Music Mix Mobile, LLC et al v. Newman et al

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
__________________________________________
In re 	:
: 	Chapter 7
STAGE PRESENCE, INC., 	:
: 	Case No. 12-10525 (MEW)
Debtor. 	:
__________________________________________:
:
MUSIC MIX MOBILE LLE, et al., 	:
:
Plaintiffs, 	:
:
v. 	: 	Adv. Pro. No. 15-1392 (MEW)
:
ALLEN NEWMAN, 	:
:
Defendant. 	:
__________________________________________:
BENCH DECISION AFTER TRIAL REGARDING ALTER EGO CLAIMS
APPEARANCES:
CONNOLLY LAW
Attorneys for the Plaintiffs
One Battery Park Place
New York, New York
By: Kerry E. Connolly, Esq.
JOHN CARLSON
Attorney for Allen Newman
5 Winifred Drive
Winnick, New York
By: John Carlson, Esq.
MICHAEL E. WILES
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
This is the final version of a bench decision that was read into the record on October 24,
2018. 	It contains my rulings and findings following a trial in the adversary proceeding
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commenced by Music Mix Mobile, LLC and nine other plaintiffs, which is adversary proceeding
number 15-01392.
Background
This proceeding was filed in connection with the bankruptcy case of Stage Presence, Inc.
The claims arise out of a televised benefit concert in Washington, D.C. that was held on April
13, 2010 for the benefit of a charity known as Childhelp, Inc. 	Plaintiffs provided services in
connection with that concert for which they claim they were not paid.
The named defendants originally included Stage Presence; plus three individuals named
Allen Newman, Matthew Weiner and Gregory Marquette; plus an entity named One for Each
Island Ltd. 	Stage Presence is the entity that hired plaintiffs to provide services in connection
with the Childhelp concert. 	Mr. Newman is the sole owner of Stage Presence. 	Mr. Newman,
Mr. Weiner and Mr. Marquette were producers of the benefit concert (the “Producers”). 	One
for Each Island was the entity that contracted with Childhelp to put the benefit concert together.
However, the parties agreed at trial that the formation of One for Each Island, though
contemplated at one time, never actually was completed. 	As a result, the entity has never
existed. 	As a non-existent entity it cannot be and is not a party to these proceedings.
Stage Presence does not dispute that it owes money to the plaintiffs, and its trustee did
not participate in the trial. 	As the result of prior motions I dismissed all of the claims against
Mr. Weiner and Mr. Marquette, and all but one of the claims against Mr. Newman. 	The only
remaining claim against Mr. Newman is the plaintiffs’ claim that Mr. Newman should be held
liable for the debts owed by Stage Presence based on “alter ego” or “piercing the corporate veil”
theories. 	These contentions were the subject of a trial that was conducted on October 11 and 12,
2018.
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Jurisdiction and Power to Render a Final Decision
At an earlier stage of these proceedings the parties agreed that all of the relevant claims
were at least “related to” the Stage Presence bankruptcy case, and the parties consented to a final
determination of all claims by this Court. 	See Statement Consenting to Jurisdiction, Docket No.
39; Statement Consenting to Jurisdiction, Docket No. 40; Statement Regarding Consent to Entry
of Orders or Judgment in Core Proceeding, Docket No. 41; Statement Regarding the Ct’s
Jurisdiction, Docket No. 43. 	Mr. Newman nevertheless argued at a later time, when summary
judgment motions were filed, that this court lacked jurisdiction. 	It is plain, though, that the
claims asserted here are “related to” the Stage Presence bankruptcy and to the claims asserted in
the Stage Presence bankruptcy case.
As I will explain in a few moments, the New York courts have held that the “alter ego”
theories that are being pursued here are not independent causes of action, but instead are
remedies that may be pursued against a company’s owners (or perhaps other people) in the
collection of debts owed by a company. 	In that respect Mr. Newman’s alleged liability depends
entirely on the existence of a liability owed by Stage Presence itself. 	There is no allegation here
that Mr. Newman personally guaranteed any of Stage Presence’s obligations, or that plaintiffs
contracted with Mr. Newman personally.
In addition, it is well-settled that “a civil proceeding is related to a title 11 case if the
action's outcome might have any conceivable effect on the bankrupt estate.” 	Residential
Funding Co., LLC v. UBS Real Estate Secs. Inc. (In re Residential Capital, LLC), 515 B.R. 52,
63 n.12 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014) (citing Parmalat Capital Fin. Ltd. v. Bank of Am. Corp., 639
F.3d 572, 579 (2d Cir. 2011)). 	Here, of course, if Mr. Newman were to be held liable, and if he
were to satisfy the underlying debts, that would directly affect the bankruptcy estate, as the
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payments by Mr. Newman would satisfy the obligations and cancel the debts. 	I therefore hold,
just as the parties initially conceded, that there is subject matter jurisdiction over this proceeding.
I also hold that I have the power to make a final determination by virtue of the express
written consents that the parties originally filed. 	A consent to a final determination by the
bankruptcy court may not be withdrawn except upon a showing of good cause. 	See Capuccio v.
Capuccio (In re Capuccio), 558 B.R. 461, 464-65 (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 2016), and cases cited
therein. 	Here, the consents that were filed expressly committed the parties’ disputes to final
resolution by the bankruptcy court. 	This court then proceeded to make final rulings as to a
number of claims and a number of parties, including as to certain of the claims against Mr.
Newman. 	I denied the motion to dismiss as to the alter ego claims, and the parties then
completed their discovery. 	It was only at the time that trial approached, and during summary
judgment arguments, that Mr. Newman suddenly objected to a final decision in this court.
It would not have been just to allow Mr. Newman to revoke his prior consent, at a late
stage in the case and after other final rulings had been made on other claims, just because Mr.
Newman had second thoughts as to where and when he would like the remaining claim to be
decided. 	Consents to final determinations by this Court would be rendered meaningless if they
could be withdrawn because a party does not like the way a litigation is progressing, or because
the party’s tactical judgments have changed, or because the party has changed its mind. 	“Good
cause” to revoke a consent requires something much more than a mere change of heart, and that
is all that we had in this case.
