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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document12 _ Filed 10/14/26 Page 1 of 120

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

The Family of Eastman Trust, et al.
Plaintiffs,

v. 5:26-CV-01321
(MAD/MJK)

Hon. Thomas Benedetto, et al.

Defendants.

Jessica R. Eastman, Trustee of The Family of Eastman Trust, pro se
Mitchell J. Katz, U.S. Magistrate Judge
To the Honorable Mae A. D’Agostino, U.S. District Court Judge:
ORDER and REPORT-RECOMMENDATION
Eastman commenced this action on July 2, 2026, by filing a
Complaint. (Dkt. 1). On July 7, 2026, U.S. District Court Judge Mae A.
D’ Agostino administratively closed this matter for failure to pay the
filing fee. (Dkt. 5). On July 24, 2026, Eastman filed an application to
proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) (Dkt. 6) at which time the Clerk was
directed to reopen the case (Dkt. 7). On August 26, 2026, Eastman filed
an Emergency Motion (“Emergency Motion”). (Dkt. 10). The Clerk has
sent the Complaint, JFP Application, and Emergency Motion to the

Court for review. (Dkts. 1, 6, 10).

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I. 	IFP APPLICATION
Eastman declares in her IFP application that she is unable to pay
the filing fee. (Dkt. 6). After reviewing Eastman’s IFP application, this
Court finds that she is eligible for IFP status.
II. 	PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In addition to this action, Eastman has filed two other actions in
the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York.
On March 19, 2026, Eastman commenced an action titled The
Family of Eastman Trust and Jessica Rose Eastman v. County of
Jefferson et al., 5:26-CV-00436 (ECC/PJE). On March 19, 2026, U.S.
District Judge Elizabeth C. Coombe administratively closed 5:26-CV-
00436 because Eastman did not pay the filing fee. (5:26-cv-436, Dkt. 4).
Judge Coombe gave Eastman 30 days to either pay the filing fee or
submit a completed and signed IFP application. (5:26-cv-436, Dkt. 4).
On April 22, 2026, Eastman filed a motion for leave to proceed in forma
pauperis. (5:26-cv-436, Dkt. 6). At that time, Judge Coombe issued a
text order reopening the case. (5:26-cv-436, Dkt. 7). On August 26, 2026,
Eastman filed an Emergency Letter Motion in 5:26-CV-00436. (5:26-CV-
00436, Dkt. 8). On September 28, 2026, Magistrate Judge Paul J.
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Evangelista issued a Report-Recommendation & Order. (5:26-cv-436,
Dkt. 10). For purposes of this case and as more fully discussed below,
Magistrate Judge Evangelista’s Report-Recommendation & Order
addressed the Emergency Letter Motion which is identical to the one
Eastman filed in this case and in 5:26-cv-01320.
On July 2, 2026, Eastman commenced an action titled The Family
of Eastman Trust and Jessica R. Eastman v. Trooper J.R. Fay, et al.,
5:26-cv-01320 (MAD/MJK). On July 3, 2026, U.S. District Judge Mae A.
D’Agostino deemed 5:26-cv-1320 related to the case currently before the
Court. By Order dated July 7, 2026, U.S. District Judge Mae A.
D’Agostino administratively closed 5:26-cv-01320 because Eastman did
not pay the filing fee or file an application to proceed in forma pauperis.
(5:26-cv-1320, Dkt. 5). Judge D’Agostino gave Eastman 30 days to either
pay the filing fee or submit a completed and signed IFP application.
(5:26-cv-1320, Dkt. 5). Eastman did not comply with Judge D’Agostino’s
deadline. On August 26, 2026, Eastman filed an Emergency Letter
Motion in 5:26-CV-01320. (5:26-cv-01320, Dkt. 7). By text order dated
August 28, 2026, Judge D’Agostino denied the Emergency Letter
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Motion because the action remained administratively closed. (5:26-cv-
01320, Dkt. 8).
III. 	BACKGROUND
The Court assumes familiarity with the facts of this case which
the Court will incorporate in its analysis where necessary. The
Complaint alleges violations of: (1) 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242; (2) “due
process of the law;” and (3) “constitutional law.” (Dkt. 1, pg. 1). 1 The
Court will separately address the Emergency Letter Motion (Dkt. 10) at
the conclusion of its analysis of the Complaint.
III. 	STANDARD OF REVIEW
Courts must consider the sufficiency of the allegations set forth in
the Complaint under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2) and 1915A. Section
1915(e)(2) of Title 28 of the United States Code directs that, when a
plaintiff seeks to proceed IFP, “the court shall dismiss the case at any
time if the court determines that – . . . (B) the action . . . (i) is frivolous
or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or
1 All page references are to the page numbers assigned by the CM/ECF pagination
system.
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(iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such
relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2).
Similarly, under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, a court must review any
“complaint in a civil action in which a prisoner seeks redress from a
governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity”
and must “identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any
portion of the complaint, if the complaint . . . is frivolous, malicious, or
fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; or . . . seeks
monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28
U.S.C. § 1915A(a)-(b). The term “prisoner” includes pretrial detainees.
28 U.S.C. § 1915A(c).
Second Circuit jurisprudence suggests that 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e)(2)(B)’s review of pro se complaints is a two-step inquiry.
At step one, courts apply the traditional special solicitude afforded
to pro se plaintiffs. See, e.g., Rosa v. Doe, 86 F.4th 1001, 1007 (2d Cir.
2023). Indeed, courts are “obligated to afford a special solicitude to pro
se litigants.” Tracy v. Freshwater, 623 F.3d 90, 101 (2d Cir. 2010). “The
solicitude afforded to pro se litigants takes a variety of forms. It most
often consists of liberal construction of pleadings” and “motion papers.”
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Id. (cleaned up). So, at step one, courts must “accept all of the facts
alleged in the complaint as true and draw all inferences in the
plaintiff’s favor.” White v. Schmidt, No. 22-1267, 2024 WL 1266245, at
*2 (2d Cir. 2024) (summary order) (quoting Harnage v. Lightner, 916
F.3d 138, 140-41 (2d Cir. 2019)). And once the court has done so, it must
then construe the pro se submission “to raise the strongest arguments
that [it] suggest[s].” Triestman v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 470 F.3d 471,
474 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (cleaned up).
At step two, courts subject the liberally construed pleading to Rule
8’s pleading standard. See, e.g., Sykes v. Bank of Am., 723 F.3d 399, 403
(2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
544 (2005) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009) when affirming a
district court’s dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint under 28 U.S.C. §
1915); see also Edwards v. Erfe, 588 F. App’x 79, 80 (2d Cir. 2015)
(summary order) (citing Sykes and affirming the District Court’s sua
sponte dismissal of a prisoner rights case); Hirsch v. Rochester City
Police Dep’t, 578 F. App’x 49, 50 (2d Cir. 2014) (summary order) (same
in a civil rights case); Sheehy v. Brown, 335 F. App’x 102, 103-04 (2d
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Cir. 2009) (summary order) (citing Iqbal and affirming the District
Court’s dismissal of a claim under 20 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)).
While the Second Circuit has never formally stated that Rule 8’s
pleading standard applies, the Court infers that the Second Circuit has
adopted that position. To arrive at this conclusion, the Court focuses on
two pieces of evidence. First, the Circuit has cited Iqbal and Twombly—
which clarified Rule 8s pleading standard. See Sykes, 723 F.3d at 403.
Second, the other circuit courts have authorized district courts to apply
the Rule 12(b)(6) standard when reviewing claims under § 1915(e)(2)(B).
See Herrera v. Agents of Pennsylvania Bd. of Prob. & Parole, 132 F.4th
248, 254 n.5 (3d Cir. 2025) (applying Rule 12(b)(6)’s standard to §
1915(e)(2)(B) review); Martin v. Duffy, 858 F.3d 239, 248 (4th Cir. 2017)
(same); Hale v. King, 642 F.3d 492, 497 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam)
(same); Hill v. Lappin, 630 F.3d 468, 470-71 (6th Cir. 2010) (same);
Coleman v. Lab. & Indus. Rev. Comm’n of Wisconsin, 860 F.3d 461, 468
(7th Cir. 2017) (same); Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th
Cir. 2012) (same); Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214, 1217-18 (10th Cir. 2007)
(same); Alba v. Montford, 517 F.3d 1249, 1252 (11th Cir. 2008) (same).
Nothing in the Second Circuit’s jurisprudence leads this Court to
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believe that it would break stride with eight other circuit courts. This
evidence, altogether, leads this Court to believe that the Second Circuit
approves of this Court’s application of Rule 12(b)(6)’s standard to §
1915(e)(2)(B) reviews after applying special solicitude to the pro se
submission.
When applying Rule 8 to pleadings, the Court must determine if a
claim is facially plausible. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (2009) (citing
