In the Interest of S.H.-M, X.R., and J.M., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1706
Filed December 20, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF S.H.-M., X.R., and J.M.,
Minor Children,

E.M., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Jasper County, Steven J. Holwerda,

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the district court order terminating her parental rights.

AFFIRMED.

Heidi Miller of Gribble, Boles, Stewart & Witosky Law, Des Moines, for

appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney

General for appellee State.

Dusty Lea Clements of Clements Law & Mediation, Newton, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Chicchelly, JJ.
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SCHUMACHER, Judge.

A mother appeals the district court order terminating her parental rights. We

find there is sufficient evidence in the record to support termination of the mother’s

parental rights, termination is in the children’s best interests, none of the

permissive exceptions to termination should be applied, and an extension of time

for additional reunification efforts is unwarranted. We affirm the termination of the

mother’s parental rights.

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

E.M. is the mother of S.H.-M., born in 2013; X.R., born in 2019; and J.M.,

born in 2020. The children were removed from parental custody on June 10, 2022,

based on concerns that the mother was using methamphetamine, cocaine, and

marijuana.1 Shortly after the removal, the mother tested positive for marijuana,

while S.H.-M. and X.R. tested positive for methamphetamine and cocaine.2 S.H.-

M. was placed with her father, K.H.3 X.R. was placed with her paternal

grandmother.4 J.M. was placed in the care of A.H.5 The mother was evasive,

hostile, and untruthful in her communication with HHS.

1 The mother filed a pro se appeal of the removal of the children. The Iowa
Supreme Court found this was an application for an interlocutory appeal and
denied the application.
2 The mother was charged with two counts of neglect of a dependent person as a

result of the children’s exposure to illegal drugs. Those charges were still pending
at the time of the termination hearing.
3 Custody, rather than care, of S.H.-M. was placed with her father subject to

protective supervision by the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services
(HHS) under the order of adjudication.
4 X.R.’s father, J.R., was in jail on a charge of driving while barred at the time of

the removal. The parental rights of J.R. were terminated. He has not appealed.
5 At the time of the removal it was believed A.H. was J.M.’s biological father.

Subsequent testing showed A.H. is not J.M.’s father, but J.M. has remained with
3

The children were adjudicated to be in need of assistance under Iowa Code

section 232.2(6)(b), (c)(2), (n), and (p) (2022).6 The mother entered an outpatient

substance-abuse treatment program. In November 2022, the mother tested

positive for methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana. She then entered an

inpatient treatment program but was unsuccessfully discharged when she had an

argument with another patient. In February 2023, the mother started a new

substance-abuse treatment program, but left later that same month, stating she

was “homesick.” The mother admitted using methamphetamine and marijuana.

She started a third substance-abuse treatment program. But after a few weeks,

she left that program. In April, the mother told a social worker she was using

methamphetamine and marijuana. The mother was signed up for Recovery Court

but did not fully participate.

On May 31, 2023, the State filed a petition seeking to terminate the mother’s

parental rights. At the termination hearing in September, the mother testified she

was not currently attending substance-abuse treatment or mental-health therapy.

She stated she was on the waiting list to enter an inpatient substance-abuse

facility. The mother refused to answer questions about the last time she used

illegal substances. The mother asked for the children to be returned to her custody

but also stated, “I do know there’s probably things that need to be worked out.”

The mother had not appeared for recent requests for drug testing.

A.H. As the case progressed, X.R. was also placed with A.H. The parental rights
of any putative father for J.M. were terminated.
6 These provisions are now found in Iowa Code section 232.96A, which became

effective July 1, 2022.
4

The district court terminated the mother’s parental rights under section

232.116(1)(d), (f) (for S.M.-H. and X.R.), (h) (for J.M.), and (l) (2023). The court

found:

Given the mother’s continued lack of progress with her substance
abuse treatment and mental health treatment, her refusal to
participate with recommended substance abuse and mental health
services, her lack of stable housing, her pending criminal charges,
and her continuing need for supervised visits, the children cannot be
returned to the mother’s custody at the present time or in the
immediate future.

The court determined that termination of the mother’s parental rights was in the

children’s best interests. The court also found that given the mother’s lack of

progress, “an additional six months will not eliminate the need for continued

removal.” The court applied none of the exceptions to termination found in section

232.116(3). The mother appeals the termination of her parental rights.

