United States of America et al v. Wipperman

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
NASHVILLE DIVISION
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ex rel.
ST. PAUL’S FOUNDATION,
Plaintiff-Relator,
v.
TIMOTHY WIPPERMAN,
Defendant.
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Case No. 3:24-cv-00750
Judge Aleta A. Trauger
MEMORANDUM and ORDER
Before the court is defendant Timothy Wipperman’s Amended/Correction Motion to
Disqualify (Doc. No. 45), which plaintiff-relator St. Paul’s Foundation (“St. Paul’s”) opposes
(Doc. No. 53). For the reasons set forth herein, this motion will be granted.
I. 	BACKGROUND
The relator initiated this qui tam action in June 2024 by filing a sealed Complaint, asserting
claims on behalf of the United States under the False Claims Act (“FCA”), 31 U.S.C. § 3729 et
seq. The relator was granted leave to file a first Amended Complaint in July 2024. (Doc. Nos. 9–
11.) On March 10, 2025, the United States filed its Notice of Election to Decline Intervention.
(Doc. No. 19.) The case was unsealed, and the defendant was served. The relator, with leave of
court, filed the Second Amended Complaint on June 17, 2025. (Doc. No. 44, Second Am. Compl.
(“SAC”).)
St. Paul’s is represented in this case by Tracey M.A. Stockton, a Massachusetts attorney
admitted to practice in this court. The relator is a small, non-profit religious corporation. (SAC
¶ 6.) St. Paul’s “Protos” is Fr. Andrew Bushell. (Id. ¶ 15(a).) Bushell allegedly served as defendant
Wipperman’s “spiritual director” from approximately 2012 to 2017. (Id. ¶ 15(a)–(c).) The SAC
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alleges that, in September 2020, Wipperman, without authorization, submitted a false and
fraudulent application for an Economic Injury Disaster Loan (“Application”), purportedly on
behalf of St. Paul’s,1 to the United States Small Business Administration (“SBA”) on September
25, 2020. (Id. ¶ 10.) The funds for this type of loan were made available through the Coronavirus
Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, which went into effect on March 27, 2020.
(Id. ¶ 8.) Although the SBA denied the Application, St. Paul’s, on behalf of the United States,
asserts that Wipperman violated the FCA by knowingly making false and fraudulent statements to
the SBA in the Application, in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A) & (B).
The SAC also alleges that in October 2022, Bushell and Stockton, as General Counsel to
St. Paul’s, were both arrested on allegations of fraud related to the receipt of CARES Act funds.
(SAC ¶ 17 (citing Criminal Complaint, United States v. Bushell, No. 1:22-mj-4506-DHH (D. Mass.
Oct. 11, 2022), ECF No. 1 (hereinafter “Criminal Complaint”)).) The Criminal Complaint was
ultimately dismissed “in the interests of justice” and neither Bushell nor Stockton was indicted,
but St. Paul’s alleges “upon information and belief” that “the fraudulent actions of Defendant
Wipperman . . . contributed to the analyses giving rise to the [Criminal] Complaint, causing
significant emotional and economic damage” to Bushell and St. Paul’s. (Id.)
The Criminal Complaint was signed by, and based upon the Affidavit of, FBI Special
Agent Chad Oakes. Criminal Complaint at 1. The Oakes Affidavit, attached as an exhibit to the
Criminal Complaint, alleges among other things that Bushell and Stockton lived together; that
together they operated several non-profit religious and business organizations for which Bushell
was registered as the principal officer and Stockton as the registered agent; and that together they
1 The SAC does not actually state that Wipperman submitted the Application on behalf of
St. Paul’s, but this fact is apparent from the copy of the Application attached to the SAC. (See Doc.
No. 44 at 19.)
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applied for and received CARES Act funds and loans by submitting fraudulent applications and
then used those funds for personal and/or non-permitted purposes. See generally Affidavit, United
States v. Bushell, No. 1:22-mj-4506-DHH (D. Mass. Oct. 11, 2022), ECF No. 1-3. The relator
appears to be alleging that the fraudulent Application in this case contributed to the criminal
charges against Bushell and Stockton.