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the
plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. This means that pro se complaints,
even while liberally construed, “must plead ‘enough facts to state a
claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”’ Sykes, 723 F.3d at 403
(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “Threadbare recitals of the
elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements,
do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Rule 8 “demands more than an
unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id.
In sum, the Court’s role, when reviewing a Complaint under
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§ 1915(e)(2)(B), is two-fold. First, the Court must draw all inferences in
the pro se plaintiff’s favor and construe their submission to raise the
strongest possible argument. Second, the Court must then review the
Complaint and determine if it plausibly alleges enough facts for the
Court to reasonably infer that the defendant would be liable for the
alleged misconduct.
IV. 	DISCUSSION
The Court recommends:
1. dismissal of Eastman’s claims under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242
without prejudice and without leave to amend for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction;
2. dismissal of Eastman’s claims against Defendant Brown
without prejudice and with leave to amend;
3. dismissal of the Complaint against Trooper J.R. Fay without
prejudice and with leave to amend;
4. dismissal of Eastman’s claim against the Oswego County
Support Unit without prejudice and with leave to amend; and
5. dismissal of the Complaint against Judge Benedetto with
prejudice and without leave to amend.
A. 	The Court construes The Family of Eastman Trust to
be synonymous with Jessica R. Eastman.
It is well-established in this Circuit that a corporate entity cannot
proceed pro se. See Melanie Clarke BPR Ov Tr. V. Deutsche Bank Tr.
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Co. Ams., No. 26-CV-1904, 2026 WL 937249, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 7,
2026) (citing Lattanzio v. COMTA, 481 F.3d 137, 139-40 (2d Cir. 2007)).
Other courts considering the issue have found that a non-attorney
trustee cannot represent a trust in court. See J.J. Rissell, Allentown, PA
Tr. v. Marchelos, 976 F.3d 1233, 1236 (11th Cir. 2020) (“[A] nonlawyer
trustee has no authority to represent a trust in court. A trustee
represents the interests of others and would therefore be engaged in the
unauthorized practice of law if allowed to appear pro se as a
nonlawyer.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Knoefler v.
United Bank of Bismarck, 20 F.3d 347, 348 (8th Cir. 1994) (“A
nonlawyer, such as these purported ‘trustee(s) pro se[,]’ has no right to
represent another entity, i.e., a trust, in a court of the United States.”).
Here, there is nothing within the four corners of the Complaint
and its attached exhibits to suggest that Eastman is an attorney
licensed to practice law or admitted to practice in the United States
District Court for the Northern District of New York. Because Eastman
is not an attorney, the Complaint should be dismissed.
However, “[p]laintiff's complaint sounds in the familiar refrain of
the so-called sovereign citizen.” Aran v. Dep’t of Treasury & Internal
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Revenue Serv., No. 21-CV-04748, 2022 WL 377957, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Feb.
8, 2022). And because the allegations in the Complaint and the exhibits
attached thereto suggest that Eastman is a “sovereign citizen,” 2 the
Court construes the designation of The Family of Eastman Trust in the
caption to be synonymous with Eastman. The Court therefore deems
Eastman to be the pro se plaintiff in this matter. 3
B. 	Eastman’s claims under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242
should be dismissed for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.
The Court recommends dismissal of Eastman’s claims under 18
U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242 without prejudice and without leave to amend for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Eastman seeks relief under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242. “Title 18 of
the United States Code encompasses laws on crimes and criminal
procedure,” Limtung v. Thomas, 19-CV-3646, 2019 WL 6253815, at *3
2 “[The pro se complaint’s] language, and that of Plaintiff’s attached filings, to the
extent comprehensible, appears to advance theories attributable to the sovereign
citizen movement, ‘a loosely affiliated group who believe that the state and federal
governments lack constitutional legitimacy and therefore have no authority to
regulate their behavior.’” Steven Joseph Kelly, as Tr./Gen. Ex’r for the Steven
Joseph Kelly MRP Tr., Plaintiff, v. Barclays Capital, Inc., Defendant., No. 26-CV-
04105, 2026 WL 1745788, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 17, 2026) (quoting United States v.
Ulloa, 511 F. Appx. 105, 106 n.1 (2d Cir. 2013) (summary order)).
3 The Court notes that the Clerk’s Office has already listed Jessica R. Eastman as a
Plaintiff in this matter.
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(E.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2019). There is no private right of action under 18
U.S.C. § 242. See Storm-Eggink v. Gottfried, 409 Fed.Appx. 426, 427 (2d
Cir. 2011) (citing Robinson v. Overseas Military Sales Corp., 21 F.3d
502, 511 (2d Cir. 1994)). Similarly, “nothing in the language or
structure of [18 U.S.C.] § 241 suggests that Congress intended to create
a private right of action under that section.” See id. (citations omitted);
see also Lettieri v. Garver, No. 23-CV-1547 (BKS/ML), 2026 WL
2035478, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. Jul. 15, 2026) (“a private plaintiff cannot
pursue a claim under the criminal statutes found in Title 18 of the
United States Code”) (quoting Bennett v. New York State Thruway
Auth., No. 22-CV-0337, 2024 WL 1053222, at *17 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 11,
2024) (Hurd, J.)). And because there is no private right of action to
enforce federal criminal statutes, “[t]here is no federal question
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 . . .” Shidagis v. Broome Cnty.
D.S.S., No. 23-CV-0031, 2023 WL 2140019, at *1 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 21,
2023) (Sannes, C.J.). The Court therefore recommends dismissal of
Eastman’s claim under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 241 without prejudice and
without leave to amend for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Id.; see
also The Family of Eastman Trust and Jessica Rose Eastman v. County
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of Jefferson, 5:26-cv-00436 (ECC/PJE) (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2026)
(dismissal of Eastman’s claims under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242
recommended for lack of subject matter jurisdiction).
C. 	The claims against Jean A. Brown should be
dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8.
The Court recommends dismissal of Eastman’s claims against
Defendant Brown without prejudice and with leave to amend.
Pleadings must contain, among other things, “a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief …”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The purpose of Rule 8 “is to give fair notice of the
claim being asserted” so adverse parties have “the opportunity to file a
responsive answer, prepare an adequate defense, and determine
whether the doctrine of res judicata is applicable.” Flores v. Graphtex,
189 F.R.D. 54, 55 (N.D.N.Y. 1999) (cleaned up). Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 also
requires the pleading to include “a short and plain statement of the
grounds for the court’s jurisdiction” and “a demand for the relief
sought[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(1), (3). “Although ‘no technical form is
required,’ the Federal Rules make clear that each allegation contained
in the pleading ‘must be simple, concise, and direct.’” Cole v. Smrtic, No.
24-CV-847, 2024 WL 4870495, at *2 (N.D.N.Y. Nov. 21, 2024) (quoting
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Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)). Allegations “so vague as to fail to give the
defendants adequate notice of the claims against them” are subject to
dismissal. Sheehy v. Brown, 335 F. App’x 102, 104 (2d Cir. 2009)
(summary order).
The allegations against Defendant Brown do not give her
adequate notice of the claims against her. The Complaint alleges that
“[t]he lawyer has yet to bring forth the Trustee with the bid bond,
performance bond and payment bond for this taxable event.” (Dkt. 1, pg.
4). Beyond that, the Complaint neither alleges any factual predicate for
Eastman’s claims nor any constitutional rights, if any, Defendant
Brown purportedly violated. Stated differently, Eastman’s Complaint is
an “unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.”
Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678. And that is not enough to state a claim. See,
e.g., Lesson v. Jane Doe, No. 25-CV-00188 (AMN/TWD), 2025 WL
1291533 (N.D.N.Y. May 5, 2025) (Adopting Report and
Recommendation which dismissed a plaintiff’s excessive force claim
because that plaintiff failed to “identify what force” was used against
him or “how it was excessive.”).
