDonald and as a part

of that testimony, Silva’s attorney questioned Thomas-McDonald about her

medical history related to therapy:

Q. Are you seeing a psychiatrist?

A. Am I seeing a psychiatrist? No, I’m not seeing a
psychiatrist. I have a primary care physician.

Q. Have you been seeing one in the past? A
psychologist?

A. Yes, I have seen a psychologist because of the -
- in the period of time of this case, it’s caused an
enormous amount of marital stress.

And so my husband and I have seen a
psychologist for marital counseling because of the
amount of stress and anxiety that I have as a result
of this, and how it has affected my marriage.

2
“Declared Adversary Proceedings. Other proceedings may be declared
adversary by service on interested persons of a separate declaration that the
proceeding is adversary.” Fla. Prob. R. 5.025(b) (emphasis in original).

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Q. Do you have any sort of a -- of any symptoms of
paranoia of any kind?

A. Definitely not, no.

Based on this brief line of questioning, Silva served five interrogatories

on Thomas-McDonald. As relevant here, the second and third

interrogatories requested Thomas-McDonald to:

2. Please state the name and contact information of
the psychologist, psychiatrist, and/or mental health
care provider providing medical services to you.

3. Please state the name of any medicine and/or
prescription medication you may have taken at or
near the time of your deposition on August 5, 2025
including the name of the medicine, amount of
dosage, and the name of the physician that
prescribed same to you.

Thomas-McDonald objected to each on the same grounds:

ANSWER: Objection. This interrogatory
serves no legitimate purpose and is merely meant to
harass and/or unduly embarrass Thomas-
McDonald. Additionally, this request is neither
relevant to any party’s claim or defense nor
proportional to the needs of the case, considering
the importance of this discovery in resolving the
issues presented in these proceedings. See Fla. R.
Civ. P. 1.280(c).

Furthermore, it seeks to intrude upon Thomas-
McDonald’s constitutional right to privacy. See FLA.
CONST. art. I, § 23.

(Emphasis in original).

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Silva set Thomas-McDonald’s objections for hearing, and on

November 12, 2025, counsel for the parties appeared before the trial court.

During that hearing, Thomas-McDonald argued that the requested mental-

health records were privileged under Florida’s statutory psychotherapist-

patient privilege 3 and the interrogatories lacked relevance to either Thomas-

McDonald’s fee petition or Silva’s then-pending counterclaim and

corresponding request for sanctions.

In response, Silva argued that Thomas-McDonald’s statements in her

deposition testimony that she had “seen a psychologist for marital counseling

because of the amount of stress and anxiety that [she has] as a result of [her

dispute with Silva], and how it affected [her] marriage,” “sufficiently put [her]

mental condition at issue in the case, such as within the meaning of the

3
Section 90.503(2), Florida Statutes (2025) provides:

(2) A patient has a privilege to refuse to disclose, and
to prevent any other person from disclosing,
confidential communications or records made for the
purpose of diagnosis or treatment of the patient’s
mental or emotional condition, including alcoholism
and other drug addiction, between the patient and the
psychotherapist, or persons who are participating in
the diagnosis or treatment under the direction of the
psychotherapist. This privilege includes any
diagnosis made, and advice given, by the
psychotherapist in the course of that relationship.

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Nelson v. Womble decision, 657 So. 2d 1221, where if the mental and

emotional condition is relevant to the claims, the Court can order discovery.”

Following that hearing, the trial court entered its Order overruling

Thomas-McDonald’s Objections to Interrogatories 2 and 3, finding in part

that:

1. The objections to interrogatories 2 and 3 are
overruled.

2. The Court finds the discovery sought is relevant to
the claims and/or defenses in this adversary
proceeding, as well as to the credibility of the
witness, and the witness has opened the door to
this discovery.

3. Aislynn Thomas-McDonald shall amend her
interrogatory answers to provide the requested
information within 15 days.

This timely petition followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

To be entitled to certiorari relief, a petitioner must establish: (1) a

departure from the essential requirements of the law; (2) resulting in material

injury for the remainder of the case; (3) that cannot be corrected on post-

judgment appeal. Blades v. State, Dept. of Revenue ex rel. Stewart, 943 So.

2d 300, 302 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006); Bd. of Regents of State v. Snyder, 826 So.

2d 382, 387 (Fla. 2d DCA 2002). The second and third elements are

“sometimes referred to as irreparable harm,” Nader v. Fla. Dep’t of Highway

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Safety & Motor Vehicles, 87 So. 3d 712, 721 (Fla. 2012), and “[t]he

establishment of irreparable harm is a condition precedent to invoking

certiorari jurisdiction.” Stockinger v. Zeilberger, 152 So. 3d 71, 73 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2014).

“[C]ertiorari is appropriate when a discovery order departs from the

essential requirements of law, causing material injury to a petitioner

throughout the remainder of the proceedings below and effectively leaving

no adequate remedy on appeal.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. Langston, 655 So. 2d

91, 94 (Fla. 1995). It is “the proper vehicle to review discovery orders

compelling the production of information that is protected by the statutory

psychotherapist-patient privilege.” J.B. v. State, 250 So. 3d 829, 831 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2018).