In the present lawsuit, although no answer has been filed, defendant Wipperman denies
submitting the Application. (See Doc. No. 47 at 2 n.3 (denying wrongdoing in this case “and
specifically den[ying] submitting the loan application at issue”).) He maintains that Stockton, as
attorney of record for the relator, has intimate knowledge of St. Paul’s affairs and, in particular,
about the facts giving rise to the criminal investigation against both Bushell and Stockton herself,
such that she is a necessary witness in this case. His motion implies that Bushell and/or Stockton
may have been involved in the criminal conduct alleged in the Criminal Complaint and that they
may have submitted the Application at issue in this case.2 Wipperman also submitted a Declaration
in support of the Motion to Disqualify in which he alleges that, after being introduced to Stockton
by Bushell, he retained Stockton to handle “various corporate matters on [his] behalf and on behalf
of [his] businesses” from approximately 2014 through 2019. (Doc. No. 45-1, Wipperman Decl. ¶¶
3–5.) He alleges that Stockton is still attorney of record on one such matter and that he has not
authorized Stockton to represent St. Paul’s against him in this case. (Id. ¶¶ 7, 9.)
In support of his Motion to Disqualify, Wipperman argues that Stockton should be
disqualified from representing St. Paul’s in this matter under Tennessee Rules of Professional
Conduct (“TRPC”) 3.7(a) and 1.9, because (1) she is likely to be a necessary witness in this matter;
2 The fact that criminal charges were dropped does not completely dispel the inference of
wrongdoing by Bushell and Stockton, given the beyond-reasonable-doubt standard of proof
applicable in criminal cases.
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and (2) her representation of St. Paul’s in a case adverse to Wipperman, a former client, creates a
conflict of interest. (See generally Doc. No. 45.)
St. Paul’s responds that TRPC 1.9 does not require Stockton’s disqualification because
Wipperman was never Stockton’s client; instead, she represented Rezonant Music Publishing
LLC, a business in which Wipperman held an interest. Second, she argues that she will not be a
necessary witness in this case, because the only testimony she would be able to provide would be
relative to an uncontested issue—the existence of the fraudulent Application allegedly submitted
by Wipperman. St. Paul’s maintains that Stockton’s knowledge of the relator’s corporate affairs is
not at issue here. Rather, according to the relator, the only contested issue is whether Wipperman
submitted the fraudulent Application, and Stockton has no knowledge concerning that contested
issue. (See generally Doc. No. 53.) The relator also contends that disqualification of Stockton
would “work substantial hardship” on St. Paul’s. (Id. at 6; see also Doc. No. 53 at 18, Stockton
Aff. ¶ 24.)
The relator’s Response in opposition to the defendant’s Amended/Correction Motion to
Disqualify was filed before the court vacated its prior order waiving the requirement of local
counsel and before the relator had secured local counsel. (See Doc. No. 55.) St. Paul’s has now
secured local counsel. (See Doc. Nos. 56, 57.)
II. 	DISCUSSION
Pursuant to this court’s local rules, all lawyers admitted to practice in this court are bound
by the Tennessee Rules of Professional Conduct. L.R. 83.00.
TRPC 3.7 states, in pertinent part:
(a) A lawyer shall not act as an advocate at a trial in which the lawyer is likely to
be a necessary witness unless:
(1) the testimony relates to an uncontested issue;
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(2) the testimony relates to the nature and value of legal services rendered in
the case; or
(3) disqualification of the lawyer would work substantial hardship on the client.
TRCP 3.7(a). A “necessary witness” is one whose testimony will be “relevant, material, and
unobtainable elsewhere.” Abdi v. Infidels, LLC, No. 3:24-cv-00230, 2025 WL 394971, at *2 (M.D.
Tenn. Feb. 4, 2025) (Crenshaw, J.) (quoting Tenn. Bank & Tr. v. Lowery, No. 3:11-0984, 2012
WL 4849968, at *1 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 11, 2012)); State v. Spears, No. E2017-01836-CCA-R9-CD,
2018 WL 3528315, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 23, 2018) (applying same definition). Under the
Federal Rules of Evidence, “relevant” evidence is evidence that “has any tendency to make a fact
more or less probable than it would be without the evidence,” and that fact is “material” in the
sense that it is “of consequence to the determination of the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401; see also
Mullett v. Consol. Aluminum Corp., 23 F.3d 407 (6th Cir. 1994) (“Under Federal Rule of Evidence
401, ‘proffered evidence must be relevant to prove a proposition that is itself “of consequence to
the determination of the action,” i.e., material to the lawsuit.’” (quoting United States v. Fountain,
2 F.3d 656, 667 n. 6 (6th Cir. 1993)).3 Rule 3.7 makes it clear that any lawyer who is “likely to be
a necessary witness” may not represent a party in a case unless one of the three exceptions applies.