The Evidence at Trial
The parties offered the live testimony of three witnesses. 	The first witness was Mitch
Maketansky of Music Mix Mobile, which is one of the plaintiffs. 	The second witness was Alan
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Kelman, who was employed by Stage Presence to help organize the production of the benefit
concert and who arranged for other plaintiffs to provide services. 	The third witness was Mr.
Newman himself. 	I also received a number of exhibits in evidence, including some portions of
prior deposition testimony.
I have listened carefully to the testimony, and reviewed all of the exhibits in evidence, in
making the decisions I am announcing today. 	I want to make clear that while the three
witnesses who appeared at trial certainly have different outlooks on the underlying events, and
while the outcome of the trial can only favor one side and not the other, I nevertheless believe
that each witness testified honestly as to what he recalls and what he believes about the
underlying circumstances, without attempting to be evasive or misleading. 	I commend the
witnesses for that, and I appreciate how they conducted themselves.
I also want to make clear that counsel made well-organized presentations, and that my
decision today is based on the merits of the evidence that I have heard and on the requirements of
the applicable law, and it is not in any way to be taken as a comment on the performance of the
attorneys.
For the reasons I will explain, I have decided that plaintiffs have failed to prove their
claims, and that Mr. Newman is not personally liable for the debts that Stage Presence owes to
the plaintiffs.
Applicable Law
Before discussing the evidence I will first review the elements of the plaintiffs’ claim.
The first step is to identify the law that is applicable to this proceeding.
Stage Presence is a New York corporation. 	However, the benefit concert took place in
Washington, D.C. 	I have previously held that at least some of the original claims that were
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asserted (namely, statutory claims by employees for failure to pay wages) were governed by the
laws of the District of Columbia, because that is where the employees provided their services.
The claims before me now are based on Stage Presence’s failure to meet contractual
obligations. 	The contracts at issue, pursuant to which plaintiffs agreed to provide services to
Stage Presence, apparently were not in writing. 	There was no evidence at trial that would allow
me to determine whether the contracts were made in New York or elsewhere.
Nevertheless, in their prior submissions the parties have relied entirely on New York law
in discussing the issues that are to be decided here. 	See, e.g., Pls.’ Mem. of Law in Support of
Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J., Docket No. 86; see also Def’s Mem. of Law in Support of Def’s Mot.
for Summ. J., Docket No. 89-4. 	Since the parties agree on the application of New York law, I
will apply New York law in making my rulings.
Plaintiffs’ Right to Pursue Alter Ego Remedies
The theories on which a corporation’s owner may be held liable for the corporation’s
debts are sometimes referred to as “alter ego” theories or as “piercing the corporate veil”
theories. 	There is some disagreement among courts as to whether these actually are two distinct
theories. 	See, e.g., Bd. of Trustees, Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat. Pension Fund v. Elite Erectors,
Inc., 212 F.3d 1031, 1038 (7th Cir. 2000). 	In Sheet Metal Workers’ National Pension Fund, the
Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals held that “alter ego” theories are premised on direct liability,
whereas “veil piercing” theories are equitable in nature and are a form of vicarious liability. 	Id.
More particularly, the “alter ego” theory is that the corporation has no real separate existence and
therefore that the corporation and its owner are one and the same person. 	On the other hand, the
“veil piercing” theory is that an owner abused the corporate form to accomplish some kind of
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fraud or injustice, in which case equity will look past the corporate form, and will disregard it, to
prevent the fraud or injustice from being accomplished.
However, under New York law “alter ego” and “veil piercing” theories are really the
same. 	The federal courts have long held that under New York law, the concepts of alter ego
liability and veil-piercing liability “are indistinguishable, do not lead to different results, and
should be treated as interchangeable.” 	See Wm. Passalacqua Builders, Inc. v. Resnick
Developers S., Inc., 933 F.2d 131, 138 (2d Cir. 1991); see also MWH Int’l, Inc. v. Inversora
Murten, S.A., No. 11-cv-2444, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 24129 at *35-36 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 11,
2015). 	The Passalacqua decision was entered in 1991, but more recent decisions by the New
York Court of Appeals have continued to treat the alter ego and veil piercing theories as being
subject to the same substantive requirements. 	See, e.g., Cortlandt St. Recovery Corp. v.
Bonderman, 96 N.E.3d 191, 203-05 (N.Y. 2018); TNS Holdings, Inc. v. MKI Sec. Corp., 703
N.E.2d 749, 751 (N.Y. 1998).
Having determined that under New York law there is no difference between the “alter
ego” and “veil piercing” contentions, the next issue to consider is whether the plaintiffs have the
right to pursue those contentions.
An issue that frequently arises in bankruptcy cases is whether “alter ego” claims belong
to creditors or instead belong solely to the bankruptcy estate. 	In this case, for example, Mr.
Newman sought summary judgment after the conversion of the Stage Presence case to chapter 7,
on the theory that only the chapter 7 trustee could pursue an alter ego claim and that the chapter
7 trustee had elected not to do so. 	Courts that have considered this issue have discussed whether
the “alter ego claim” is one that is “particularized” to an individual creditor, or whether instead
the claim is of general applicability, such that all creditors would be affected the same way if the
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claim were to succeed. 	See, e.g., JMK Const. Group, Ltd. v. Queens Borough Pub. Library (In
re JMK Const. Group, Ltd.), 502 B.R. 396, 405 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2013), and cases cited therein.
On this theory, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals recently rejected an effort by personal injury
claimants to assert alter ego liability against Kerr-McGee based on actions by a former
subsidiary. 	See Tronox Worldwide LLC v. Kerr-McGee Corp. (In re Tronox Inc.), 855 F.3d 84
(2d Cir. 2017). 	In Tronox, the Second Circuit held that the alleged liability of Kerr-McGee did
not arise from its own conduct, but instead from its alleged status as an alter ego (or more
precisely as an alleged corporate successor to an alleged corporate alter ego). 	Id. at 105. 	The
Court ruled that any harm that was alleged would have been generally applicable to all Tronox
creditors, and that as a result only the bankruptcy trustee could pursue the claim. 	Id. at 100,
107.
It is important to note that in Tronox the alter ego claims were not governed by New
York law, but the test affirmed by Tronox is the same test that has been used by other courts in
deciding whether claims under New York law belong to the trustee or to individual creditors.
Obviously I am bound by the Second Circuit’s decision in Tronox. 	However, to be
candid I personally have difficulty reconciling the standard that was used in the Tronox decision,
and that has been applied in other decisions, with two other relevant lines of authority.
