In the Matter of the Guardianship of T.K., L.K., and S.K.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1159
Filed July 24, 2024

IN THE MATTER OF THE GUARDIANSHIP OF T.K., L.K., and S.K.,

P.K. and D.K.,
Appellants,

T.K., L.K., and S.K., Minor Children,
Appellants.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Angie Johnston, Judge.

Guardians and the protected minor children appeal the termination of a

voluntary guardianship after the withdrawal of parental consent. AFFIRMED.

Lori L. Klockau of Bray & Klockau, P.L.C., Iowa City, for appellants

guardians.

Bryan S. Mugge and Patricia J. Meier of Nidey Erdahl Meier & Araguás,

PLC, Cedar Rapids, for appellants minor children.

Melody J. Butz of Butz Law Offices, PC, Center Point, for appellee.

Considered by Badding, P.J., Langholz, J., and Bower, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2024).
2

LANGHOLZ, Judge.

Seven years ago, a young couple agreed to place their three children under

the guardianship of the children’s paternal grandparents. But after growing

concerns about the arrangement, the mother withdrew her consent to the

guardianship and filed to terminate it in late 2021. Almost two years later, the

district court found that the grandparents and children had failed to prove by clear

and convincing evidence that terminating the guardianship would cause rigorous

harm to the children as required to continue the guardianship. And so, the court

terminated it instead. The grandparents and children now appeal that decision.

This is a tough case. But the grandparents and children bear a heavy

burden to continue a voluntary guardianship after a parent withdraws consent. And

we recognize that the district court had the “front-row seat to the live testimony,”

while “our review is limited to reading black words on a white page of a sterile

transcript.” Hora v. Hora, 5 N.W.3d 635, 645 (Iowa 2024). So on our de novo

review, we agree with the district court’s thoughtful and well-supported decision

that the grandparents and children have fallen short of proving by clear and

convincing evidence that the guardianship should continue. We thus affirm.

Still, the guardianship’s termination is not a rejection of the guardians.

Nearly fifty years ago in a similarly difficult case, our supreme court observed that

the strong bonds of a successful guardianship can lead to the “paradox that

children may become victims of too much love.” In re Burney, 259 N.W.2d 322,

325 (Iowa 1977). Here too, the children have many relatives who love them on

both sides of this case. And so, we hope that all who do—the guardians too—will

come together to channel their love to support the children and prevent that fate.
3

I.

The parents of the children under this guardianship first met in their junior

year of high school.1 The mother became pregnant with their first child when they

were eighteen. She then moved into the father’s home with his parents—the

guardians here—and they got married shortly before their daughter was born

in 2010. The family continued to live with the grandparents for most of their

marriage. A second daughter was born about a year later—during the one year

they were briefly living in their own apartment. And four years after that—while

back living with the grandparents—they had a son.

The family relationships eventually deteriorated. The mother moved out of

the home—without the children—around Christmas 2015. And the father moved

out shortly after. The children remained in the care of their grandparents. In

April 2017, the grandparents petitioned to establish a guardianship over the

children. Each parent filed written consents to the guardianship. The mother

explained that she supported creating the guardianship due to her unstable

employment and living situation, the grandparents’ ability to provide the children

health insurance, and their promise to provide the mother open visitation and

access to the children. The grandparents were appointed as guardians in June

2017. And about a year later, the parents divorced. Their decree did not address

legal custody, physical care, visitation, or child support because the children were

under the guardianship.

1 We avoid using the parties’ and witnesses’ names to respect their privacy
because this opinion—unlike the juvenile court’s order—is public. Compare Iowa
Code § 232.147 (2021), with id. §§ 602.4301(2), 602.5110.
4

The mother soon became concerned about her lack of consistent access to

the children. This was a change from her freely available—though not always

exercised—access before the guardianship. So in November 2018, the mother

made a one-sentence request—without the help of a lawyer—that the court “set

visitation times that are regulated and documented through the court.” The district

court denied the request without a hearing, reasoning that the guardians “have

authority regarding matters of visitation” and that the mother did not allege “that

the Guardians have failed to act in the [children’s] interest[s] or other

circumstances necessitating Court intervention.” And so the court said the mother

“should direct her request for visitation to the Guardians.”2

The grandmother continued to strictly regulate the time and manner of the

mother’s visits and interactions with the children—even requiring supervision by

one of the grandparents. But the father could see the children whenever he

desired. And that disparate regulation appears to have skewed the children’s

perception of their mother’s commitment to parenting. One example of the ongoing

conflict between the mother and grandmother was illustrated by a dispute over the

mother’s delivery of Christmas and birthday gifts to the children. The mother had