II. Standard of Review

Our review of termination proceedings is de novo. In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d

764, 773 (Iowa 2012). The State must prove its allegations for termination by clear

and convincing evidence. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). “‘Clear

and convincing evidence’ means there are no serious or substantial doubts as to

the correctness [of] conclusions of law drawn from the evidence.” Id. Our primary

concern is the best interests of the child. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa

2014).

In general, we follow a three-step analysis in reviewing the termination of a

parent’s rights. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 2010). First, we consider

whether there is a statutory ground for termination of the parent’s rights under

section 232.116(1). Id. Second, we look to whether termination of the parent’s
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rights is in the child’s best interests. Id. (citing Iowa Code § 232.116(2)). Third,

we consider whether any of the exceptions to termination in section 232.116(3)

should be applied. Id. But when the parent does not raise a claim relating to any

of the three steps, we do not address them and instead limit our review to the

specific claims presented. See id. at 40 (recognizing we do not consider a step

the parent does not challenge).

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The mother claims the State did not present clear and convincing evidence

to support termination of her parental rights. “We will uphold an order terminating

parental rights where there is clear and convincing evidence of the statutory

grounds for termination.” In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015).

“When the juvenile court orders termination of parental rights on more than one

statutory ground, we need only find grounds to terminate on one of the sections to

affirm.” Id. at 435. We elect to focus on the termination of the mother’s parental

rights under section 232.116(1)(f) for S.H.-M. and X.R. and (h) for J.M.7

7 Section 232.116(1)(f) provides that a parent’s rights may be terminated if the

following have occurred:
(1) The child is four years of age or older.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or
for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present
time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents
as provided in section 232.102.
Section 232.116(1)(h) provides for termination of parental rights when the court
finds:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
6

“We will uphold an order terminating parental rights where there is clear and

convincing evidence of the statutory grounds for termination.” In re T.S., 868

N.W.2d 425, 434 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). Section 232.116(1)(f)(4) and (h)(4) require

a showing by clear and convincing evidence that a child “could not be safely

returned to the custody of [the child’s] parents.” In re S.O., 967 N.W.2d 198, 206

(Iowa 2021). Under section 232.116(1)(f)(4) and (h)(4), a court considers whether

a child can be returned to the parent at the time of the termination hearing. In re

A.B., 957 N.W.2d 280, 294 (Iowa 2021).

The mother testified she was asking for the children to be returned to her

custody, but acknowledged, “there’s probably things that need to be worked out,”

which indicates the children could not be placed in her custody at the time of the

hearing. The mother entered three different substance-abuse treatment programs,

but she did not complete any of them. She was waiting to enter a fourth substance-

abuse treatment program. The mother refused to answer questions about her

current drug use and had not been participating in requested drug tests. The

mother had an apartment but did not have transportation or steady employment.

She was not engaged in therapy for mental health.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of
assistance pursuant to section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as provided
in section 232.102 at the present time.
7

We conclude there is clear and convincing evidence in the record to show

the children could not be returned to the mother’s custody at the time of the

termination hearing. See id. We find the mother’s parental rights were properly

terminated under section 232.116(1)(f) and (h).

IV. Best Interests

The mother asserts that termination of her parental rights is not in the

children’s best interests. In considering the best interests of a child, we give

“primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the

long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and

emotional needs of the child under section 232.116(2).” P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 41.

“It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State

has proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday

a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the

child.” Id.

The children were removed from parental custody in June 2022. At the

termination hearing, held about fifteen months later in September 2023, the mother

could not show any progress in addressing her substance-abuse problems. The

court stated:

The mother’s ability to care for her children is obviously affected by
her substance-related problems as shown by her continued drug
use, her repeated failures to successfully complete treatment, her
refusal to engage in treatment, her refusal to provide requested drug
screens, her failure to address her mental health needs, and her
inability to maintain stable housing.

The court determined the mother’s problems prevented her from providing the

appropriate care the children needed.
8

As part of her best-interests argument, the mother claims it would be better

to place the children in a guardianship rather than terminate her parental rights.8

She states this would give her more time to prove her stability. She asserts it

would be better to have the children placed together and in her custody.