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Even if the Complaint complied with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8, dismissal is
still warranted because (a) Defendant Brown is a not a state actor; and
(b) no conspiracy has been alleged between Defendant Brown and any
state actor. To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Eastman must
allege that Defendant Brown’s challenged conduct is attributable to her
acting under color of state law, which it is not. See Whalen v. County of
Whalen, 126 F.3d 400, 405 (2d Cir. 1977). It is well settled that private
and court-appointed attorneys are not persons acting under color of
state law “when performing a lawyer’s traditional function.” Polk
County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325, (1981); see also McCloud v.
Jackson, 4 F. App’x 7, 9-10 (2d Cir. 2001) (summary order).
However, liability under § 1983 can attach if the attorney
conspires with a state actor to deprive the plaintiff of his or her
constitutional rights. See Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 28 (1980); see
also McCloud, 4 F. App’x at 11 (finding that privately-retained counsel
could not be held liable under § 1983 “because there was no showing
that he worked with state officials to deprive [the plaintiff] of federal
rights”). “To state a claim against a private entity on a § 1983
conspiracy theory, the complaint must allege facts demonstrating that
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the private entity acted in concert with the state actor to commit an
unconstitutional act.” Ciambriello v. Nassau County, 292 F.3d 307, 324
(2d Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). “[C]onclusory allegations are
insufficient to state a § 1983 claim against [a private entity].” Id.
As noted, Eastman’s allegations against Defendant Brown are
minimal and there are no facts alleging a conspiracy between
Defendant Brown and any state official to support a § 1983 claim.
Although the Court is skeptical that an amended pleading will cure the
defects in Eastman’s purported claim against Defendant Brown and
because of the special solicitude afforded to pro se litigants, the Court
recommends dismissal without prejudice and with leave to amend.
D. The Complaint should be dismissed against Trooper J.R.
Fay.
The Court recommends dismissal of the Complaint against
Trooper J.R. Fay without prejudice and with leave to amend because it
does not comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 and 10.
The Complaint alleges that “Trooper J.R. Fay came to [Eastman’s]
home without a warrant shown to [Eastman] with proper procedure and
searched [Eastman’s] home [and] threatened a child.” (Dkt. 1, pg. 4).
That is the extent of the allegations against Trooper J.R. Fay. The
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paucity of allegations does not fairly afford Trooper J.R. Fay notice of
the claims against them and specifically, what, if any, of Eastman’s
constitutional rights were violated. The Court therefore recommends
dismissal of the Complaint against Trooper J.R. Fay under Fed. R. Civ.
P. 8.
The Court also recommends dismissal of the Complaint against
Trooper J.R. Fay without prejudice and with leave to amend because it
does not comply with Fed. R. Civ. P. 10 which governs the “Forms of
Pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 10 states in relevant part that “the title of
the complaint must name all parties.” Here, Trooper J.R. Fay’s name is
absent from the caption. Dismissal is therefore warranted.
E. The claims against the Oswego County Support Unit
should be dismissed.
The Court recommends dismissal of the Complaint against the
Oswego County Support Unit without prejudice and with leave to
amend.
To the extent the Oswego County Support Unit is a municipal
agency, the Court recommends dismissal without prejudice and with
leave to amend. “A department of a municipal entity is merely a
subdivision of the municipality and has no separate legal existence.
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Therefore, municipal departments . . . are not amenable to suit[.]”
Coston v. Conway, No. 19-CV-1552 (GLS/ATB), 2020 U.S. Dist.LEXIS
131785, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. June 15, 2020) (quoting Hoisington v. County of
Sullivan, 55 F. Supp. 2d 212, 214 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)).
Recognizing Eastman’s pro se status, the Court assumes that she
intended to name Oswego County and not the Oswego County Support
Unit as a defendant. With that assumption, the Complaint fails to
plausibly allege a claim against Oswego County. “[A] municipality can
be held liable under Section 1983 if the deprivation of the plaintiff’s
rights under federal law is caused by a governmental custom, policy, or
usage of the municipality.” Jones v. Town of East Haven, 691 F.3d 72,
80 (2d Cir. 2012). A plaintiff establishes the existence of a policy or
custom by plausibly alleging: “(1) a formal policy officially endorsed by
the municipality; (2) actions taken by government officials responsible
for establishing the municipal policies that caused the particular
deprivation in question; (3) a practice so consistent and widespread
that, although not expressly authorized, constitutes a custom or usage
of which a supervising policy-maker must have been aware; or (4) a
failure by policymakers to provide adequate training or supervision to
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subordinates to such an extent that it amounts to deliberate
indifference to the rights of those who come into contact with the
municipal employees.” Kurtz v. Hansell, No. 20-CV-3401, 2021 WL
1143619, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2021) (quoting Brandon v. City of
New York, 705 F. Supp. 2d 261, 276-77 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)).
Here, the Complaint lacks any allegations plausibly stating that
Oswego County has a policy, custom or practice that caused the
purported deprivation of Eastman’s constitutional rights. The Court
therefore recommends dismissal without prejudice and with leave to
amend.
F. Eastman’s claims against Judge Benedetto should be
dismissed.
The Court recommends dismissal of the Complaint against Judge
Benedetto with prejudice and without leave to amend.
Judges have absolute immunity for judicial acts performed in
their judicial capacities. See Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11 (1991); see
also Shtrauch v. Dowd, 651 F. App’x 72, 73-74 (2d Cir. 2016) (summary
order) (“Generally, acts arising out of, or related to, individual cases
before the judge are considered judicial in nature”) (cleaned up).
“Judicial immunity applies even when the judge is accused of acting
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maliciously or corruptly.” Coon v. Merola, No. 19-CV-394 (DNH/ATB),
2019 WL 1981416, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 8, 2019) (cleaned up). ‘“The only
two circumstances in which judicial immunity does not apply is when’”
the judge ‘“takes action outside”’ their ‘“judicial capacity”’ or ‘“when the
judge takes action that, although judicial in nature, is taken ‘in absence
of jurisdiction.’” Id. (quoting Mireles, 502 U.S. at 11-12).
Here, Eastman sues Judge Benedetto because he allegedly failed
to “show [Eastman] his F.A.R.A. license to show he is lawful to try this
case.” (Dkt. 1, pg. 3). Eastman alleges a violation of the Foreign Agent
Registration Act, which is not applicable to Judge Benedetto. 4 The
Court takes judicial notice of the fact that Judge Benedetto is an elected
official and not an agent of a foreign principal. And because there are no
allegations that Judge Benedetto acted outside his “judicial capacity” or
“in the absence of jurisdiction,” the Court recommends dismissal of the
Complaint against him with prejudice and without leave to amend
because he is immune.
4 “The general purpose of the [Foreign Agent Registration] Act is to protect the
security and foreign relations of this country by requiring agents of foreign
principals to identify themselves and disclose their activities.” Atty Gen. of US. v.
Irish N Aid Comm., 530 F. Supp. 241, 245 (S.D.N.Y, 1981), aff’d, 668 F.2d 159 (2d
Cir. 1982).
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21
G. Eastman’s Emergency Letter Motion should be denied.
Eastman’s Emergency Letter Motion is denied as moot.
Eastman filed the Emergency Letter Motion in 5:26-cv-00436,
5:26-cv-01320, and 5:26-cv-01321. They are identical. Because
Magistrate Judge Evangelista issued a Report-Recommendation and
Order on September 28, 2026 specifically ruling on the relief requested,
this Court need not do so as well. Eastman’s Emergency Letter Motion
is therefore denied as moot.
V. 	OPPORTUNITY TO AMEND
Generally, before the court dismisses a pro se complaint or any
part of the complaint sua sponte, the court should afford a plaintiff the
opportunity to amend at least once; however, leave to re-plead may be
denied where any amendment would be futile. See Ruffolo v.
Oppenheimer & Co., 987 F.2d 129, 131 (2d Cir. 1993). Futility is present
when the problem with plaintiff’s causes of action is substantive such
that better pleading will not cure it. See Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d
99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000) (citation omitted).
Here, the Court recommends that Eastman be afforded an
opportunity to file an amended pleading except for her claims:
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 21 of 120