Accord Eon Streams, Inc. v. Clear Channel Commc’ns, Inc., No. 3:05-CV-578, 2007 WL 954181,
at *3 (E.D. Tenn. Mar. 27, 2007).
Generally, “any doubts about whether a lawyer may be called as a witness should be
resolved in favor of the lawyer being permitted to testify and against the lawyer acting as
advocate.” Id. at *4 (citing Whalley Dev. Corp. v. First Citizens Bancshares, Inc., 834 S.W.2d 328,
331 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992)). Moreover, although TRCP 3.7 provides only that an attorney who
3 In other words, to be relevant, evidence must also be material.
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may be a necessary witness at trial may not act as an advocate at that trial, “the Sixth Circuit has
long held that, ‘when an attorney knows that he will or ought to be called as a witness, he should
withdraw from representation.’” Id. at *5 (quoting Waltzer v. Transidyne Gen. Corp., 697 F.2d
130, 134 (6th Cir. 1983)). The Sixth Circuit has also held that the term “trial” as used in the ethics
rules should not be narrowly interpreted, but may extend to the whole case, particularly including
discovery. See Gen. Mill Supply Co. v. SCA Servs., Inc., 697 F.2d 704, 716 (noting that, under the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “the ultimate ‘trial’ is connected as a seamless web to the
ascertainment of issues at the pretrial proceedings, and particularly to the discovery depositions”).
Consequently, a trial court generally has “discretion to determine to what proceedings the
disqualification would apply.” Id. (holding that the trial court in that case, “having decided to
disqualify, did not “abus[e its] discretion in applying [disqualification] to the whole case”); see
also Howard v. Bd. of Educ., 70 F. App’x 272, 2003 WL 21518725, at *4 (6th Cir. July 1, 2003)
(finding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in disqualifying plaintiff’s attorneys several
months before trial where defendant had indicated it would call plaintiff’s counsel as witnesses);
Eon Streams, 2007 WL 954181 at *5 (“A court has the power to disqualify an attorney for pre-
trial and trial proceedings.”).
Wipperman asserts that Stockton is a necessary witness and that her testimony does not
relate only to an uncontested issue. More specifically, as noted above, the defendant denies
engaging in any fraudulent conduct. Based on the criminal charges against Stockton and Bushell,
as alleged in the SAC, Wipperman asserts that Stockton, as St. Paul’s long-time attorney, is “an
important witness in this case” whose “testimony will be relevant to the alleged fraudulent activity
by St. Paul’s, her arrest and her alleged involvement in the fraud, her representation of St. Paul’s,
the damages alleged in the Complaint, and the ways in which St. Paul’s may have come into
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possession of Mr. Wipperman’s personal information,” at least some of which was used in the
Application at issue in this case. (Doc No. 45 at 3.) Wipperman, that is, implies that Stockton, or
Stockton acting on behalf of Bushell or St. Paul’s, submitted the fraudulent Application that is the
subject of this lawsuit and, therefore, that Stockton’s testimony will be relevant to the contested
issue of whether Wipperman submitted the Application. He states that Stockton is now
“representing St. Paul’s in a lawsuit focused on the same nucleus of operative facts that she was
involved in,” and that she has “unique, personal knowledge” of St. Paul’s affairs (id.)—that is,
information that cannot be obtained from other witnesses.
The relator does not dispute that Stockton may be a necessary witness, but it contends that
the only testimony Stockton would be able to offer would relate to an “uncontested issue”—“the
existence of the Fraudulent Application.” (Doc. No. 53 at 5.) The relator contends that there is no
dispute that this document exists and has Wipperman’s name on it and that Stockton’s testimony
would be necessary only to introduce it into evidence. Stockton, for her part, denies having any
relevant, discoverable information about whether Wipperman submitted the Application. (Doc.
