In the Interest of D.M., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-0314
Filed May 26, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF D.M.,
Minor Child,

K.M., Mother,
Appellant,

MAGDALENA REESE, Guardian Ad Litem,
Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Warren County, Brendan Greiner,

District Associate Judge.

A mother and her child’s guardian ad litem separately appeal the juvenile

court’s permanency order. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Karen A. Taylor of Taylor Law Offices, P.C., Des Moines, for appellant

mother.

Magdalena Reese of Juvenile Public Defender, Des Moines, attorney and

guardian ad litem for appellant minor child.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Frank Steinbach III of McEnroe, Gotsdiner, Brewer, Steinbach & Rothman,

P.C., West Des Moines, for appellee father.

Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Mullins and May, JJ.
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MULLINS, Judge.

A mother and her child’s guardian ad litem (GAL) separately appeal the

juvenile court’s permanency order transferring sole custody of the child, born in

2013, to her father. Both the mother and GAL argue there was not clear and

convincing evidence the child could not be returned to the mother’s care at the

time of the permanency hearing.1

I. Background

This child-in-need-of-assistance (CINA) proceeding began in February

2019, following the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) completion of

several child-protective assessments, the most recent involving a physical

altercation between the parents, after which the mother was arrested. At the time,

the parents were apparently divorced and shared physical care of the child. The

parents had been placing the child in the middle of their conflicts for several years,

the mother suffered from mental-health issues, and the child had poor school

attendance and hygiene. The parents stipulated to a CINA adjudication, and the

court placed the child in the temporary legal custody of the father under DHS

1 The mother also argues the court erred in overruling her objections at the
permanency hearing to allowing her two sisters to testify. The mother passively
cites Iowa Code section 232.104 (2019) in support of her claim, but that statute is
irrelevant on her evidentiary challenge. She fails to cite any other on point legal
authority, so we deem the argument waived. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3)
(“Failure to cite authority in support of an issue may be deemed waiver of that
issue.”); In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000) (“A broad, all encompassing
argument is insufficient to identify error in cases of de novo review.”); Hyler v.
Garner, 548 N.W.2d 864, 876 (Iowa 1996) (“[W]e will not speculate on the
arguments [a party] might have made and then search for legal authority and comb
the record for facts to support such arguments.”); Inghram v. Dairyland Mut. Ins.
Co., 215 N.W.2d 239, 240 (Iowa 1974) (“To reach the merits of this case would
require us to assume a partisan role and undertake the appellant’s research and
advocacy. This role is one we refuse to assume.”).
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supervision with fully-supervised visitation for the mother. In its order for

adjudication, the court detailed the mother’s practice of corporal punishment, the

child’s resulting fear of the mother, the child’s adverse physical reaction to being

placed in the mother’s care, the mother’s inability to understand the child’s

medication, the mother’s resistance to services, the mother’s eviction being

imminent, the poor condition of her home, the mother’s criminal history, the child’s

poor hygiene and attendance at school, the mother’s mental health, and the

parents’ inability to co-parent.

By the time of the dispositional hearing in September, the mother had

obtained suitable housing, but concerns continued to loom about the mother’s

mental health and confrontational tendencies. The court directed the mother to

“illustrate sincere and meaningful progress addressing her [mental health] before

the court” would consider placing the child in her care. The court ordered

temporary legal custody of the child remain with the father, subject to the mother’s

visitation.2

The matter proceeded to a review hearing in January 2020. In its review

order, the court noted its continuing concerns for the mother’s unresolved mental-

health issues, discussing inappropriate matters in front of the child, placing the

child in the middle of conflicts between the parents, the lack of water and heat in

the mother’s home, the mother’s combativeness with service providers, and the

trauma caused to the child by the mother’s behaviors. The court directed the

2 The mother appealed following disposition, challenging the custody
determination and raising other issues. We affirmed. See generally In re D.M.,
No. 19-1581, 2020 WL 4814135 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2020).
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mother to demonstrate an ability to maintain a safe and stable home for the child

and both parents to develop a system that would facilitate successful co-parenting.

The court ordered the child remain in the father’s temporary legal custody.

A permanency hearing was held in June, at which point the court granted

the mother an additional six months. The court determined the need for removal

would no longer exist if the mother demonstrated her ability to provide a safe and

stable home as well as an ability to effectively co-parent with the father. Following

a review hearing in October, the court scheduled a permanency hearing for

January 2021. Before the permanency hearing, the mother filed a motion to modify

disposition and placement, in which she alleged the father was undermining

reunification efforts by discouraging the child’s relationship with the mother. The

mother also asserted she had engaged in recommended services and no safety

concerns remained.

The permanency hearing was held over two days in January and February.

By this point, the mother had completed co-parenting programming, but the father

had not. At the hearing, DHS recommended the child remain in the father’s

custody for a short time but the mother continue visitation and continue working

toward reunification. The mother sought return of the child to the parents’ shared

care arrangement under the dissolution decree. The GAL recommended a brief

plan be put in place transitioning the child back to the parents’ shared care. In her

testimony, the child’s therapist agreed with the GAL. She testified the child initially

expressed fear of residing with the mother but, as time went on, that fear

minimized. The therapist opined the mother has “built skills surrounding taking

accountability for the things that she has done that ha[ve] maybe strained the
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relationship with [the child].” The therapist could not identify any reason why the

child should not be returned to the parents’ shared care. The therapist added the

father and his wife have been a barrier to the child’s relationship with the mother.