22
(a) against Judge Benedetto which the Court recommends be dismissed
with prejudice and without leave to amend because any amendment
would be futile; and (b) arising under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242 without
prejudice and without leave to amend for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.
If the District Court permits Eastman to file an amended
pleading, she is reminded of her obligations under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 that
the amended complaint contain a short and plain statement showing
that she is entitled to relief. Eastman is also reminded of her
obligations under Fed. R. Civ. P. 10 to specifically identify all potential
defendants in the caption of the action. While the amended pleading
should contain sufficient facts to provide Defendants with notice of the
claims against them, it should not contain material that is irrelevant to
her claims. Finally, Eastman is reminded of her obligation to comply
with Fed. R. Civ. P. 18 and 20.
VI. 	CONCLUSION
WHEREFORE, based on the findings above, it is hereby
ORDERED, that Eastman’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis
(Dkt. 6) is GRANTED, and it is further
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 22 of 120

23
RECOMMENDED that the District Court:
1. dismiss Eastman’s claims under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242
without prejudice and without leave to amend for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction;
2. dismiss Eastman’s claims against Defendant Brown without
prejudice and with leave to amend;
3. dismiss the Complaint against Trooper J.R. Fay without
prejudice and with leave to amend;
4. dismiss the Complaint against the Oswego County Support
Unit without prejudice and with leave to amend; and
5. dismiss the Complaint against Judge Benedetto with prejudice
and without leave to amend; and it is further
ORDERED that the Clerk provide Eastman with a copy of this
Order and Report-Recommendation, along with copies of the
unpublished decisions cited herein in accordance with the Second
Circuit decision in Lebron v. Sanders, 557 F.3d 76 (2d Cir. 2009) (per
curiam).
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), the parties have fourteen (14)
days within which to file written objections to the foregoing report. 1
Such objections shall be filed with the Clerk of the Court. FAILURE
TO OBJECT TO THIS REPORT WITHIN FOURTEEN (14) DAYS
WILL PRECLUDE APPELLATE REVIEW. Roldan v. Racette, 984
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 23 of 120

24
F.2d 85 (2d Cir. 1993) (citing Small v. Sec’y of Health and Human
Servs., 892 F.2d 15 (2d Cir. 1989)); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P.
72.
Dated: October 14, 2026.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
+RQ0LWFKHOO-.DW]
860DJLVWUDWH-XGJH
Digitally signed by Mitchell J
Katz
Date: 2026.10.14 09:28:10
-04'00'
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 24 of 120

white CAS B2ASEHAERAIsMAP MY oo2<Pocument 12

2024 WL 1266245

2024 WL 1266245
Only the Westlaw citation is currently available.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Paul WHITE, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.

Sandra SCHMIDT, aka Sandra Kroger Schmidt,
aka Sandra K. Schmidt, Defendant-Appellee,
Pat Doe, (1-10), Defendants.

Paul White, Plaintiff-Appellant,

Vv.

Teodocia Santos, Ella Abney, Personally
and as Executrix of the Estate of Albert

Abney, Pat Doe, Defendants-Appellees. .

The Clerk of Court is directed to consolidate these
appeals for purposes of decision.

22-1267, 22-1911
|
March 26, 2024

Appeals from judgments of the United States District Court
for the Northern District of New York (Mae A. D'Agostino,
District Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY
ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the
judgments of the district court ace AFFIRMED IN PART
and VACATED IN PART and REMANDED.

Attorneys and Law Firms

FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Paul White, pro se,
Coxsackie, NY.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: No appearance.

PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK, WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
MYRNA PEREZ, Circuit Judges.

SUMMARY ORDER

*1

3 Ok ok

Plaintiff-Appellant Paul White, pro se and incarcerated,
appeals from the April 26, 2022, and August 1, 2022,

Filed 10/14/26 Page 25 of 120

sua sponte dismissals of two federal lawsuits (Mae A.
D'Agostino, District Judge), each pursuant to the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine. White's appeals have been considered in
tandem and consolidated for disposition. In 2015, White was
convicted in New York state court of grand larceny and fraud,
stemming from a scheme to defraud investors in a North
Carolina real estate development. See Spota v. White, No.
29681-12, 2016 WL 6427362, at *2, 4 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Suffolk
Cnty. Oct. 28, 2016) (explaining the background of the
criminal case in a decision on a civil forfeiture proceeding).
The Supreme Court, Suffolk County, awarded $2.975 million
in restitution to his victims, who included Sandra Schmidt,
Teodocia Santos, and Ella and Albert Abney (the “Abneys’”).
Id. at *2. White's appeal of the criminal judgment is, as of the
time of writing, still pending.

