In the Interest of C.T., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-1035
Filed October 30, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF C.T.,
Minor Child,

R.M., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Des Moines County, Jennifer S.

Bailey, Judge.

A mother appeals from a permanency order establishing a guardianship on

behalf of her child. AFFIRMED.

James Beres of James Beres Law Office, Burlington, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Reyna L. Wilkens of Wilkens Law Office, Fort Madison, guardian ad litem

for minor child.

Brent Ruther of Aspelmeier, Fisch, Power, Engberg & Helling, P.L.C.,

Burlington, attorney for minor child

Considered by Greer, P.J., and Ahlers and Badding, JJ.
2

GREER, Presiding Judge.

The mother1 appeals from a permanency order establishing a guardianship

under Iowa Code section 232D.201(2) (2024)2 on behalf of her child, who was born

in 2009. In addition, the mother asserts the Iowa Department of Health and Human

Services (the department) failed to make reasonable efforts to reunite the family.

After our de novo review, we affirm the ruling of the juvenile court and find the

department met its reasonable-efforts obligation.

Background Facts and Proceedings.

After investigating allegations of physical abuse by the mother against the

child and the mother’s use of methamphetamine in the presence of the child, the

department removed the child from the family home in May 2023. The child was

adjudicated a child in need of assistance (CINA) in August. In discussions with the

mother, she admitted having a history of monthly methamphetamine use prior to

the department’s involvement. Although required to submit to testing for substance

use after the CINA proceedings began, the mother refused to both undergo a

substance use evaluation and every request (twenty-nine in total) to submit to drug

testing. She also refused to sign medical releases to the department for her

treatment records when asked.

1 The father is incarcerated in Arkansas, with an anticipated release date in
March 2026; he has not appealed the juvenile court’s order.
2 In 2019, the Iowa Minor Guardianship Proceedings Act created chapter 232D

and transferred jurisdiction of guardianships for minors to the juvenile court,
because the legislature recognized that juvenile court judges have expertise in the
type of parental and family problems at issue in minor guardianship cases. In re
Guardianship of L.Y., 968 N.W.2d 882, 892–93 (Iowa 2022); see also In re G.B.,
No. 23-1200, 2024 WL 3286749, at *3–4 (Iowa Ct. App. July 3, 2024) (discussing
the differing guardianship standards available under these proceedings).
3

To attempt to reunite the family, a number of services were offered to the

mother and child over the course of this case. Ultimately, the juvenile court set the

matter for a permanency hearing in May 2024, but in the month before, the mother

moved for a reasonable-efforts determination. She argued that the department

failed to make timely arrangements for a mental-health evaluation so that she

could comply with any recommendations that would permit the return of custody

to her. The juvenile court reviewed that motion during the permanency hearing,

which was held over several days in May. In June, the juvenile court weighed the

options under Iowa Code section 232.104(2) and determined that the permanency

goal should change from that of family reunification to establishment of a

guardianship. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(d)(2). Custody and guardianship were

transferred to the child’s foster parents, and the juvenile court relieved the

department from offering the mother further reasonable efforts toward

reunification.3 In addressing the mother’s motion, the juvenile court found

reasonable efforts had been provided to the family up to that point. The mother

appeals from the June permanency order.

Standard of Review.

“We review CINA proceedings de novo.” In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40

(Iowa 2014). “Our primary concern is the child[’s] best interests.” Id. If an issue

requires statutory interpretation, we review for correction of legal error. See In re

J.C., 857 N.W.2d 495, 500 (Iowa 2014).

3 The department has an obligation to make reasonable efforts to reunite a parent

with her child, and the court must explicitly document the determination if
reasonable efforts are not required. See Iowa Code § 232.102A(4).
4

Right to Appeal.

Before reaching the merits, we first must address the State’s argument that

we lack jurisdiction to decide the appeal. The State contends the juvenile court’s

permanency order is not a final order. Generally, appeals in CINA proceedings

must be taken from a final order. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.102(1)(a). Appeals from

an interim order are treated as an application for interlocutory review. Iowa R. App.