2 This decision was made before the enactment of the Iowa Minor Guardianship

Proceedings Act, which became effective January 1, 2020. See 2019 Iowa Acts
ch. 56, §§ 44–45; see also Iowa Code § 633.635 (2018) (setting out guardian’s
previous responsibilities). Under that Act, “[a] guardian should make reasonable
efforts to facilitate the continuation of the relationship of the minor and the minor’s
parents.” Iowa Code § 232D.402(4) (2021). And while a “guardian may place
reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on visitation, communication, or
interaction between the minor and the minor’s parents,” the guardian cannot deny
“all visitation, communication, or interaction” unless the court finds that the
guardian shows “significant physical or emotional harm to the minor has resulted
or is likely to result to the minor from parental contact.” Id. § 232D.401(5).
5

purchased many gifts for the children and those gifts were never delivered. The

mother claimed that she was unable to deliver the gifts to the children because of

the restrictions the grandmother put on when and where they could be delivered.

Then, the mother did not give the gifts to the children on the few times she was

permitted to visit because she did not want the children to think she was trying to

buy their love with gifts.

The tensions between the parties continued to ratchet tighter with time. In

February 2019, the two daughters began attending therapy with a mental-health

counselor. The counselor testified that the grandmother was present during “99

percent” of the girls’ therapy sessions and that the girls attended sessions together.

The counselor testified that the youngest daughter became “less bright” and was

somewhat withdrawn beginning in October 2021, which the counselor attributed to

the mother’s efforts to terminate the guardianship—although she could not explain

what statements the daughters made to cause her to come to that conclusion. And

that daughter engaged in self-harming behaviors—such as pulling out eyelashes

and tooth fillings—and reported suicidal thoughts that got worse as the mother

sought to have more visitation and terminate the guardianship.

The mother applied to terminate the guardianship in October 2021. The

grandparents and the children resisted termination.3 The father also preferred that

the guardianship continue unchanged. After months of litigation, the parties

3 The children were appointed an attorney to represent them in the proceeding.

See Iowa Code § 232D.303(2) (“An attorney representing the minor shall advocate
for the wishes of the minor to the extent that those wishes are reasonably
ascertainable and advocate for best interest of the minor if the wishes of the minor
are not reasonably ascertainable.”).
6

reached a visitation agreement in March 2022. Under the agreement, the

daughters and mother were to attend family therapy sessions together. The family

therapist saw progress in the initial sessions between the mother and daughters.

But the daughters stopped attending because—according to the grandmother—

they were frustrated with the family therapist and believed their opinions were not

being considered. And then, in July 2022, the mother renewed her request to

terminate the guardianship because she claimed the guardians were not

complying with the visitation agreement.

As the case progressed, accusations about the mother and the

grandparents were made to, and investigated by, the Iowa Department of Health

and Human Services (“HHS”).4 The mother made two reports against the

grandparents. And the children’s mental-health counselor made two reports about

the mother. We need not dwell and permanently memorialize the specific

allegations—they were all determined by HHS to be unfounded. The HHS worker

who investigated the most serious of the accusations against the mother testified

at trial that the allegations “didn’t really add up” and she believed the daughter had

been coached to make certain statements. And when given the chance, the Linn

County Attorney declined to initiate a child-in-need-of-assistance proceeding for

the children.

By trial, the mother had remarried and had one son with her new husband.

The mother and her new husband were separated at that time, but she testified

that they have a good relationship. The mother was employed and lived in a four-

4 We refer to HHS by its name at the time of trial rather than the time of reporting.
7

bedroom apartment. The father had also remarried, had two children with his

current wife, and adopted his wife’s child from a prior relationship. And he testified

that he would seek to obtain custody of the three children if the court terminated

the guardianship.

Over a two-day bench trial in May 2023, the district court heard testimony

from twelve witnesses—including the children’s parents and grandparents, the

HHS workers who investigated the dueling reports, and the girls’ mental-health

counselor. The court also conducted an “in camera interview” of the two girls.5

And in addition to the evidence received from parties, the court visitor

recommended that the court terminate the guardianship.6

Consistent with that recommendation, the court terminated the

guardianship in July 2023. In a thorough decision, the court reasoned that the

grandparents and children had “not reached the burden of showing rigorous harm

will result to the children by termination of the guardianship” as required to continue

the guardianship once the mother withdrew her consent. The grandparents and

children now appeal.