ANALYSIS

Thomas-McDonald seeks certiorari relief from the trial court’s order

overruling her relevancy objections and requiring her to serve discovery

responses to the interrogatories at issue. Although we are generally

reluctant to review relevancy issues by certiorari, this is the rare case where

the primary issue is one of privacy, not relevancy alone. Cf. Colbert v. Rolls,

746 So. 2d 1134, 1135 (Fla. 5th DCA 1999) (“In this case, the primary issue

is one of relevancy, not privacy, and appellate courts in certiorari

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proceedings are reluctant to review relevancy issues by certiorari.”); accord

Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Ditmars, 427 So. 3d 136, 137 (Fla. 3d DCA 2025),

reh’g denied (Jan. 30, 2026) (“While ‘irrelevant discovery alone is not a basis

for granting certiorari,’ . . . discovery orders may warrant certiorari relief

when they depart from the essential requirements of the law and result in

irreparable harm.”); Poston v. Wiggins, 112 So. 3d 783, 785 (Fla. 1st DCA

2013) (“Certiorari may be appropriate where a discovery order compels

disclosure of medical or other records that infringe upon a party’s

constitutional privacy rights.”).

The irreparable harm analysis here is straightforward. Florida has a

constitutional right to privacy. This right applies to medical records, including

mental health records. See Weaver v. Myers, 229 So. 3d 1118, 1126 (Fla.

2017) (quotation omitted) (“[A] patient’s medical records enjoy a confidential

status by virtue of the right to privacy contained in the Florida Constitution”);

Dominguez v. Omana, 381 So. 3d 1271, 1273 (Fla. 6th DCA 2024) (“Medical

records are protected by the right to privacy in the Florida Constitution.”). So,

Thomas-McDonald’s mental health treatment records are protected by the

right to privacy in the Florida Constitution.

And, if any of Thomas-McDonald’s mental health treatment records are

irrelevant to her fee petition or pleadings, she will be irreparably harmed.

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This satisfies our certiorari jurisdiction. See Rodriguez v. Currey, 410 So. 3d

114, 116 (Fla. 5th DCA 2025), reh’g denied (May 15, 2025) (“Thus, when a

court compels the production of irrelevant medical records, the impacted

litigant suffers irreparable harm.”); Tanner v. Hart, 313 So. 3d 805, 807 (Fla.

2d DCA 2021) (“[A]n order that compels production of a party’s medical

records satisfies the jurisdictional element of irreparable harm.”); Zarzaur v.

Zarzaur, 213 So. 3d 1115, 1117 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017) (“Erroneous disclosure

of medical records qualifies as irremediable harm.”); Scully v. Shands

Teaching Hosp. & Clinics, Inc., 128 So. 3d 986, 988 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014)

(“Where, as here, an order permits discovery of medical or other records that

are protected by constitutional or statutory privileges, this court has

[certiorari] jurisdiction to review the order because the harm caused by the

erroneous production of such records cannot be remedied on appeal.”).

Thomas-McDonald’s mental health treatment records are irrelevant

because she never placed her mental or emotional condition at issue through

the pleadings or her fee petition. See Rousso v. Hannon, 146 So. 3d 66, 69

(Fla. 3d DCA 2014) (emphasis in original) (Discovery is limited to those

matters relevant to the litigation as framed by the parties’ pleadings.”). Cf.

Nelson v. Womble, 657 So. 2d 1221, 1222 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995) (finding

medical records relevant and discoverable where plaintiff’s mental and

10
emotional condition were placed at issue by alleging in pleadings that she

“suffered mental anguish and loss of capacity for the enjoyment of life.”).4

Nor did Silva ask Thomas-McDonald whether she was on any

medication that would impair her deposition testimony. Thus, Silva’s brief

line of questioning on whether Thomas-McDonald had previously seen a

psychiatrist did not open the door nor create a legally cognizable nexus

between the requested mental health discovery and any claim or defense at

issue. See Rodriguez v. City of South Miami, 260 So. 3d 338, 341 (Fla. 3d

DCA 2018) (single reference to party being stable, taking medication, and

seeing psychiatrist did not place mental condition at issue where litigant did

not rely on it as an element of any claim or defense); Cruz-Govin v. Torres,

29 So. 3d 393, 395–96 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (opposing party’s allegations of

4
Silva also relies on the Second District’s decision in Wilder v. Wilder for the
proposition that the psychotherapist patient privilege does not extend to the
identity of patients or mental health care providers. 993 So. 2d 182, 185 n.1
(Fla. 2d DCA 2008). In that case the Second District certified conflict with
Fifth District’s decision in Weinstock v. Groth. See 659 So. 2d 713, 715 (Fla.
5th DCA 1995) (holding mental healthcare professional’s contact information
was privileged under the psychotherapist-patient privilege). We need not
comment on this conflict. Wilder is inapplicable because it involved different
factual circumstances that are not present here. Mainly, unlike this petition,
the wife in Wilder placed her mental and emotional condition at issue by
asserting—in her pleadings—that she was under emotional distress before
signing a prenuptial agreement. See 993 So. 2d 183–84.

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impairment and substance use could not abrogate psychotherapist-patient

privilege where patient did not himself place mental condition at issue).

Accordingly, the trial court departed from the essential requirements of

the law by ordering Thomas-McDonald to answer Silva’s interrogatories by

disclosing mental health treatment records that are irrelevant to her fee

petition and the pleadings. We grant the petition and quash the order on

review.

Petition granted; order quashed.

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