First, the New York Court of Appeals has made clear that under New York law an “alter
ego” or “veil piercing” argument is not a separate, stand-alone cause of action. 	See Matter of
Morris v. New York State Dept. of Taxation & Fin., 623 N.E.2d 1157, 1160-61 (N.Y. 1993).
Instead, piercing the corporate veil, or awarding alter ego relief, is a remedy that a plaintiff may
pursue to collect a claim against a company. 	Id. 	The Second Circuit Court of Appeals has
recognized and enforced this holding, as have the district courts in this district. 	See, e.g.,
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Cordius Trust v. Kummerfeld, 153 Fed. Appx. 761, 762-63 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding that a veil-
piercing claim is not a separate cause of action independent of the underlying claim against the
corporation); see also Network Enters., Inc. v. Reality Racing, Inc., No. 09 Civ. 4664, 2010 WL
3529237 at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 24, 2010).
Treating alter ego and veil piercing theories purely as remedies, however, seems
inconsistent with the case law that addresses the issue of whether an alter ego “claim” belongs to
individual creditors as opposed to a bankruptcy trustee. 	Those cases effectively treat alter ego
arguments as “claims,” and even tend to use that language in deciding who owns and may assert
the “claims.” 	If “alter ego” theories and “veil piercing” theories are not separate claims at all,
and instead are just remedies for other claims, then it is difficult to see how they could belong
exclusively to a bankruptcy estate. 	I understand the theory under which a “claim” may belong
to an estate. 	But I know of no theory under which a “remedy” belongs exclusively to an estate,
even when the estate does not own the claim to which the remedy is relevant. 	So long as the
underlying creditor claim belongs to an individual creditor, it is hard to understand why an alter
ego “remedy” would not also belong to that creditor.
A distinction might make sense in this regard if New York courts treated alter ego claims
differently from veil piercing claims, as the Seventh Circuit does. 	Sheet Metal Workers’ Nat.
Pension Fund, 212 F.3d at 1038. 	Perhaps in that context an “alter ego” claim – one that treats
an owner as the same person as the corporation – might be the equivalent of a claim with
“generalized” effect, whereas a “veil piercing” claim would depend on the equities of individual
cases and might more likely just be a “remedy” belonging to individual creditors. 	But the New
York decisions do not recognize such a distinction, leading to the problems that I have described
above.
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Second, the Tronox decision and other cases not only discuss alter ego arguments as
though they are claims, but also seem to presume that a trustee has clear authority to pursue such
claims whenever the claims would have a “generalized” effect on all creditors. 	This approach,
however, seems inconsistent with the Second Circuit’s decision in Picard v. JP Morgan Chase
Bank & Co. (In re Bernard L. Madoff Inv. Sec. LLC), 721 F.3d 54 (2d Cir. 2013), where the
court held that a trustee does not generally have a right to assert claims that creditors could have
asserted, even if they are claims that would affect all creditors or that would benefit all creditors
in the same manner.
Picard involved the case of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (otherwise known
as “BLMIS”), which is a case under the Securities Investor Protection Act and not the
Bankruptcy Code. 	But the Second Circuit noted in its decision that the Securities Investor
Protection Act gives a trustee essentially the same power as the Bankruptcy Code would provide,
and in making its decision the Court relied heavily on its finding that the same rules would apply
in the BLMIS case as would apply in a bankruptcy case. 	Id. at 58, 74-75.
The trustee for BLMIS sought to pursue claims against financial institutions that
allegedly had aided and abetted Bernard Madoff in the commission of his fraud. 	The trustee
argued that the defendants’ wrongful acts had affected all creditors generally and that the trustee
therefore should be able to pursue the claims. 	However, the Court of Appeals rejected the
notion that the “common” or “general” nature of a trustee’s claim was enough to confer standing.
The Court noted that the trustee’s argument would be inconsistent with prior decisions that
confirmed that trustees may not bring claims on behalf of creditors. 	Id. at 58 (citing Shearson
Lehman Hutton, Inc. v. Wagoner, 944 F.2d 1144 (2d Cir. 1991)).
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The BLMIS Trustee argued to the Second Circuit that the Court’s own prior decision in
St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. PepsiCo, 884 F.2d 688 (2d Cir. 1989), stood for the
proposition that the trustee may assert an alter ego claim that would benefit all creditors
generally. 	Picard, 721 F.3d at 70. 	Indeed, that is how many courts have interpreted and
applied the St. Paul decision. 	But the Court of Appeals rejected this argument in Picard. 	It
held that the decision in St. Paul only resolved the “specific question” of whether a creditor
could bring an alter ego claim against the debtor’s parent when the debtor itself also possessed
and had the right to pursue such a claim under state law. 	Id. 	The Court of Appeals concluded
in Picard that the St. Paul decision does not define whether claims belong to an estate in the first
place. 	Id. 	Instead, St. Paul was just a ruling that if claims do belong to the bankruptcy estate,
then only the trustee, and not creditors, may assert the claims. 	Id.
Under the Picard decision, the mere existence of a “general” effect on creditors would
not be enough to give a trustee standing to pursue an “alter ego” claim, even if the alter ego
theory were a separate “claim.” 	Instead, one would need to consider whether the trustee has
been given that right, either because of powers granted by the Bankruptcy Code or because of
rights inherited from the corporation itself. 	Unfortunately this leads me to another area of the
case law where some of the older holdings seem to be at odds with more recent authority. 	There
are many cases in which courts have held that a bankruptcy trustee is entitled to assert “alter
ego” claims under New York law. 	But in many respects these rulings seem inconsistent with
the Picard decision.