“[A] guardianship is not a legally preferable alternative to termination.” In re

B.T., 894 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017). A guardianship does not provide

the same level of stability and safety for a child as termination of parental rights

and adoption because a guardianship is not permanent. See In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 478 (Iowa 2018). “The impermanent nature of guardianships denies

children the security and stability that a permanent home provides.” In re A.C.,

No. 23-0567, 2023 WL 3612382, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May 24, 2023).

The court rejected her request to place the children in a guardianship,

stating, “Given the children’s ages and the mother’s lack of effort in this case, a

guardianship is not in the children’s best interest and will not provide them with the

stability and permanency which they need.” The children need permanency, which

a guardianship will not provide.

We conclude termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the children’s

best interests and the most appropriate permanency option.

V. Permissive Exceptions

The mother claims the court should have applied the exception to

termination found in section 232.116(3)(c), which provides that the court can deny

8 In a related argument, the mother states a bridge order could be entered for S.H.-

M. placing her in the custody of the father, where she was residing. But the mother
never requested such in front of the district court. Accordingly, we find this was
not preserved for our review.
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termination if it finds termination would be detrimental to the child based on the

closeness of the parent-child relationship.

The exceptions to termination found “in section 232.116(3) are permissive,

not mandatory.” In re W.T., 967 N.W.2d 315, 324 (Iowa 2021) (citation omitted).

“The court may exercise its discretion in deciding whether to apply the factors in

section 232.116(3) to save the parent-child relationship based on the unique

circumstances of each case and the best interests of the child[ ].” In re A.R., 932

N.W.2d 588, 591 (Iowa Ct. App. 2019). “[O]nce the State has proven a ground for

termination, the parent resisting termination bears the burden to establish an

exception to termination under Iowa Code section 232.116(3) . . . .” In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018). The children’s best interests remain our first

consideration. Id. at 475.

The court found none of the exceptions in section 232.116(3) should be

applied. The court concluded the mother did not meet her burden to show that

application of an exception to termination would be in the children’s best interests.

We find an exception to termination should not be applied. The mother has not

shown that termination of her parental rights would be detrimental to the children.

The children need the stability and permanency they have not received from the

mother.

VI. Extension of Time for Reunification Efforts

Lastly, as part of her best interests argument, the mother makes a passing

reference that she should be granted “a few more months to prove her stability to

the court.” We interpret this statement as a request for an extension of time

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.104.
10

Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b) authorizes extending a child’s placement

for an additional six months if the court identifies “specific factors, conditions, or

expected behavioral changes” that provide a basis for determining “that the need

for removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end of the

additional six-month period.”

As to this request, the district court found:

The Court cannot think of any reasonable factors or conditions which
will allow the Court at this time [to] make a determination that the
need for removal will no longer exist in six months. The realities of
the past 15 months do not permit such a determination. At the time
of the hearing, the CINA petition had been filed for 15 months and
the children had been removed from the mother the entire time. Yet,
despite being given that much time to improve herself and her
situation, she is no closer to being self-sufficient and no closer to
having the ability to parent than she was when the children were
removed. She does not have stable housing, does not have
transportation, and is unemployed. She continues to use illegal
drugs, refused to comply with multiple requested drug screens in
the month before the hearing, and refused to say at the hearing
when she last used drugs. She has not completed either substance
abuse or mental health treatment, and was not engaged in either at
the time of the hearing. She reports that she is on a waiting list for
inpatient treatment. However, that assertion engenders little
confidence with the Court. She has left inpatient twice in the past
seven months, has continued to use drugs, was not engaged in any
treatment at the time of the hearing, and throughout the past 15
months has not demonstrated the consistent effort necessary to be
successful with any of the Court’s requirements. Visits are still
supervised and she is still refusing to accept responsibility for her
actions or inactions. Given the lack of progress in the past 15
months, an additional six months will not eliminate the need for
continued removal.

We, like the district court, cannot identify specific factors, conditions, or

expected behavioral changes to provide a basis that the children will no longer

need to be removed from parental custody at the conclusion of an additional six-

month period. Further deferment of permanency is unwarranted.
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We affirm the district court’s order terminating the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.