P. 6.151(1) (“If any case is initiated by a notice of appeal . . . and the appellate

court determines another form of review was the proper one, the case will not be

dismissed, but will proceed as though the proper form of review had been

requested.”). Final orders are orders that dispose of the dispute between the

parties, whereas interlocutory orders allow for additional fact development. In re

C.S., 516 N.W.2d 851, 857 (Iowa 1994) (“An order is interlocutory if it directs an

inquiry into a matter of fact preparatory to a final decision.”).

In support of its argument, the State asserts that the permanency order

entered here was not a final order and, while we could grant permission to review

the matter as an interlocutory appeal, argues this is not the “exceptional situation

where the interests of sound and efficient judicial administration are best served.”

See In re I.R., No. 10-0153, 2010 WL 1049978, at *1–2 (Iowa Ct. App.

Mar. 24, 2010) (concluding a permanency order that was not “finally decisive of

the case” was not a final order and declining to grant interlocutory review of an

order waiving reasonable efforts (citation omitted)). Generally, “the change of

custody portion of the permanency order is temporary in nature and is dependent

upon what the . . . court will do in the termination proceeding.” See In re T.R., 705

N.W.2d 6, 11 (Iowa 2005); see also In re A.B., No. 15-1037, 2015 WL 5311431,
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at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 10, 2015) (“Where the juvenile court directs the initiation

of termination proceedings, finality does not come until after the termination

hearing.”).

But here, the permanency order takes a different turn. In the past, we have

reviewed on appeal cases where permanency orders transferred custody without

granting interlocutory appeal. See, e.g., In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85 (Iowa Ct.

App. 2005) (reviewing permanency order transferring custody of two children to

their fathers and transferring guardianship and custody of another child to an aunt

and uncle); accord In re M.F., Nos. 1999-233, 9-457, 99-0422, 1999 WL 1020747,

at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 10, 1999) (“A mother appeals the juvenile court review

and permanency order which placed a child with the child’s father . . . .”); In re J.S.,

No. 17-1536, 2017 WL 6033884, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 6, 2017) (“The mother

appeals the termination of her parental rights to her children . . . and the

permanency order placing her child . . . in the sole custody of his father.”); In re

D.E., No. 13-1842, 2014 WL 465827, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2014) (“A mother

and the guardian of her children appeal separately from the permanency review

order placing the children with the father . . . .”); In re R.P., No. 99-0594, 2000

WL 378263, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 12, 2000) (“Minor children . . . and their

parents . . . , each appeal the permanency order that placed the minor children in

long-term foster care . . . .”); In re Z.S., No. 07-1544, 2007 WL 4196733, at *1

(Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 29, 2007) (“[Mother] appeals from the permanency order for

another planned living arrangement . . . .”); In re S.F.B., No. 09-1618, 2009

WL 5126135, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 30, 2009) (“[T]he mother[] appeals from a

permanency order continuing guardianship and custody of her daughter . . . .”); In
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re T.R., No. 07-0294, 2007 WL 1202749, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2007) (“We

conclude the permanency order in question here, which continued out-of-home

placement, was a final adjudication.”). But see In re R.W., No. 14-2107, 2015

WL 582365, at *1–2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2015) (finding a permanency order

that changed the permanency goal to guardianship but left the children’s

placement unchanged until a home study was completed was not a final

appealable order).

A similar situation was raised and decided by another panel of our court,

which gives us some guidance—finding that there was a final order and, thus,

appellate review was proper. See In re V.L., No. 18-1223, 2018 WL 6418845, at *3

(Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 5, 2018). In V.L., the juvenile court terminated the parental

rights of both the mother and father, while the aunt requested custody or

guardianship. Id. at *3–4. There, our court said:

The juvenile court issued a single order in V.L.’s case,
simultaneously ending both the CINA and termination proceedings.
The order was not interlocutory because it finally adjudicated V.L.’s
guardianship and custody under section 232.117(3). This appeal
posed no danger of delaying permanency for V.L.