For example, in In re Keene Corp., 164 B.R. 844, 851 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1994), the court
held that under New York law a “trustee” has standing to assert alter ego claims and that
creditors are precluded from doing so unless the claims have been abandoned. 	The Keene
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decision cited three prior federal court decisions in support of that holding: Gosconcert Hillyer,
158 B.R. 24, 28 (S.D.N.Y. 1993); Goldhaber v. Tri-Equities, Inc., 112 B.R. 593, 596 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. 1990); and Green v. Bate Records, Inc. (In re 10th Ave. Record Distribs.), 97 B.R. 163,
166 (S.D.N.Y. 1989). 	Gosconcert also cited only to other federal decisions; in fact, the real
claim in Gosconcert was that a third party had taken assets that belonged to the debtor, and that
claim clearly was properly asserted by the trustee, not by someone else. 	Goldhaber held that
under New York law, a trustee may bring “an alter ego cause of action” on behalf of a debtor in
order to collect property for the benefit of other creditors, but in support of that proposition it
relied on the decision in In re 10th Ave. Record Distributors. 	In In re 10th Ave. Record
Distributors, however, the court just held that, by analogy to fraudulent transfer claims and other
rights, a trustee has authority to pursue an alter ego claim if doing so would benefit all creditors
generally. 	Id. at 167. 	As noted above, that is inconsistent with the more recent Picard
decision, as well as with the notion that alter ego theories are remedies, not claims.
Mannuccio v. Cabrini Medical Center (In re Cabrini Medical Center), 489 B.R. 7, 16
n.73 (S.D.N.Y. 2012), is another decision that holds that a trustee may assert alter ego claims.
In support of that proposition the Cabrini decision cited to Gruber v. Victor, No. 95 Civ. 2285,
1996 WL 492991, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 28, 1996), which in turn cited to the state court
decision in Corcoran v. Hall, 149 A.D.2d 165 (1st Dept. 1989). 	But in the Corcoran decision,
the court merely cited to prior federal court decisions for the proposition that as a matter of
federal bankruptcy law, a trustee may assert any claim that would benefit all creditors. 	More
recently, the Picard decision holds that a “general[ized]” effect is not enough, and that a trustee
can only pursue claims that it has authority to pursue under the Bankruptcy Code or that the
debtor itself could have pursued. 	721 F.3d at 70-71. 	The New York court’s decision in
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Corcoran cannot be relied upon as authority for the proposition that under New York state law a
trustee may pursue an alter ego theory, because Corcoran relied entirely on prior federal
authority (not on New York law), and the prior federal authority on which Corcoran relied does
not appear to be valid after the Picard decision.
These are important issues that ought to be clarified and that I am confident will be
clarified in future decisions. 	Fortunately, I do not need to resolve them in this particular case. 	I
have previously held that the plaintiffs’ theory in this case was particular to them, and did not
constitute a claim that belonged to the trustee.
As set forth in the pretrial order, plaintiffs argue that Mr. Newman was the sole owner
and had complete control of Stage Presence, and that in connection with the Childhelp benefit
concert he allegedly used Stage Presence to incur liabilities in connection with Mr. Newman’s
personal business. 	More particularly, they allege that Mr. Newman caused Stage Presence to
acquire services and goods from the plaintiffs for use in connection with a program for which
Mr. Newman and others were Producers and for which Stage Presence itself had no contractual
role. 	They further argue that Mr. Newman knew that the Producers did not, or might not, have
the necessary financing for the benefit program, and that using Stage Presence to hire workers
and vendors was an improper and inequitable use of the corporation to shift the risk of non-
funding from the Producers to the creditors of Stage Presence. 	They argue that this constituted
an injustice as well as a fraud in connection with the Childhelp benefit, on the theory that Mr.
Newman allegedly misrepresented the funding risks to Plaintiffs. 	Finally, plaintiffs argue that
corporate formalities were not observed and that the separate existence of Stage Presence was
not respected vis-à-vis Mr. Newman and vis-à-vis other entities in which Mr. Newman had
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ownership interests. 	On those grounds plaintiffs contend that Mr. Newman personally should be
held liable for the unpaid debts that Stage Presence owes to the plaintiffs.
The claims that plaintiffs have made are particular to the Childhelp concert. 	Plaintiffs do
not allege that each and every obligation that Stage Presence ever incurred was fraudulent or was
incurred with an unjust purpose. 	Their claims, if found to have merit, would benefit only those
creditors who have asserted claims in connection with the Childhelp benefit program. 	Other
potential creditors – such as tax creditors, for example, or anyone who might have a claim
relating to a prior show – would receive no benefit from such rulings.
Accordingly, no matter how I view the underlying claims or remedies, and no matter how
I view the potential problems under the case law that I have described above, it seems clear to
me that the claims being asserted here are particularized to the plaintiffs and do not belong to the
chapter 7 trustee.
Having made those preliminary comments, I will now turn to the elements of the alter
ego contentions and the evidence at trial.
Evaluation of Plaintiffs’ Alter Ego Contentions
Under New York law, the separate existence and status of a corporation is not lightly
disregarded. 	Gartner v. Snyder, 607 F.2d 582, 586 (2d Cir. 1979). 	As the New York Court of
Appeals held in Matter of Morris v. New York State Department of Taxation & Finance, 623
N.E.2d 1157, 1160 (N.Y. 1993), in the ordinary case “it is perfectly legal to incorporate for the
express purpose of limiting the liability of the corporate owners.” 	In fact, the very nature and
purpose of conducting business through a corporation is to shield the owners from direct liability
for the debts incurred in connection with that business. 	Accordingly, an owner ordinarily is not
liable for the debts incurred by a corporation.
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Plaintiffs may pierce the corporate veil, and impose liability on an owner, where the
evidence shows that the owner exercised complete domination over the corporation with respect
to the transaction at issue such that the corporation had no separate identity, and that such
domination was used to commit a fraud or a wrong against the plaintiffs that resulted in injury to
the plaintiffs. 	See Matter of Morris, 623 N.E.2d at 1160-61. 	In Morris the court made clear
that while complete domination of a corporation is required in order to pierce the corporate veil,
it is not enough by itself. 	Instead, “some showing of a wrongful or unjust act toward plaintiff is
required.” 	Id. at 1161.
Prior decisions have identified a number of non-exclusive factors that may be considered
in deciding whether a corporation has been completely dominated by its owner to the point
where the corporation has no separate identity. 	Many of the factors listed in prior cases are
phrased in terms that assume that one corporation is owned by another, and so I have
paraphrased the factors here. 	They include:
 	The absence of the formalities that are part of corporate existence (for example, the
issuance of stock, election of directors, and keeping of corporate records);
 	Inadequate capitalization;
 	Whether funds are put in and taken out of the corporation for personal rather than
corporate purposes;
 	Overlaps in ownership, officers, directors and personnel;
 	Common office space, address and telephone numbers;
 	The amount of business discretion displayed by the allegedly dominated corporation;
 	Whether the related corporation dealt with its owner or other related corporations at
arm’s-length;
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 	Whether the corporation was treated as an independent profit center;
 	The payment or guarantee of debts by the dominated corporation in favor of its owner
or other related corporations; and
 	Whether the corporation in question had property that was used by the owner just as
though it belonged to the owner.