In contrast, the therapist testified the mother is more capable of fostering the child’s

relationship with the father. While the child has made statements that she does

not feel safe in the mother’s care, a clinical social worker testified the child’s actions

demonstrate the contrary. There were ongoing concerns that the father and his

wife coached the child to make those statements. The worker added that the

mother is committed to being able to co-parent with the father for the benefit of the

child. The father made clear his concerns for the child being in the mother’s care,

but the worker testified the bases for the father’s concerns are largely outdated.

The DHS worker testified the child initially indicated discomfort during visits

with the mother, but those indications have since ceased. The worker also testified

the professionals involved in the case were all of the opinion that the barriers

causing the mother’s instability were no longer present. The DHS worker

described the transition plan to involve the child continuing overnight visits with the

mother and increasing their frequency over the next four to six weeks until the child

is back in the parents’ shared physical care. The DHS worker testified the mother

was ready to have the child in her care but easing the child back into the parents’

shared care would be better for the child emotionally. By the time of the second

day of the permanency hearing in February, the transition plan had been initiated,

and the child was attending overnight visits with the mother twice per week, which

would increase to three overnight visits the following week. Along with the other
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professionals, neither the court-appointed special advocate nor the family centered

services provider had any concerns about returning the child to the mother’s care.

The child’s special education teacher testified the mother “appeared angry”

and “sounded angry” during the only time she met her in December 2020. The

child’s general education teacher detailed an “uncomfortable” interaction with the

mother, also in December, during the child’s virtual learning about the mother’s

concern for not having the necessary materials to facilitate the child’s virtual

learning when conducted from the mother’s home. The general education teacher

added the child reported to her that she does not like attending visits with her

mother. The DHS worker testified she does not share the same concerns

expressed by the educators.

In its permanency order, the court noted the child’s and mother’s progress

in therapy, as well as the mother’s progress on other fronts, such as progressing

to unsupervised visitation, which went well and the child enjoyed and during which

felt safe. Yet the court found returning the child to the parents’ shared care “would

have harmful effects on [the child’s] mental and emotional health.” The court

highlighted the mother’s supposedly volatile interactions with school officials and

indicators from the child of trauma while at school. The court believed the mother

was manipulating the professionals in her case to believe reunification was

imminent based on the mother’s progress. The court also determined the co-

parenting issues were still ongoing and would continue into the future. As required

by Iowa Code section 232.104(4), the court concluded termination was not in the

child’s best interests and sufficient services were offered but the child could still

not be returned to the mother’s care. The court concluded the child’s best interests
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mandated the permanency option of placing the child in the sole custody of the

father pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(d)(2).

The mother and GAL appeal.

II. Standard of Review

Appellate review of CINA proceedings is de novo. In re L.H., 904 N.W.2d

145, 149 (Iowa 2017). While not binding upon us, we accord weight to the juvenile

court’s factual findings, especially when credibility is at issue. Id.; In re D.D., 653

N.W.2d 359, 361 (Iowa 2002). The child’s best interests is our primary

consideration. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa 2014) (citation omitted).

III. Analysis

Following a permanency hearing, the court is required to exercise one of

various options, including, among others, the following: (1) enter an order returning

the child to the child’s home, here meaning the parents’ shared physical care;

(2) continue placement of the child for an additional six months based on an

enumeration of “the specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes

which comprise the basis for the determination that the need for removal of the

child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the additional six-

month period”; (3) direct the State to institute termination proceedings; or

(4) transfer sole custody of the child from one parent to another.3 Iowa Code

§ 232.104(2)(a), (b), (c), (d)(2).

Here, the juvenile court chose the fourth option. In order to exercise one of

the options under section 232.104(2)(d),

3Paragraph (d) of section 232.104(2) provides for other options not relevant to this
appeal. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(d)(1), (3), (4).
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convincing evidence must exist showing that all of the following
apply:
(a) A termination of the parent-child relationship would not be
in the best interest of the child.
(b) Services were offered to the child’s family to correct the
situation which led to the child's removal from the home.
(c) The child cannot be returned to the child’s home.

Id. § 232.104(4).

Upon our de novo review of the record, we find the evidence less than

convincing that the child could not be returned to the mother’s home. By the time

of the second day of the permanency hearing, the mother was exercising multiple

overnight and unsupervised visits per week with no concerns. The court relied

heavily on the testimony of the child’s teachers in concluding the child would suffer

harmful effects if returned to the mother’s care on a shared care basis. But said

testimony only concerned isolated incidents, and we, like the service providers, do

not share the juvenile court’s concerns. While the mother’s sisters testified to her

history of volatile and erratic behavior, they have not had a relationship with the

mother for several years and have not been around to bear witness to the mother’s

progress. While some co-parenting issues remain, the mother has made

considerable effort and progress on that front, and the lack of the same by the

father and his wife should not serve as a demerit to the mother.

At the end of the day, we conclude the child could be safely returned to the

mother’s home during her parenting time under the shared care arrangement.

Despite that finding, we are mindful of the service providers’ position that a brief

transition plan would serve the child’s best interests. Absent from our record is the

ongoings of the proceedings following the court’s permanency order and if

transition-aimed visitation has continued or discontinued. So, we reverse the
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juvenile court’s permanency determination, and we remand the matter to the

district court to enter a permanency order exercising one of the options contained

in Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(a), returning the child to the mother’s care

pursuant to the parents’ shared care arrangement, or (b), allowing the mother

additional time based on our determination that further transition planning would

terminate the need for removal within six months.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.