Id. at *3. And, here, while the juvenile court referenced the “probate court” to

initiate guardianship proceedings, we take that to mean that the transfer was

intended to be made under the new guardianship act, which requires juvenile court

oversight as opposed to the probate court. See L.Y., 968 N.W.2d at 892–93

(noting the Guardianship Act transferred jurisdiction of guardianships for minors

from the probate court to the juvenile court). Irrespective of the reference to a

specific court overseeing the guardianship, the question here is whether the

juvenile court intended to end the CINA case and not move to termination
7

proceedings, which would make the permanency order a final order in that

proceeding. See V.L., 2018 WL 6418845, at *3.

On that point, the State argues that the juvenile court did not order the CINA

case closed “upon effectuation of a guardianship” and instead set a permanency

hearing for May 2025. And, the State points to the juvenile court’s directive that

once the guardianship is established under chapter 232D, the file should “be

returned to this court for further Order.” But, as we have said, the juvenile court

retains jurisdiction over the guardianship, so we would expect it to review the status

of the guardianship after the CINA is closed.

So we return to the permanency order. Specifically, the juvenile court

ordered that “pursuant to Iowa Code Chapter 232D, this matter may be transferred

to the probate court for initiation of guardianship proceeding under said code

chapter thereafter allowing safe case closure of the [CINA] proceeding.”

(Emphasis added.) Additionally, the juvenile court stated:

The best interest of the . . . child will be served by a transfer of
jurisdiction of this matter to the probate court for purposes of
continued guardianship without the need for a continuation of the
permanency order in the juvenile case. Upon transfer of the
guardianship to the probate court, the permanency order entered
herein may be terminated because the purposes of the order will
have been accomplished and the child in interest will no longer be in
need of supervision, care or treatment to be afforded by the juvenile
court, as provided in Iowa Code sections 232.103(4)(a)
and 232.104(9)(b).

(Emphasis added.) Because the juvenile court directed the filing of the

guardianship under chapter 232D, with the corresponding closure of the CINA

case, we read these portions of the underlying permanency order to constitute a

final adjudication of the CINA case. And chapter 232 contemplates just that action:
8

“In lieu of the procedures specified in [section 232.104(9)(a)], the court may close

the [CINA] case and may appoint a guardian pursuant to chapter 232D.” Iowa

Code § 232.104(9)(b). While the permanency order mentions a review hearing,

this transfer under section 232.104(9)(b) does not require a “permanency review

hearing” on an annual basis, but the new guardianship act does require annual

updates. Id. § 232D.501(1) (“A guardian appointed by the court under this chapter

shall file the following reports which shall not be waived by the court . . . .”). Based

on the totality of the language at issue, we find the underlying permanency order

to be a final order, appealable as a matter of right.

We now turn to the merits of mother’s appeal.

Reasonable-Efforts Challenge.

The mother argues that the department did not make reasonable efforts to

return the child to her care when the department failed to timely schedule her

mental-health evaluation so that she would have time to implement services

recommended by the mental-health examiner. The department must “make every

reasonable effort to return the child to the child’s home as quickly as possible

consistent with the best interests of the child.” Id. § 232.102(6). But the

department is not required to make every effort thought possible. In re C.H., 652

N.W.2d 144, 147 (Iowa 2002) (“[W]hat constitutes reasonable services varies

based upon the requirements of each individual case.”). “Generally, in making

reasonable efforts to provide services, the State’s focus is on services to improve

parenting.” Id.

The problem with the mother’s challenge is that it was the mother who

caused this delay in testing. In August 2023, during a meeting with the family
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support specialist (FSS), the mother stated she is not going to comply with any

services. The department scheduled a mental-health evaluation in September, but

the mother would not respond to text messages or to the worker’s attempts to

contact her. From that point until January 2024, she continued the non-responsive

pattern. And the FSS noted in a February report to the court that the mother “has

not consistently engaged in family centered services until most recently in

January 2024 when the provider assigned to the family was able to schedule

sessions with [the mother] prior to her visitations with her [child].” In that same

report, the comprehensive psychological report had been rescheduled, but “[t]his

appointment was not able to be made sooner given [the evaluator]’s scheduling

availability.”