See Wm. Passalacqua Builders, 933 F.2d at 139.
While these are factors that may be considered, however, they cannot be applied in a
vacuum, and the court must conduct a broad-based inquiry into the totality of the facts to
determine if the party seeking to pierce the corporate veil has established an improper
domination of the corporation. 	Id.; see also American Protein Corp. v. AB Volvo, 844 F.2d 56,
60 (2d Cir. 1988); Ng v. Adler (In re Adler), 467 B.R. 279, 286-87 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2012).
The New York Court of Appeals made clear in Morris that the decision whether to pierce the
corporate veil must be based on the “attendant facts and equities” of each separate case, and
cannot be reduced to a set of formulas and factors with pre-determined weights. 	See Matter of
Morris, 623 N.E.2d at 1160-61.
The uncontradicted evidence at trial showed that Stage Presence was incorporated in
1985. 	It originally had two owners, but has been owned only by Mr. Newman since
approximately 1987 or 1988. 	It has acted as a “below-the-line” contractor to arrange crew and
equipment for various productions. 	It has not always had its own offices, but during many years
it did have its own offices.
Stage Presence may have had more than one director at the time of its formation, but for
some time Mr. Newman has been the sole director and the sole employee. 	No formal director
meetings have been held for some time, and no formal shareholder meetings have been held for
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some time. 	However, Stage Presence has always retained counsel to provide legal advice, and
accountants to assist with bookkeeping and financial questions. 	The accountants may also at
some point have served as treasurers of Stage Presence, though on this particular point the
testimony was not clear.
Stage Presence filed all of its required tax returns and maintained its corporate franchise.
It kept its own separate books and records with the assistance of outside accountants. 	The
outside accountants prepared annual financial statements for Stage Presence. 	Stage Presence
always had bank accounts, and they were always separate from Mr. Newman’s accounts. 	Stage
Presence did not commingle funds with Mr. Newman. 	It did not pay personal expenses on
behalf of Mr. Newman. 	It made some distributions to Mr. Newman, just as any corporation
does if it has excess funds, but it did so only after a review by the outside accountants and a
determination of what funds could safely be distributed in light of upcoming potential cash
needs.
Stage Presence obtained funding for its projects from some combination of retained cash
or payments by advertising agencies, sponsors or other persons. 	It always contracted in its own
name. 	Stage Presence hired payroll processing firms to handle payments to employees in
connection with individual jobs. 	It also purchased insurance in its own name and for its own
account. 	All licenses and permits needed for productions were obtained in the name of Stage
Presence itself.
On the whole I do not find that this is evidence that is sufficient to support the kind of
“domination” that is envisioned by the New York courts before a corporate veil can be pierced.
From a financial, business and operating perspective the evidence shows that the separate
corporate existence of Stage Presence was scrupulously guarded and observed. 	Similarly, the
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evidence shows that the assets and liabilities of Stage Presence were never commingled with
those of Mr. Newman.
It is true that Stage Presence did what Mr. Newman told it to do. 	But corporations
always do what their owners tell them to do, or at least they should do so. 	In fact, many courts
have held that it is the duty of a corporation to further the interests and wishes of its owners.
See, e.g., Trenwick Am. Litig. Trust v. Ernst & Young, L.L.P., 906 A.2d 168, 173 (Del. Chancery
2006) (holding that a parent corporation had the right to cause its subsidiary to incur debts to
support the parent’s business because “[w]holly-owned subsidiary corporations are expected to
operate for the benefit of their parent corporations; that is why they are created”) 	If the fact that
a corporation served its owner’s interests were enough to establish a wrongful “domination” of
the corporation, then the corporate form would never be respected.
Plaintiffs have offered into evidence a finding in a prior District Court litigation against
Mr. Newman and Stage Presence holding that “[t]he corporation does not observe the corporate
formalities.” 	But no further specifics were set forth in those findings as to which formalities had
not been observed, and in which respects. 	It was admitted during the trial in this case that Stage
Presence had only one director during the relevant time, did not hold directors’ or shareholders’
meetings and therefore did not have minutes of such meetings, had only one employee, and had
only one decision maker (namely, Mr. Newman). 	But “in the case of closely-held corporations
these facts are not uncommon,” and usually they should be treated as merely “neutral”
considerations in determining whether to pierce the veil of a closely-held corporation. 	See In re
Adler, 467 B.R. at 291; see also Cardell Fin. Corp. v. Suchodolski Assocs. Inc., No. 09 Civ.
6148, 2012 WL 12932049, at *25 (S.D.N.Y. July 17, 2017) (noting that overlaps in an owner’s
roles are “common-place among closely-held corporations of this type and thus do[] not weigh
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significantly in favor of a finding of domination and control” for purposes of alter ego analysis);
William Wrigley Jr. Co. v. Waters, 890 F.2d 594, 601 (2d Cir. 1989) (noting that in small
privately held corporations “the trappings of sophisticated corporate life are rarely present” and
warning that courts should be careful about the weight to be given to this factor if in other
respects the separate corporate existence was honored).
I find that, in this case, the absence of other directors, or of regular directors’ meetings, or
of directors’ minutes, is a sign of sloppiness, rather than an indication that the separate existence
of Stage Presence was or should be ignored. 	As I have noted, the evidence showed that in all
important operational and financial respects the separate existence of Stage Presence was
honored and fully respected. 	See, e.g., Krause v. Eihab Human Servs., No. 10 CV 898, 2015
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 101820 at *45 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 4, 2015) (noting that the corporation in that
case “lacked a level of professional polish that would be desired from a well-run organization”
but that on the whole the evidence fell short of showing that the corporation was so dominated
that it “had no existence of its own”); Tycoons Worldwide Group (Thailand) Pub. Co., Ltd. v.
JBL Supply Inc., 721 F.Supp. 2d 194, 206 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (disregarding a failure to observe
corporate formalities where adequate books and records were kept, corporate funds were not
commingled with funds of the owner, the owner did not siphon off corporate funds for personal
use, and the evidence did not support a conclusion that the corporation was just a “dummy” for
the individual owner).