5 While the district court decision refers to its in-camera interview with the girls, we

see nothing in the record to suggest that the interview was recorded or reported.
Our supreme court has repeatedly “disapproved the absence of record of such
interviews” because “[w]ithout a record of the judge’s interviews, we do not have
the same information as the trial judge and our review is hindered.” In re Marriage
of McFarland, 239 N.W.2d 175, 178 (Iowa 1975). And so, we decide this appeal
“without regard to any trial court findings premised upon the unreported
interviews.” Id.
6 Among other duties, a court-appointed court visitor must, after conducting

appropriate investigation, submit a written “recommendation regarding the
appropriateness of a guardianship for the minor” and any other matters relevant to
“the best interests of the minor.” Iowa Code § 232D.305(4).
8

II.

Under the Iowa Minor Guardianship Proceeding Act, the court “shall

terminate a guardianship established” with parental consent:

if the court finds that the basis for the guardianship set forth in section
232D.203 is not currently satisfied unless the court finds that the
termination of the guardianship would be harmful to the minor and
the minor’s interest in continuation of the guardianship outweighs the
interest of a parent of the minor in the termination of the
guardianship.

Iowa Code § 232D.503(2).

Once a parent revokes her consent, the statutory basis for the guardianship

no longer exists. See In re Guardianship of L.Y., 968 N.W.2d 882, 894

(Iowa 2022); see also Iowa Code § 232D.203(1) (requiring, among other things,

any parent with legal custody to “knowingly and voluntarily consent to the

guardianship”). And so, the court must then terminate the guardianship unless it

finds that doing so “would be harmful to the minor” and the balance of the minor’s

and parent’s interests weighs in favor of continuing the guardianship. Iowa Code

§ 232D.503(2).

In considering this second step of the analysis, the “court must start with the

rebuttable presumption that the [children’s] best interests are served by reuniting

the minor child with their parent.” L.Y., 968 N.W.2d at 899–900. And a guardian

seeking to continue the guardianship then “bears the burden of rebutting this

presumption by clear and convincing evidence that” termination would result in “a

real threat” of “either physical harm or significant, long-term emotional harm.” Id.

at 900.
9

Unlike a typical child-custody dispute between parents, under this “rigorous

harm standard,” it is not enough “for the guardians to show that they would provide

superior care to the child[ren].” Id. Nor do “economic and cultural advantages in

the guardians’ home” or “more extracurricular activities” “tip the balance in their

favor.” Id. at 900–01 (cleaned up). And the children’s “anxiety over the transition

from one home to another does not rise to the level of significant emotional harm”

because we recognize that “[n]o matter how cases like this one are resolved, there

will likely be anxiety and stress for the child[ren] for a period of time.” Id. at 901.

Still, the presumption in favor of reunification can be rebutted with evidence

of “the parent’s present unfitness or past abandonment of the child[ren] such that

the affections of the child[ren] and [guardian] have become so interwoven that to

sever them would seriously mar and endanger the future happiness of the

child[ren].” Id. (cleaned up). Even so, “it is particularly inappropriate to focus solely

on a parent’s failure to discharge the duties of parental care and protection” since

“guardianships are designed to temporarily relieve parents of the rigors of raising

[children].” Id. at 900 (cleaned up). Because we want to encourage—not

discourage—parents to voluntarily establish a guardianship when needed, we

must take care not to hold their doing so against them. See id.

We review the district court’s decision to terminate a guardianship de novo.

See id. at 892. We are not bound by the court’s factual findings. Id. But “we give

them weight and defer especially where the credibility of witnesses is a factor in

the outcome.” Hora, 5 N.W.3d at 645 (cleaned up); see also Iowa R. App.

P. 6.904(3)(g). We do so for “pragmatic” reasons because the district court

“view[s] the demeanor of both the witness as she testifies and the parties while
10

they listen.” Hora, 5 N.W.3d at 645. And thus, the district court “is in a far better

position to pass upon their credibility than is this court.” Id. (cleaned up); see also

In re Marriage of Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984) (noting the district court

“is greatly helped in making a wise decision about the parties by listening to them

and watching them in person” (cleaned up)).

The grandparents and children mainly argue that they met their burden to

show rigorous harm with the testimony of the girls’ mental-health counselor that

they would suffer emotional harm, especially the younger daughter’s self-harming

behaviors. And true, the mental-health counselor opined at trial that the potential

harm to the children would be grave—“probably a 10” “on a scale of 1 to 10.” But

the district court discounted this opinion because of concerns about the

counselor’s objectivity and the other contradictory evidence.7 Giving deference to

district court’s witness-credibility assessments, we agree with the court’s finding

that the record lacks clear and convincing evidence of “physical harm or significant,

long-term emotional harm.” L.Y., 968 N.W.2d at 900.