In 2014, the Suffolk County District Attorney's Office
brought a civil forfeiture action against White and obtained a
$2.4 million judgment. /d. at *4, 9. After the judgment was
entered, White retained an attorney who obtained a decision
in a North Carolina court, which he claims held that the
investors had received their bargained-for-benefit, consisting
of the validly deeded ownership of the property.

In 2017, White sued Schmidt and the Abneys in the Eastern
District of New York, claiming that they had provided false
statements to the Suffolk County District Attorney's Office
and had testified falsely at grand jury proceedings and at his
criminal trial, which resulted in their unjust enrichment by
virtue of the restitution judgment that had been entered in their
favor. In two different orders, the Eastern District dismissed
the action, reasoning that the defendants were entitled to
witness immunity, and in the alternative, the court lacked
subject matter jurisdiction to entertain the unjust enrichment
claim under Rooker-Feldman. See generally White v. Abney,
No. 17-cv-4286, 2020 WL 5848647 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30,
2020); White v. Abney, No. 17-cv-4286, 2021 WL 1176218
(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2021).

In 2021, White filed the actions underlying these appeals. He
sued Schmidt in the Northern District of New York, claiming
that the restitution judgment had been satisfied by the North
Carolina decision and that she had been unjustly enriched by
a sum that he had separately paid to her. In a separate action,
he sued Santos and the Abneys, raising substantially identical
claims.

In 2022, the district court swa sponte dismissed each
action as barred under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine and,

WESTLAW © 2026 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1

   	     
   	
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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 27 of 120

   	
  !"#$%
Filings (10)
Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
1. Appellant's Brief
Paul WHITE, Appellant-Plaintiff, v. Teodicia SANTOS and
Ella Abney, Personally, and Ella Abney as Executrix of the
Estate of Albert Abney, Respondents-Defendants.
2022 WL 10084079
C.A.2 	Sep. 28, 2022 Brief
2. Appellant's Brief
Paul WHITE, Appellant-Plaintiff, v. Teodicia SANTOS and
Ella Abney, Personally, and Ella Abney as Executrix of the
Estate of Albert Abney, Respondents-Defendants.
2022 WL 1468427
C.A.2 	Apr. 18, 2022 	Brief
3. Appellant's Brief
Paul WHITE, Appellant-Plaintiff, v. Sandra SCHMIDT,
Respondent-Defendant.
2022 WL 1468431
C.A.2 	Mar. 18, 2022 Brief
4. Appellant's Brief
Paul WHITE, Appellant-Plaintiff, v. Sandra SCHMIDT,
Respondent-Defendant.
2022 WL 1468434
C.A.2 	Mar. 18, 2022 Brief
5. Docket 22-1911
White v. Santos
— 	C.A.2 	Sep. 01, 2022 Docket
6. Docket 22-1267
White v. Schmidt
— 	C.A.2 	June 06, 2022 Docket
7. Docket 22-89
White v. Santos
— 	C.A.2 	Jan. 14, 2022 	Docket
8. Docket 22-92
White v. Schmidt
— 	C.A.2 	Jan. 14, 2022 	Docket
9. Docket 1:21-CV-00854
White v. Schmidt et al
— 	N.D.N.Y. 	July 29, 2021 	Docket
10. Docket 1:21-CV-00417
White v. Santos et al
— 	N.D.N.Y. 	Apr. 13, 2021 	Docket
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 28 of 120

   	
  !"#$%
History (12)
Direct History (12)
1. White v. Schmidt
2021 WL 3856741 , N.D.N.Y. , Aug. 30, 2021
Appeal Dismissed by
2. White v. Schmidt
2022 WL 17406134 , 2nd Cir. , Apr. 21, 2022
AND Report and Recommendation Adopted by
3. White v. Schmidt
2022 WL 1222805 , N.D.N.Y. , Apr. 26, 2022
Affirmed in Part, Vacated in Part, Remanded by
4. White v. Schmidt
2024 WL 1266245 , 2nd Cir.(N.Y.) , Mar. 26, 2024
On Remand to
5. White v. Santos
2025 WL 1610573 , N.D.N.Y. , Mar. 10, 2025
Report and Recommendation Adopted by
6. White v. Santos
2025 WL 1275846 , N.D.N.Y. , May 02, 2025 , appeal dismissed (2d Cir. 25-1462) ( Nov 25, 2025 )
7. White v. Santos
2021 WL 6339606 , N.D.N.Y. , Oct. 18, 2021
Appeal Dismissed by
8. White v. Santos
2022 WL 18282866 , 2nd Cir. , Apr. 21, 2022
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 29 of 120

   	
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AND Report and Recommendation Adopted by
9. White v. Santos
2022 WL 3025723 , N.D.N.Y. , Aug. 01, 2022
Affirmed in Part, Vacated in Part, Remanded by
10. White v. Schmidt
2024 WL 1266245 , 2nd Cir.(N.Y.) , Mar. 26, 2024
On Remand to
11. White v. Santos
2025 WL 1610573 , N.D.N.Y. , Mar. 10, 2025
Report and Recommendation Adopted by
12. White v. Santos
2025 WL 1275846 , N.D.N.Y. , May 02, 2025 , appeal dismissed (2d Cir. 25-1462) ( Nov 25, 2025 )
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 30 of 120

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 35 of 120

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Filings (1)
Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
1. Docket 1:21-CV-04748
Aran v. The Department of Treasury et al
— 	E.D.N.Y. 	Aug. 23, 2021 Docket
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 36 of 120

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 37 of 120

Aran v. pepe aSSaras reo 32;, MAD MIJK ocument 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 38 of 120

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 41 of 120

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 50 of 120

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History (6)
Direct History (1)
1. Lettieri v. Garver
2026 WL 2035478 , N.D.N.Y. , July 15, 2026
Related References (5)
2. Lettieri v. New York State Police
2024 WL 947536 , N.D.N.Y. , Jan. 29, 2024
Appeal Dismissed by
3. Lettieri v. New York State Police
2024 WL 4021320 , 2nd Cir. , June 18, 2024
4. Lettieri v. New York State Police
2025 WL 1305867 , N.D.N.Y. , May 06, 2025 , report and recommendation rejected ( Jun 02, 2025 )
5. Lettieri v. New York State Troopers
2025 WL 2855157 , N.D.N.Y. , Oct. 08, 2025
Report and Recommendation Adopted by
6. Lettieri v. New York State Police
2026 WL 1470962 , N.D.N.Y. , May 26, 2026
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 51 of 120

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 56 of 120

Bennett Rew york State THAUWAY AIRAOT AY Not ROHMPATEE. subel bzap 14/26

2024 WL 1053222

and draw all reasonable inferences in the non-movant's favor.
Erickson vy. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007). In doing so,
the court generally confines itself to the facts alleged in
the pleading, any documents attached to the complaint or
incorporated into it by reference, and matters of which judicial
notice may be taken. Goel v. Bunge, Ltd., 820 F.3d 554, 559
(2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Concord Assocs., L.P. v. Ent. Props.
Tr., 817 F.3d 46, 51 n.2 (2d Cir. 2016)).