Furthermore, the fact that Mr. Newman was the only director and the only employee is
not an unusual feature of small, closely-held corporations and is not an adequate reason to
disregard the separate existence of the corporation. 	In fact, even among large corporate families
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a complete overlap of officers and directors does not justify piercing the corporate veil.
American Protein Corp. v. AB Volvo, 844 F.2d 56, 60 (2d Cir. 1988).
Plaintiffs have offered into evidence a finding in the same prior District Court litigation
to the effect that Stage Presence “is undercapitalized and has failed to pay wages and other debts
that have been due and owing since April 13, 2010.” 	However, this finding just suggests that at
the time of the District Court litigation Stage Presence did not have enough money to pay its
debts. 	The record at the trial before me shows that Stage Presence operated for more than 25
years and paid all its debts with the exception of those incurred in connection with the Childhelp
benefit. 	It is certainly true that Stage Presence did not have enough resources on its own to pay
those obligations, but as I will explain in a moment that is entirely due to the fact that other
parties defaulted on their promises to provide such funding.
Undercapitalization alone generally is insufficient to warrant piercing of the corporate
veil. 	Tycoons Worldwide Group (Thailand) Pub. Co. v. JBL Supply Inc., 721 F.Supp. 2d 194,
206-07 (S.D.N.Y. 2010); McDarren v. Marvel Entertainment Group, No. 94 Civ. 0910, 1995
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4649 at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 11, 1995) (holding that “under New York law,
undercapitalization alone is insufficient to pierce the corporate veil”); see also Gartner v. Snyder,
607 F.2d 582, 588 (2d Cir. 1979). 	This is particularly true where, as here, the corporation is
adequately capitalized at its outset and runs successfully as a business enterprise for many years,
only to ultimately find itself in financial trouble, and where the other evidence compels the
conclusion that the separate identity of the corporation was respected. 	If the corporate form
were to be disregarded whenever a corporation could not pay its debts, then the corporate form
would never be respected in a bankruptcy case. 	The relevant question is whether a
corporation’s separate existence was respected. 	There are cases in which a failure to capitalize a
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company (particularly at the outset of its business) may suggest an intent to ignore the
company’s separate existence, but as I will explain in a moment the financial troubles that
occurred here are the result of a breach of a loan agreement, not a disregard of corporate form.
I note that while the District Court made the general factual findings described above
concerning the observation of “corporate formalities” and the “undercapitalized” state of Stage
Presence after April 2010, the District Court also held in a later decision in that same prior case
that other factors had to be considered in deciding whether the corporate veil would be pierced,
and it denied requests for the entry of summary judgment on those issues. 	This ruling further
made clear that the limited findings that were cited were not sufficient, by themselves, to justify
piercing the corporate veil.
I find based on all the evidence that the separate corporate existence of Stage Presence
was honored and recognized and that there was an absence of the type of domination and
disregard of corporate form that would be needed to sustain the remedy of piercing the corporate
veil. 	I also find that there is nothing in the evidence that supports the contention that the
separate corporate existence of Stage Presence was used to perpetrate a fraud or an injustice in
dealings with the plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs have argued that since Mr. Newman and others were the Producers for the
Childhelp program it was wrongful of them to use Stage Presence to hire workers and production
crews and vendors to assist in the production. 	However, there is nothing about Mr. Newman’s
designation as the “Producer” of the program, in contracts with Childhelp, that required him
personally to employ laborers, camera crews and other support providers. 	There is absolutely
no reason why Mr. Newman was not permitted to use somebody else, including Stage Presence,
as the contracting entity. 	This was the role that Stage Presence had played in many prior
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productions, and the business role that it was well suited to play in connection with the Childhelp
benefit concert.
The mere fact that Mr. Newman employed Stage Presence as the contracting entity was
not itself in any way an abuse of the privilege of doing business in the corporate form. 	That is
the whole reason why Stage Presence existed, and it was a legitimate reason. 	See, e.g., Trenga
Realty v. Tiseo, 117 A.D.2d 951, 951-52 (App. Div. 3d Dep’t 1986) (holding that “[i]t is widely
held that a corporation may be organized for the very purpose of avoiding personal liability
provided the corporation really exists and is doing business as permitted by law”).
Plaintiffs knew and understood that they were entering into contracts with Stage
Presence. 	There is no allegation that they ever thought otherwise, and certainly no evidence that
they ever thought otherwise. 	They did not ask for a personal guaranty from Mr. Newman, and
there is no evidence that any of them ever expected Mr. Newman personally to pay the amounts
that Stage Presence owed to them.
Plaintiffs argue that the contract with Childhelp was in the name of One for Each Island,
which did not exist. 	They also note that the only contract that purported to entitle the Producers
to the payment of fees for their services was the contract with One for Each Island, but that Stage
Presence had allegedly listed those Producer fees as debts in the schedules of liabilities that
Stage Presence filed in its bankruptcy case. 	It certainly would have been better if Mr. Newman
had executed contracts with Childhelp that spelled out what Stage Presence’s rights and
obligations were in connection with the concert. 	But upon consideration of all the evidence I
find that this, too, is an example of sloppiness rather than evidence that the separate corporate
existence of Stage Presence was ignored or that it should be disregarded by me. 	This is
particularly true because I also find, as I will explain further below, that Mr. Newman reasonably
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believed he had arranged funding, in the form of a loan agreement with Stage Presence itself as
the named beneficiary, and that would have allowed Stage Presence to pay its obligations if the
loan agreement had been honored.
The contracts that are most important here – namely, plaintiffs’ own contracts (which
admittedly were with Stage Presence) and the contract for the funding of the show – were in the
name of Stage Presence. 	If Stage Presence has problems making payment, that has nothing to
do with the lack of a formal contract between Stage Presence and Childhelp. 	The problems are
entirely due to the fact that Geneve International Trust did not provide the funding that it
promised. 	As to the Producers’ Fees: whether the lack of documentation affects the Producers’
right to fees, and whether it is a reason why the trustee might consider objections to the
Producers’ claims for fees against Stage Presence, is a separate issue that is not before me today.