Upon our review of the record, we find the department offered a number of

services to the family, but the mother did not cooperate on several fronts. Her

admission of methamphetamine use prompted the department to require a

substance-use evaluation, but the mother did not complete one. On top of that,

the mother never submitted to the requested testing for substance use, so the

department was unable to assess her sobriety. The department requested that

the mother complete testing for substance use twenty-nine times. But, each time,

the mother had an excuse, including that the requirement to take a drug test

violated her rights. She had ample opportunity to complete the testing if she had

been motivated to do so.

Important, but tangential to the mother’s claim, is the assertion that she did

not have the opportunity to complete her mental-health treatment because the

evaluation was delayed due to circumstances outside her control. But, the
10

mother’s rejection of services and lack of cooperation is what foreclosed her

opportunity to implement the recommendations from the mental-health evaluation.

By the time the mother cooperated with the department, the earliest opportunity

for a comprehensive evaluation was April 2024. Had the mother not delayed her

cooperation by nearly four months, it is likely that she would have had more time

to demonstrate progress and implement the recommendations.

In our de novo review, the department met its burden to make reasonable

efforts to reunify the mother and child.

Guardianship.

Although not developed extensively as one of the issues on this appeal, we

address the mother’s underlying challenge to the permanency order transferring

custody and guardianship to the foster parents. Tracking along the reasonable-

efforts theme, the mother argues if she had more time and received the mental-

health services recommended in the late evaluation, there would have been a

substantial likelihood of reunification within six months. The mother argues that

reunification was “not even attempted.” We recognize the sensitive nature of child

reunification but find guardianship to be appropriate in the matter before us. The

standard of proof required to establish guardianships for minor children without

parental consent is clear and convincing evidence. See Iowa Code § 232D.204(2);

L.Y., 968 N.W.2d at 899. The State met its burden. In this matter, the transfer to

a guardianship is due, in large part, to the mother’s inability to complete

recommendations from the department and the determination that reunification is

not in the best interest of the child. See In re D.S., 563 N.W.2d 12, 14–15 (Iowa

Ct. App. 1997) (“Our primary concern in a proceeding of this nature is the best
11

interests of the child[]. . . . Part of our focus may be on parental change, but the

overwhelming bulk of the focus is on the child[] and their needs.”). From the very

onset of this CINA proceeding, as far back as the order of August 2023 adjudicating

the child as a CINA, the court communicated goals that acted as precursors to

reunification. These mandatory items included requirements to “[a]bstain from the

use of all illegal substances and alcoholic beverages,” “[s]ubmit to all requests for

random drug testing,” “[s]uccessfully complete a substance abuse evaluation and

all substance abuse treatment, as recommended,” and, finally, “[o]btain a

comprehensive mental health evaluation and participate in all mental health

services as recommended.” The mother failed to “cooperate and participate” in

services that evaluate or address the issues that led the department to become

involved with the family. In the areas the mother did complete, namely a mental-

health evaluation, the completion was neither timely nor was it initially cooperative.

And as the juvenile court noted after reviewing the mental health evaluation, the

problems that got the mother to this stage remain, making her resistant to

“psychological interventions.”4

Likewise, prior to the initiation of these proceedings, the mother shuffled the

child around to more than ten different relatives over a period of five years because

of the mother’s instability. When determining what next step may be in the best

interest of the child, courts “look to the parent[’s] past performance because it may

indicate the quality of care the parent is capable of providing in the future.” In re

L.H., 904 N.W.2d 145, 149 (Iowa 2017) (alteration in original) (citation omitted).

4The report also referenced the mother’s admission that she had used
methamphetamine during the pendency of these proceedings.
12

Then, in February 2023, the mother physically abused the child and, throughout

this case, she has taken no responsibility for her behavior. Now, the child has

been in foster care for twelve months and is doing well at school and with the foster

parents. We find the establishment of a guardianship under chapter 232D on

behalf of the child best supports the immediate and long-term best interests of this

child.

We affirm the decision of the juvenile court.

AFFIRMED.