IV. DISCUSSION

*6 As an initial matter, plaintiff is pro se. So his filings
must be held to less stringent standards. Ahlers v. Rabinowitz,
684 F.3d 53, 60 (2d Cir. 2012). As the Second Circuit has
repeatedly warned, documents filed pro se “must be construed
liberally with ‘special solicitude’ and interpreted to raise the
strongest claims that [they] suggest[ ].” Hogan v. Fischer, 738
F.3d 509, 515 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Hill v. Curcione, 657
F.3d 116, 122 (2d Cir. 2011)).

Broadly construed, plaintiff's amended complaint alleges that
the NYSTA (and the named defendants) violated his civil
rights by writing him up in a series of three job counseling
memos (called JCMs) that led to formal charges of discipline
and, eventually, an unsatisfactory job performance rating.

The amended complaint and a review of the supporting
documentation establishes that plaintiff was issued the JCMs
for repeatedly failing to wear a cloth face mask or other
face covering inside certain NYSTA facilities and designated
common areas in violation of the NYSTA's COVID-19
policies.

Plaintiff contends the JCMs were issued in an irregular and/or
improper manner and violated a reasonable accommodation
he had received based on his medical condition. According to
plaintiff's amended complaint, these and other, related actions
amounted to discrimination based on his disability, sex, and/
or retaliation.

describes

Notably, amended

two different reasonable accommodations:

plaintiff's complaint
a medical
COVID-19

protocols and an earlier, religious accommodation he received

accommodation he received vis-a-vis the
shortly after beginning his employment at NYSTA.

In particular, plaintiff alleges that he has a sincere religious
belief that requires him to maintain facial hair and/or a
beard. Am. Compl. at 14. The pleading alleges that when a
supervisor told him he would need to shave his facial hair for

Page 57 of 120

a respirator fit test, he sought and received an accommodation
that excused him from shaving or from taking the respirator

fit test.* Id.

Plaintiff alleges that an NYSTA employee named
Chris Dulong “was also involved in disciplinary
issues regarding facial hair and fit testing
requirements” and was later terminated. Am.
Compl. at 15-16. Plaintiff does not allege that he
was terminated or disciplined for his facial hair or

for the fit testing requirement.

Importantly, however, there is no indication that the events
described in the rest of plaintiff's complaint have anything
to do with the accommodation that excused him from the
facial-hair / fit-test requirements. Even broadly construed, the
allegations about this religious accommodation are entirely
distinct from the COVID-19 policy requirement to wear non-
fitted disposable masks or other cloth face coverings while
still maintaining his facial hair.

Wearing a non-fitted, disposable mask—not shaving his facial
hair or fit-testing a respirator—is the requirement imposed by
the COVID-19 protocol(s) about which plaintiff complains.
Thus, because there is no possible religious-liberty claim that
might attach to this fact pattern, the Court will not address
this issue further. Instead, the rest of this opinion focuses on
the reasonable accommodation plaintiff received vis-a-vis the

COVID-19 protocols. °

Even assuming plaintiff intended to assert this
kind of claim, any such claim would fail.
See, e.g., Vanwyckhouse v. Tessy Plastics, 2023
WL 5452819, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2023)

(D'Agostino, J.) (rejecting religious discrimination
claim based on COVID-19 workplace masking
policy).

*7 Plaintiff's amended complaint purports to assert federal
claims under the ADA, Title VII, the U.S. Constitution, 42
U.S.C. § 1983, 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 242, 351(e), and 28 U.S.C.
§ 4101.

A. The ADA
The ADA is divided into five separate titles: Employment
(Title I), Public Services (Title II), Public Accommodations
(Title II), Telecommunications (Title IV), and Miscellaneous
Provisions (Title V). Mary Jo C. v. N.Y. State & Local Ret.
Sys., 707 F.3d 144, 169 (2d Cir. 2013).

WESTLAW © 2026 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 5

Bennett Rew york State THAUWAY AIRAOT AY Not ROHMPATEE. subel bzap 14/26

2024 WL 1053222

The first three titles are the big ones. Together, they work
to “forbid[ ] discrimination against persons with disabilities
in three major areas of public life: employment, which is
covered by Title I ...; public services, programs, and activities,
which are the subject of Title I; and public accommodations,
which are covered by Title II.” Tennessee v. Lane, 541 US.
508, 516-17 (2004). But Title V often comes up in litigation,
too, since it protects people from retaliation, interference,
coercion, or intimidation for engaging in any of the activities
protected by the statute itself. 42 U.S.C. § 12203(a)-(b).

Plaintiff's allegations relate to his employment with the
NYSTA, a New York State agency. ADA claims against a
public employer implicate Title I and Title V. See, e.g., Mary
Jo C., 707 F.3d at 171 (limiting discrimination claims by
public employees to Title I); Emmons v. City Univ. of N.Y,
715 F. Supp. 2d 394, 410 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (noting that Title
V concerns retaliation).

The problem for plaintiff is that the Eleventh Amendment
shields New York State (and its constituent agencies, such as
the NYSTA) from suit under these provisions of the ADA.

This is because “state governments and their agencies may
not be sued in federal court unless they have waived
their Eleventh Amendment immunity or there has been a
valid abrogation of that immunity by Congress.” Jackson
v. Battaglia, 63 F. Supp. 2d 214, 219-20 (N.D.N.Y. 2014)
(citation omitted).

With respect to these ADA claims in particular, “Congress has
never abrogated New York's sovereign immunity from claims
under Title I and V of the ADA and New York has never
waived it.” Quadir v. N.Y. State Dep't of Labor, 39 F. Supp.
3d 528, 537 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).

This immunity extends to “state officials at those agencies
working on behalf of the state (i.e., in their official capacities),
Emmons, 715 F. Supp. 2d at 406, and will bar a plaintiff's
claim “regardless of the type of relief sought,” Morales v. New
York, 22 F. Supp. 3d 256, 258 (S.D.N.Y. 2014). Consequently,
ADA claims asserted against New York State, its agencies, or
its officials under Title I or Title V are barred by the Eleventh
Amendment. Davis v. Vt., Dep't of Corr., 868 F. Supp. 2d 313,
322 (D. Vt. 2012).

Plaintiffs amended complaint also asserts these claims
against high-ranking and/or supervisory NYSTA officials

Page 58 of 120

in their personal and official capacities. To the extent that
plaintiff alleges these ADA claims against the individual
defendants in their personal capacities, those claims must
be dismissed because neither Title I nor Title V provide
for individual liability in the employment context. See, e.g.,
Spiegel v. Schulmann, 604 F.3d 72, 79-80 (2d Cir. 2010) (per
curiam).