Plaintiffs’ counsel also elicited testimony to the effect that Mr. Maketansky was not told
that the funding was not yet locked in, or that other entities in addition to Stage Presence might
be involved in the production. 	However, there is no evidence that any of the plaintiffs ever
asked, or that plaintiffs were even interested in the financial arrangements. 	Instead, the
evidence shows that they trusted Stage Presence and Mr. Newman as a result of prior business
dealings. 	The evidence shows, in short, that plaintiffs believed that if Mr. Newman was
confident in the funding, that was good enough for them. 	Plaintiffs were understandably
disappointed when Stage Presence could not pay them, but that does not mean that Mr. Newman
defrauded them or treated them unjustly.
At several other times during the trial plaintiffs’ counsel elicited testimony to the effect
that Mr. Newman did not tell other people that the financing for the benefit concert was
problematic. 	Again, however, there is no evidence that plaintiffs ever asked about the
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financing, or showed any interest in it. 	Furthermore, the evidence actually showed that Mr.
Newman was open in sharing information about the funding arrangements with Mr. Kelman
(who hired the plaintiffs), and that Mr. Newman only proceeded with the concert once he
believed that financing was in place.
More particularly: 	One of the original ideas was to try to fund the benefit concert by
arranging sponsors. 	However, the uncontradicted evidence at trial was that the sponsorship idea
was abandoned after it became clear that it would not succeed. 	In fact, the uncontradicted
evidence is that Mr. Newman sought to cancel, or at least to postpone, the benefit concert once it
became clear that sponsorships could not be counted on to provide funding. 	At that time the
representatives of Childhelp suggested that Steven Menner might be able to arrange funding.
Mr. Menner in fact did offer to provide funding. 	He offered to do so through an entity called
Geneve International Trust. 	Mr. Menner provided evidence of Geneve’s financial wherewithal,
introduced Mr. Newman and others to Geneve’s counsel (Mr. Bartholomew), and Geneve then
executed a non-recourse loan agreement under which Geneve would provide funding to Stage
Presence.
The evidence shows that Mr. Newman, and Mr. Kelman, did not proceed to hire the
plaintiffs until after having received Geneve’s promise to execute a loan agreement in amounts
that plainly were sufficient to pay the expenses of the show. 	Plaintiffs contended that Mr.
Kelman was misled, but he was not. 	In fact, Mr. Kelman acknowledged that he approved the
hiring of the plaintiffs after seeing the emails as to the promissory note and upcoming loan
agreement to be provided by Geneve, even though he also knew that the funding had not yet
been actually received and that the documentation was not yet in place.
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Plaintiffs complained that Mr. Newman allegedly had not shared with them information
about the original plans to obtain funding from potential sponsors. 	However, there is no
evidence that they ever asked. 	Furthermore, as noted above an entirely different funding plan
was in place at the time plaintiffs were actually engaged to move forward with the concert.
Plaintiffs also advanced the theory that the proposed funding from Geneve was a sham,
and that Newman allegedly knew it. 	It is clear from the evidence that Geneve and Menner
failed to honor their commitments, and the strong implication from the evidence is that they lied
to Mr. Newman and Stage Presence in this respect. 	In this regard, the evidence shows that Mr.
Newman and Stage Presence were the victims of fraud, not the perpetrators of it. 	There is no
evidence that Mr. Newman thought the funding was illusory. 	Even the plaintiffs’ own witnesses
testified that they thought that Mr. Newman had merely been mistaken about the financing, and
not that he had intentionally deceived them about it.
Plaintiffs cited to an email in which one of the Producers, Mr. Marquette, mentioned that
it was important to “show” a television network and potential sponsors that funding was in place.
Plaintiffs argued at trial that the use of the word “show” somehow suggested that the loan
agreement was intended only to be a sham, and only as something that could be used to
misrepresent the status of funding to other parties. 	After considering all the evidence I reject
this interpretation. 	I find, based on the evidence and my assessment of the credibility of the
witnesses, that Mr. Newman actually believed that the funding had been arranged, that Geneve
was committed to provide it, that Geneve had the ability to provide it, and that Geneve would
provide it.
Plaintiffs contended that additional debts to some of the plaintiffs were incurred several
weeks after the benefit concert and in connection with the post-production process, at a time
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when there had already been delays in the Geneve funding. 	Plaintiffs argued that by this time
Mr. Newman allegedly knew that the funding was a hoax, but I find that is simply not the case.
I find that Mr. Newman continued to believe that the funding would be forthcoming.
Furthermore, it was reasonable to complete the post-production work on the television recording,
because a failure to do so might actually have provided Geneve with an excuse to back out of its
promised loan.
Plaintiffs also argued that Mr. Kelman had not been informed of the funding delays when
the post-production work was authorized, but in fact the testimony at trial showed that Mr.
Kelman was aware of them, and that he approved the post-production work despite the delays in
funding. 	Mr. Maketansky also testified that he was aware that there were funding problems at
the time the post-production work was done, and he elected to go forward – not because Mr.
Newman misled him in any way, but because Mr. Maketansky was confident in Mr. Newman’s
judgment as to whether the financing was forthcoming.
Plaintiffs argued that Mr. Newman never should have believed Geneve, and that he ought
to have known that certain evidence of financial resources that Geneve provided had been faked.
But in deciding whether Mr. Newman used Stage Presence to accomplish a fraud or injustice the
question is what Mr. Newman actually believed, not what plaintiffs think he should have
believed or might have believed in hindsight. 	There is no evidence that Newman actually
believed the funding was questionable or would fail, or that he actually thought that Geneve did
not have the necessary resources.
Finally, plaintiffs contended at trial that the copy of the loan agreement that Geneve
signed in favor of Stage Presence was itself a fake. 	They point to a declaration that Mr.
Newman signed in 2010 that attached a copy of a similar loan agreement executed in favor of an
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entity known as Anguilla Music Production and Publishing (“AMPP”) rather than Stage
Presence. 	They introduced testimony by Mr. Newman during a hearing in another case in the
District Court, in 2010, to the effect that the loan agreement was with AMPP and not with Stage
Presence. 	See Pl.’s Ex. 8, H’rg Tr. 24:19-25:20. 	Plaintiffs also asked me to take judicial notice
of the fact that Geneve moved to dismiss a complaint against it on the ground that the loan
agreement had been made in favor of AMPP and not Stage Presence, and that the version of the
loan agreement that was executed in favor of Stage Presence was not offered in Court until after
that motion was filed.