Indeed, it is hard to square the mental-health counselor’s testimony with the

other evidence provided at trial. Her accusations against the mother were

determined to be unfounded. A family therapist—who unlike the girls’ counselor

actually saw them together with the mother—did not share the counselor’s

concerns and reported to HHS that she had not observed the youngest daughter

7 The court based its objectivity concerns in part on the testimony of one of the

HHS workers who investigated the counselor’s reports and said that the counselor
had a “very negative perception” of the mother. The court also found it concerning
that the girls had therapy together with their grandmother and thus “were not given
a safe space to process their feelings about their mother with an impartial third
party.”
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to be anxious around her mother, despite the grandmother claiming that the

youngest daughter’s anxiety made it necessary to discontinue the therapy

sessions.

The district court acknowledged that the youngest daughter’s self-harming

behaviors and suicidal ideation presented the closest call for a finding of a real

threat of rigorous harm. But we agree with the court’s finding that such potential

harm could not be attributed to termination of the guardianship. There is conflicting

information about when the behavior started and for what reason:

It is possible that the behavior was related to the conflict [the
youngest daughter] had in wanting to have a relationship with her
mother and not wanting to disappoint her grandmother. Or it is
possible it was that she was conflicted because she wanted to have
a relationship with her mother but was being told by [the oldest
daughter] (who is a much stronger personality) that their mother is a
liar and a bad person who does not take care of them. It is hard to
say how much of [the oldest daughter]’s statements on these matters
are her own feelings or the things that her grandmother has told her,
coupled with her strong loyalty to her grandmother.

The tensions between the mother and grandmother have contributed to a

breakdown in trust between the mother and the children, and the youngest

daughter’s recent behavior reveals that. But the grandmother unilaterally chose to

end the family therapy between the daughters and the mother and has broadly

resisted rehabilitating the relationship.

The likelihood of rigorous harm is further reduced given the mother’s

testimony that she would be willing to engage in whatever transition planning is

necessary to lessen the trauma of termination of the guardianship. She also

expressed a desire to keep the grandparents in the children’s lives. And she

showed a willingness to engage in therapy and, based on the report from the family
12

therapist, therapy between the mother and daughters would be beneficial in

lessening whatever anxiety the children may experience because of the

guardianship’s termination. We are also mindful that the children have two fit

parents and since custody matters were left unaddressed in the original dissolution

decree, termination of the guardianship does not necessarily mean that the mother

will have legal custody or physical care of the children. Indeed, the father testified

that he would seek to have sole physical care of the children if the guardianship

ended. In sum, we do not see clear and convincing evidence of rigorous harm.

The grandparents and children also argue that they rebutted the

presumption in favor of reunification by showing the mother abandoned the

children.8 But the record does not support this contention. The guardians claim

that the lack of visits by the mother for “weeks or months at a time” combined with

her abstinence from participating in regular parental duties qualified as

abandonment. The instances the guardians refer to as abandonment include

testimony in which the mother claimed to attempt to visit the children but was

prevented from doing so by the grandmother, as well as the mother’s testimony

confirming she did not deliver several gifts. And the mother’s failure to discharge

regular parental duties here is not considered an action of abandonment under

Iowa law. See L.Y., 968 N.W.2d at 900. The record includes many times when

the grandmother denied the mother visits with the children. The mother has

diligently pursued termination of the guardianship for years and renewed her

8 They also briefly contend that the mother is unfit to care for the children but do

not separately analyze the facts in support of this contention, seeming to rely on
the alleged abandonment to support it too. Like the district court, we see no clear
and convincing evidence that the mother is unfit either.
13

request to terminate the guardianship because of the grandmother’s alleged failure

to abide by a mediated visitation agreement. We thus agree with the district court’s

finding that the mother has not abandoned the children.

“[I]t is not unusual for Iowa’s courts to remove children from conscientious,

well-intentioned custodians with a history of providing good care to the children

and place them with a natural parent.” Id. at 895–96 (cleaned up). We do so again

here because that is what the law requires. Since the mother withdrew her consent

to this voluntary guardianship and there is not clear and convincing evidence that

termination will result in rigorous harm to the children, we agree that the district

court properly terminated the guardianship.

AFFIRMED.