*8 Plaintiffs amended complaint also names _ these
individual defendants in their official capacities. Under
limited circumstances, a plaintiff can pursue an “official-
capacity” claim against a public official using a doctrine
called Ex parte Young, which evades the Eleventh
Amendment's bar to suit. Frantti v. New York, 2017 WL
922062, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2017). But the doctrine is a
narrow one: the plaintiff must plausibly allege (1) an ongoing
violation of federal law; and (2) seek relief that can properly
be characterized as forward-looking; i.e., prospective. Marino
v. City Univ. of N.Y., 18 F. Supp. 3d 320, 333 (E.D.N.Y. 2014).

The problem here is that even broadly construed, the amended
complaint describes, at most, completed violations of the
ADA. Plaintiff filed this action in April of 2022, but the
most recent significant event described with any detail in his
amended complaint is the February 8, 2021 “unsatisfactory”
rating that caused plaintiff to miss out on a promotion or pay
raise. See, e.g., Am. Compl. § 95. And as of this writing, the
State has rescinded the relevant COVID-19 protocols, so there
is no existing NYTSA policy (that caused him these specific
harms) which could be enjoined.

Thus, to the extent plaintiff has asserted claims under Title I
or Title V of the ADA against NYSTA or against the named
individual defendants in either their official or personal
capacities, those claims must be dismissed as barred by

sovereign immunity. 6

This is a Rule 12(b)(1) dismissal. Morales, 22 F.
Supp. 3d at 268 (“A claim that is barred by a state's
sovereign immunity must be dismissed pursuant to
the Eleventh Amendment for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.”).

B. The Rehabilitation Act ’

If one or more of plaintiff's ADA claims might have
proved viable under Ex parte Young, they would
still fail for the reasons explained in this discussion
of the Rehabilitation Act.

WESTLAW © 2026 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 6

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 66 of 120

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Filings (2)
Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
1. Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants
Motion to Dismiss
William Paul BENNETT, Plaintiff, v. NEW YORK STATE
THRUWAY AUTHORITY, Joanne M. Mahoney, Mary
Boehm, Matthew Driscoll, John Barr, James Konstalid,
Frank Multari, Carlos Millan, David Naples, Kevin Post,
Michael Blais, Robert Dressing, Todd P. Summerson,
Patrick K. Hoehn, Barry Oaksford, Defendants.
2022 WL 18110332
— 	N.D.N.Y. 	Oct. 31, 2022 	Motion
2. Docket 6:22-CV-00337
Bennett v. New York State Thruway Authority et al
— 	N.D.N.Y. 	Apr. 08, 2022 	Docket
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 67 of 120

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History (2)
Direct History (1)
1. Bennett v. New York State Thruway Authority
2024 WL 1053222 , N.D.N.Y. , Mar. 11, 2024
Related References (1)
2. Bennett v. New York State Thruway Auth.
2022 WL 2105842 , N.D.N.Y. , June 10, 2022
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 68 of 120

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 69 of 120

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Filings (1)
Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
1. Docket 3:23-CV-00031
Shidagis v. Broome County D.S.S. et al
— 	N.D.N.Y. 	Jan. 10, 2023 	Docket
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 70 of 120

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History (2)
Direct History (2)
1. Shidagis v. Broome County D.S.S.
2023 WL 198143 , N.D.N.Y. , Jan. 17, 2023
Report and Recommendation Adopted by
2. Shidagis v. Broome County D.S.S.
2023 WL 2140019 , N.D.N.Y. , Feb. 21, 2023
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 71 of 120

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 79 of 120

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Filings (1)
Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
1. Docket 1:24-CV-00847
Cole v. Smrtic et al
— 	N.D.N.Y. 	July 08, 2024 	Docket
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 80 of 120

"#   
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History (2)
Direct History (2)
1. Cole v. Smrtic
2024 WL 4870495 , N.D.N.Y. , Nov. 21, 2024
Report and Recommendation Adopted by
2. Cole v. Smrtic
2025 WL 247901 , N.D.N.Y. , Jan. 21, 2025
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 81 of 120

ase 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 82 of 120

Cole v. Smrti

WESTLAW © 2026 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 84 of 120

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History (2)
Direct History (2)
1. Lesson v. Doe
2025 WL 915777 , N.D.N.Y. , Mar. 26, 2025
Report and Recommendation Adopted by
2. Lesson v. Doe
2025 WL 1291533 , N.D.N.Y. , May 05, 2025
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 85 of 120

++ ,
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Filings
There are no Filings for this citation.
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 86 of 120

Kurte, GAS: 29: WY 01821: MAR-MIK,,, ,Pocument 12

2021 WL 1143619

2021 WL 1143619
Only the Westlaw citation is currently available.
United States District Court, S.D. New York.

Shveta Kakar KURTZ, Daniel L. Kurtz, A.K., a
minor child, and M.K., a minor child, Plaintiffs,
v.

David HANSELL, as the Duly Appointed Commissioner
of the New York City Administration for Children's
Services, Division of Child Protection, New York
Comptroller, City of New York, Yscary Rodriguez,
individually and as a caseworker employed by ACS,
Bhojranie Maygoo, as a caseworker employed by ACS,
Eunice Iwenofu, as a caseworker employed by ACS,
Brenda Lawson, as an ACS case manager/supervisor,
Esperanza Sandoval, as a supervisor in the family support
unit employed by ACS, Dr. Peter Fabricant, as a treating
physician and state actor operating under color of law,
Dr. Marie Lupica, treating physician and state actor
operating under color of law, Dr. Ramzi Marwan Shaykh,
as a treating physician, DR. Shari L. Platt, as a treating
physician and state actor operating under color of law,
Dr. Sheena Ranade, as a treating physician, LSW Karen
Glass, as a state actor, Unnamed ACS Workers and
Employees 1-10, Unnamed Employees and Workers of
New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical
Center 1-10, Unnamed Workers and Employees of Mt.
Sinai Hospital 1-10, New York Presbyterian Hospital/
Weill-Cornell Medical Center, Mt. Sinai Hospital,
Administration for Children's Services, Defendants.

20 Civ. 3401 (PAE)
|
Signed 03/24/2021

Attorneys and Law Firms
Robert J. Del Col, Smithtown, NY, for Plaintiffs.

Thais R. Ridgeway, New York City Law Department, New
York, NY, Alejandra Rosa Gil, Heidell, Pittoni, Murphy
& Bach, White Plains, NY, Daniel Scott Ratner, Richard
Michael Sullivan, Jr., Heidell, Pittoni, Murphy & Bach, LLP,
Stamford, CT, for Defendants.

Filed 10/14/26 Page 87 of 120

OPINION & ORDER

PAUL A. ENGELMAYER, United States District Judge

*1 This case arises from—and challenges conduct by
doctors and government officials in connection with—
child-removal proceedings carried out by the New York
Administration for Children's Services (“ACS”). Plaintiffs
Shveta Kakar Kurtz (“Kakar”’) and Daniel Kurtz (“Kurtz,”
and together with Kakar, the “parents”) are the parents of
twin, infant girls, A.K. and M.K., who were born nearly
two months premature. One night while changing A.K.’s
diaper, Kurtz dropped her on the floor of the family's kitchen,
breaking her femur. After the first doctor who examined
A.K. failed to diagnose that injury, the parents took A.K.
to a second hospital, which correctly diagnosed it. Over the
ensuing weeks, after follow-up visits at multiple hospitals,
several medical workers filed reports of suspected abuse or
neglect to ACS. ACS then launched removal proceedings in
New York family court, starting nine months of litigation.
During that time, the parents were either separated from M.K.
and A.K. or had restrictions placed on their contact with them.
Ultimately, after the family moved for summary judgment
in family court, ACS withdrew its removal petition and the
family court dismissed the action with prejudice.