Mr. Newman testified at trial that the execution of the loan agreement in favor of AMPP
in April 2010 had been a mistake, that he had immediately had it re-executed in favor of Stage
Presence, and that the Stage Presence loan agreement was in effect at the time of the benefit
concert. 	I agree with plaintiffs that if this were the case it is very difficult to understand just
why the AMPP version of the agreement was attached to Mr. Newman’s prior declaration, and
why it was referenced in the testimony that he gave in the District Court in October 2010.
But while I am very troubled by those facts, I find based on all of the evidence that the
agreement in favor of Stage Presence was in fact executed and was enforceable. 	The strongest
evidence of this fact is what happened in the litigation against Geneve International Trust.
The original complaint in the action against Geneve International Trust, of which
plaintiffs have asked me to take judicial notice, alleged expressly that Geneve had executed a $5
million loan agreement in favor of Stage Presence itself. 	See Complaint, Adv. Pro. No. 12-
01561, Docket No. 1, at ¶ 11. 	Defendants moved to dismiss the contract claim on the ground
that no copy of a loan agreement had been attached to the complaint. 	Geneve also moved to
dismiss fraud claims and argued that there was no jurisdiction over Geneve. 	Defendants also
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submitted a declaration by Mr. Bartholomew to the effect that he was not aware of any contract
ever signed by Geneve with any entity. 	See Decl. of Ronald L. Bartholomew, Adv. Pro. No. 12-
01561, Docket No. 4-11 at ¶ 8.
In connection with the motion to dismiss Geneve submitted copies of a prior declaration
by Mr. Newman in the District Court litigation that attached the AMPP agreement. 	Judge
Gropper noted at oral argument that it was not clear if this was the agreement the parties were
relying upon but that in any event the contract claim needed to be repleaded. 	Stage Presence
then filed an amended complaint on September 20, 2012 that attached a copy of the loan
agreement that Geneve had executed in favor of Stage Presence. 	Geneve then renewed its
motion to dismiss. 	Notably, in that motion Geneve did not deny the authenticity of the Stage
Presence agreement that was attached to the amended complaint. 	Instead, Geneve argued that
the contract was not enforceable due to an alleged lack of consideration, an alleged lack of
specificity, an alleged disparity in the names of the benefit concerts to be funded, and other
arguments.
When the motion to dismiss was argued before Judge Gropper, Ms. Connolly appeared.
(Ms. Connolly was the attorney for the plaintiffs in the prior District Court litigation and is the
attorney for the plaintiffs in this proceeding.) 	Ms. Connolly informed the court that in the
District Court litigation the separate version of the loan agreement, in favor of AMPP, had been
produced. 	Judge Gropper asked if there was an explanation, but noted that issues as to the
authenticity of the agreement were not before him at that time. 	He then denied the motion to
dismiss.
I cannot emphasize enough that the only person who appeared to contest the authenticity
of the Stage Presence loan agreement at this hearing was Ms. Connolly, who was not a party to
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the proceedings. 	Geneve itself did not contest the authenticity of the agreement. 	Nor did Mr.
Bartholomew, the trustee of Geneve whose signature appears on the document.
Geneve and Bartholomew never did file answers to the amended complaint. 	They
defaulted, and then the parties stipulated that the defaults would be vacated and the disputes
would be referred to arbitration. 	The uncontradicted testimony at trial was that the defendants
never challenged the validity and authenticity of the Stage Presence agreement during the
arbitration. 	Furthermore, plaintiffs offered into evidence a copy of the arbitrator’s decision. 	In
that decision the arbitrator noted that the defendants had argued that the agreement was merely a
preliminary agreement or was otherwise not sufficiently specific to be enforced, but at no point
in his opinion is there any hint that the defendants (including Mr. Bartholomew himself) ever
denied that the agreement had been signed in favor of Stage Presence. 	The arbitrator rejected
the asserted defenses and held that the loan agreement in favor of Stage Presence was valid and
enforceable.
I find based on this evidence that the Stage Presence loan agreement was not a fake and
was not contrived after the fact. 	Geneve and Bartholomew certainly had every incentive to
make that argument if the agreement had been faked, but all the evidence that I have suggests
that they never did so. 	Instead, the loan agreement was found to be valid and enforceable in the
arbitration action that was pursued, and the person who executed it on behalf of Geneve does not
appear ever to have contested its authenticity.
I find, based on all the evidence, that the Stage Presence version of the loan agreement
did exist, that it was executed in April 2010, that Mr. Newman and Stage Presence proceeded
with the Childhelp concert in reliance on that loan agreement and in the honest belief that
Geneve would honor the agreement. 	The fact that Stage Presence could not ultimately collect
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sufficient funds from Geneve to pay Stage Presence’s debts had to do partly with the fact that
Stage Presence had not sufficiently verified its damages during the arbitration, but far more
importantly with the fact that it could not execute a judgment against Geneve.
Conclusion
In summary, I find that the evidence did not show any improper domination of Stage
Presence or any fraud, or any intent to deceive, or any actual or intended misuse of Stage
Presence. 	Plaintiffs understandably are upset that they have not been paid. 	They seem to be
sincere in their belief that Mr. Newman somehow should rectify that situation. 	The gist of their
contention seems to be that they think Mr. Newman, as a Producer, has a moral responsibility to
ensure that they are paid. 	But plaintiffs knowingly contracted with Stage Presence, not Mr.
Newman. 	They asked for no personal guarantees and did not believe Mr. Newman had given
any such personal guarantees. 	They may believe it is an injustice if Mr. Newman is not
personally liable for Stage Presence’s debts, but that limited liability is the whole reason why
corporations are formed. 	It does not work an injustice to enforce that limited liability in a case,
such as here, where the facts at trial do not support the contention that the corporate form should
be disregarded.
An order will be entered, allowing plaintiffs’ claims against Stage Presence but
dismissing the alter ego claims against Mr. Newman. 	Together with this Court’s prior rulings as
to other claims and other defendants this order will finally resolve all claims asserted in the
Music Mix adversary proceeding, and accordingly a final judgment will also be entered.
Dated: New York, New York
October 26, 2018
s/Michael E. Wiles
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE
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