No. 53 at 7; see also Stockton Aff. ¶ 22 (“The only testimony I am able to give relative to the
Fraudulent Application is that it exists and it bears the name and address of Defendant Wipperman.
Each of these matters are uncontested and discernible to anyone viewing the Fraudulent
Application.”).) She also asserts that she had “no knowledge of the Fraudulent Application until
more than two (2) years following its submittal to the SBA.” (Doc. No. 53 at 8; see also Stockton
Aff. ¶ 6 (“I have committed no crimes.”).) The relator opposes the defendant’s attempt to “point
the not too subtle finger at Relator4 and/or Ms. Stockton” instead of “seek[ing] the truth about the
4 The relator is St. Paul’s, not Bushell, but the court filings submitted by St. Paul’s tend to
conflate the two.
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Fraudulent Application.” (Doc. No. 53 at 6.)
Although the issue presents a close call, the court finds that Stockton is likely to be a
necessary witness in this case and that her potential testimony does not concern only the relator’s
discovery of the fraudulent Application but the contested issue of who submitted the Application.
It is apparent that Wipperman will need, at a minimum, to depose Stockton regarding her
knowledge of St. Paul’s activity that gave rise to the criminal investigation. The relator is correct
that Wipperman appears to be pointing the finger at Stockton and/or Bushell—but the SAC itself
included allegations about the criminal investigation and made those allegations relevant and
material to the claim against Wipperman and to the relator’s potential damages. Wipperman has
made them relevant to his defense as well. The fact that Stockton felt compelled to submit her own
Affidavit in response to the Motion to Disqualify—denying that she had prior knowledge of the
Application and denying that she engaged in any wrongdoing in connection with the Application
or with the CARES Act funds as alleged in the Criminal Complaint against Bushell and Stockton—
effectively corroborates the determination that she is in possession of relevant evidence. That is,
Stockton’s testimony that she did not submit the Application will be relevant and material to the
question of whether Wipperman did. And only Stockton can testify about her own involvement or
lack of involvement in the underlying fraud. In sum, Stockton’s testimony in this case about the
underlying criminal investigation and her involvement in the fraudulent activity at issue in this
case is “relevant, material, and unobtainable elsewhere.” Abdi, 2025 WL 394971, at *2.
Although it is early in the proceedings, the court finds that Stockton should be disqualified
from representing the relator in this case unless one of the exceptions set forth in TRCP 3.7(a)(1)
through (3) applies. She argues that subsection (1) applies because she is only competent to testify
about an uncontested issue—whether the Application was submitted in Wipperman’s name. As set
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forth above, however, her testimony is relevant to the question of who submitted that Application
as well, not merely that it was submitted.
The relator also argues that disqualification of Stockton would work a substantial hardship
on it, under TRCP 3.7(a)(3). However, that argument, and Stockton’s Affidavit regarding her
efforts to procure local counsel, were submitted before the court vacated its waiver of the
requirement that St. Paul’s obtain local counsel and before St. Paul’s successfully retained
competent local counsel. The court finds that the hardship arguments have now been rendered
moot. Because Stockton has not shown that an exception applies, the court finds that she should
be disqualified from continuing to represent St. Paul’s on the basis that she is likely to be a
necessary witness at trial—including discovery proceedings—in this case. TRCP 3.7(a).
The court does not reach the question of whether Stockton should be disqualified under
TRCP 1.9 based on Wipperman’s allegations that Stockton “handled various corporate matters on
[his] behalf and on behalf of [his] businesses” from 2014 through approximately 2019.
(Wipperman Decl. ¶ 5.)
III. 	CONCLUSION AND ORDER
For the reasons set forth herein, the defendant’s Amended/Correction Motion to Disqualify
(Doc. No. 45) is hereby GRANTED, and Tracey Stockton is DISQUALIFIED from representing
St. Paul’s in this case. However, nothing in this Order “bar[s] [Stockton] from rendering the . . .
assistance that is in [her] power” to local counsel. Gen. Mill Supply Co., 697 F.2d at 716.
It is so ORDERED.
ALETA A. TRAUGER
United States District Judge
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