Plaintiffs allege that the removal proceedings resulted from an
unlawful conspiracy between the medical staff who initially
failed to diagnose A.K.’s broken femur, other doctors and
medical institutions, and ACS, aimed at covering up the
first hospital's failure to diagnose A.K.’s femur fracture and
retaliating against the family for its litigiousness. They sue the
City of New York, ACS, two hospitals, and many employees
of each institution under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, alleging
malicious prosecution, abuse of process, conspiracy, false
imprisonment, and violation of their constitutional rights to
family integrity and freedom of association. They also bring
claims under state law for, inter alia, intentional infliction
of emotional distress (“ITED”), medical malpractice, loss of
consortium and companionship, and defamation.

Before the Court now are four motions to dismiss: three
by groups of private medical professionals (“Medical
Defendants”) and the fourth by the City of New York on
behalf of all municipal employees and entities sued and
served thus far (“Municipal Defendants”). For the reasons that
follow, the Court grants those motions in part and denies them
in part.

WESTLAW © 2026 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. 1

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Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 110 of 120

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Filings (6)
Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
1. Verified Complaint and Jury Demand
Shveta Kakar KURTZ, Daniel L. Kurtz, Amna Kakar
Kurtz (A Minor Child), Mia Kakar Kurtz (A Minor Child),
Plaintiffs, v. David HANSELL, as the Duly Appointed
Commissioner of the New York City Administration for
Children's Services, The Division of Child Protection,
The City of New York, Yscary Rodriguez, Individually
and as a Caseworker employed by ACS, "Ms. Bhojranie
Maygoo," Individually and as a Caseworker employed by
Acs, Eunice Iwenofu, Individually and as a Caseworker
employed by Acs, Brenda Lawson, Individually and as an
ACS Case Manager/Supervisor, Esperanza Sandoval,
Individually and as a Supervisor in the Family Support
Unit employed by ACS, Dr. Peter Fabricant, Individually
and as a Treating Physician and State Actor Operating
Under Color of Law, Dr. Marie Lupica, as an Individual,
Treating Physician and State Actor Operating Under Color
of Law, Dr. Ramzi Marwan Shaykh, Individually and as a
Treating Physician, Dr. Shari L. Platt, as an Individual and
as a Treating Physician and State Actor Operating Under
Color of Law, Dr. Sheena Ranade, as an Individual, as
a Treating Physician, and as an Individual Acting Under
Color of Law, LSW Karen Glass, as an Individual and as
a State Actor, Unnamed ACS Workers and Employees
1-10, Unnamed Employees and Workers of New York-
Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center 1-10,
Unnamed Workers and Employees of Mt. Sinai Hospital
1-10, and New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell
Medical Center., Defendants.
2020 WL 13856900
— 	S.D.N.Y. 	May 01, 2020 	Pleading
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 111 of 120

1*8 9$+ ##
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Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
2. Medical Defendants' Reply Memorandum of Law
in Further Support of Their Motion for Summary
Judgment
Shveta Kakar KURTZ, Daniel L. Kurtz, Amna Kakar Kurtz
(A Minor Child), Mia Kakar Kurtz (A Minor Child), Plaintiffs,
v. David HANSELL, as the Duly Appointed Commissioner
of the New York Administration for Children's Services,
The Division of Child Protection, Administration for
Children's Services, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York
Comptroller, The City of New York, Yscary Rodriguez,
Individually and as a Caseworker employed by ACS, "Ms.
Bhojranie Maygoo", Individually and as a Caseworker
employed by ACS, Eunice Iwenofu, Individually and
as a Caseworker employed by ACS, Brenda Lawson,
Individually and as an ACS Case Manager/Supervisor,
Esperanza Sandoval, Individually and as a Supervisor
in the Family Support Unit employed by ACS, Dr. Peter
Fabricant, Individually and as a Treating Physician and
State Actor Operating Under Color of Law, Dr. Marie
Lupica, as an Individual, Treating Physician and State
Actor Operating Under Color of Law, Dr. Ramzi Marwan
Shaykh, Individually and as a Treating Physician, Dr. Shari
L. Platt, as an Individual and as a Treating Physician and
State Actor Operating Under Color of Law, Dr. Sheena
Ranade, as an Individual, as a Treating Physician, and
as an Individual Acting Under Color of Law, LSW Karen
Glass, as an Individual and as a State Actor, Unnamed
ACS Workers and Employees 1-10, Unnamed Employees
and Workers of New York-Presbyterian Hospital/ Weill
Cornell Medical Center 1-10, Unnamed Workers and
Employees of Mt. Sinai Hospital 1-10, and New York-
Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center,
Defendants.
2022 WL 20717162
— 	S.D.N.Y. 	Aug. 19, 2022 Motion
3. 2023 WL 7544216
A.K. v. Lupica et al.
2023 WL 7544216
— 	S.D.N.Y. 	July 13, 2023 	Jury Verdict
4. Judgment
Shveta Kakar KURTZ, et al., Plaintiffs, v. Dr. Marie
LUPICA, et al., Defendants.
2023 WL 6367915
— 	S.D.N.Y. 	Sep. 27, 2023 Jury Verdict
5. Verdict Form
Shveta Kakar KURTZ, Daniel L. Kurtz, solely in their roles
as parent-guardians, and Amna Kakar Kurtz, Plaintiffs, v.
Dr. Marie LUPICA and New York Presbyterian Hospital/
Weill-Cornell Medical Center, Defendants.
2023 WL 6367912
— 	S.D.N.Y. 	July 13, 2023 	Jury Verdict
6. Docket 1:20-CV-03401
Kakar Kurtz et al v. Hansell et al
— 	S.D.N.Y. 	May 01, 2020 	Docket
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 112 of 120

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History (4)
Direct History (1)
1. Kurtz v. Hansell
2021 WL 1143619 , S.D.N.Y. , Mar. 24, 2021
Related References (3)
2. Kurtz v. Hansell
664 F.Supp.3d 438 , S.D.N.Y. , Mar. 27, 2023
Affirmed by
3. Kakar Kurtz v. Lawson
2025 WL 39860 , 2nd Cir.(N.Y.) , Jan. 07, 2025
4. Kurtz v. Lupica
2023 WL 3510646 , S.D.N.Y. , Apr. 26, 2023
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 113 of 120

K Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 114 of 120
urtz v. Hanse

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End of Document 	© 2026 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 118 of 120

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Filings (1)
Title 	PDF Court 	Date 	Type
1. Docket 1:19-CV-00394
Coon v. Merola et al
— 	N.D.N.Y. 	Apr. 03, 2019 	Docket
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 119 of 120

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History (2)
Direct History (2)
1. Coon v. Merola
2019 WL 1981416 , N.D.N.Y. , Apr. 08, 2019
Report and Recommendation Adopted by
2. Coon v. Merola
2019 WL 1978595 , N.D.N.Y. , May 03, 2019
Case 5:26-cv-01321-MAD-MJK Document 12 Filed 10/14/26 Page 120 of 120