Adoption of Wren.

NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule
23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28,
as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties
and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's
decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire
court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case.
A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25,
2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted
above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260
n.4 (2008).

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

APPEALS COURT

22-P-1052

ADOPTION OF WREN. 1

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0

The father appeals from a decree issued by a Probate and

Family Court judge terminating his parental rights to his

daughter and dispensing with the need for his consent to the

adoption of the child by the child’s mother and husband. The

father maintains that the decree is void for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction and that an earlier judgment from a Texas

court precludes a termination of parental rights determination

in Massachusetts. The father also contends that the judge

erred, first by drawing an adverse inference from his refusal to

answer certain questions based on his fifth amendment right not

to incriminate himself, and second, by concluding that

termination of his parental rights was in the child's best

interests. 2 We affirm.

1 A pseudonym.
2 The child asks this court to affirm the judgment.
Background. The mother and the father were divorced by a

judgment from a Texas court in March 2016. The judgment

"finally dispose[d] of all claims and all parties" except for

certain child support orders. As part of the divorce, the

mother asked the court to terminate the father's parental rights

to their child, who was born in May 2012. If granted, the

request would have "divest[ed] the [father] and the child of all

legal rights and duties with respect to each other." Tex. Fam.

Code § 161.206(b). The Texas court denied the request,

reasoning that termination was not "in the best interest of the

child." See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.005(a). The Texas court thus

allowed the father to "retain[] the status of parent,"

Guardianship of Zeke, 422 Mass. 438, 445 (1996), with a

constitutionally protected interest in a relationship with the

child. Smith v. McDonald, 458 Mass. 540, 544 (2010).

Still, the Texas court severely limited the father's

rights, see Tex. Fam. Code § 161.205 (court denying termination

petition "shall . . . render any order in the best interest of

the child"), appointing him possessory conservator with no right

to custody or visitation or to have information about or input

into the child's upbringing, among other privileges and duties

of parenthood. See Tex. Fam. Code §§ 153.006, 153.192, 153.193. 3

3 The father was ordered to pay child support. See Tex. Fam.
Code § 153.075.

2
The mother was appointed sole managing conservator for the

child, see Tex. Fam. Code § 153.005, with all parental rights,

including of sole custody and "to designate the primary

residency of the child." See Tex. Fam. Code §§ 153.073,

153.074, 153.132.

The mother became engaged and she, the child, and the

future husband began living together as a family in July 2016.

In September 2016, the mother filed a notice of change of

address with the Texas court, advising that her Texas address

would change "in approximately six months," to one in

Massachusetts. It was only two months after that, however, on

November 23, 2016, that the mother notified the court her

address "will change to [one in] MA . . . on December 2, 2016."

In December 2016, the mother, the husband, and the child

moved to the address listed in the November notice, though at

trial neither the mother nor the husband identified a specific

date when the move occurred and the judge did not make a finding

about one.

In February 2017, the mother and the husband married. On

June 5, 2017, the mother and the husband commenced this action

in Massachusetts, G. L. c. 210, § 1, by filing a petition

seeking permission to adopt the child and change her name.

Among other things, the petition alleged that "the child has

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resided for at least six months in the home of the

Petitioner(s)," identifying a Massachusetts address.

Still having some legal rights in relation to the child,

the father objected to the petition, see G. L. c. 210, § 2, and

filed a motion to dismiss claiming that the Texas court's

decision not to terminate parental rights had a preclusive

effect on the proceeding in Massachusetts. The parties engaged

in discovery and testified at trial, along with other witnesses,

over the course of five nonconsecutive days between February and

June of 2018. On April 17, 2019, the court entered a decree

terminating the father's parental rights as to the child and

declaring the child to be the child of the mother and

stepfather. 4

Discussion. 1. Subject matter jurisdiction. For the

first time on appeal, the father contends that the adoption

decree is void because the court lacked subject matter

jurisdiction. See Irwin v. Commonwealth, 465 Mass. 834, 840

n.17 (2013) (challenge to subject matter jurisdiction may be

raised at any time, including on appeal). He argues that the

record fails to "conclusively establish" that the child was

domiciled in the Commonwealth six months prior to the

4 The father's motion to dismiss was denied on January 18, 2018,
as noted in the decree.

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commencement of the adoption proceeding so as to confer home

state jurisdiction on the court. See Massachusetts Child

Custody Jurisdiction Act (MCCJA), G. L. c. 209B, § 2(a)(1) (home

state defined as state where child resided with parent at least

six months prior to commencement of proceeding).

The adoption proceeding commenced on June 5, 2017, with the

filing of the petition, wherein the mother averred that the

child had been residing with her for the prior six months; the

petition listed the mother as living at an address within the

Commonwealth. In a November 23, 2016 notice filed in the Texas

court, the mother stated that she and the child would be moving

to Massachusetts on December 2, 2016. Finally, the mother

testified that she and the child had, in fact, moved to

Massachusetts in December 2016, consistent with the earlier

notice. Thus, every reasonable inference from the record

supports the conclusion that the child lived in the Commonwealth

with the mother for six months prior to the commencement of the

adoption proceeding. The father’s argument that the mother and

the child may not have moved to Massachusetts on December 2,

2016 rests on nothing more than speculation; the father points

to no fact that supports his assertion. Moreover, the father

points to no authority requiring a judge, in the absence of any

question regarding the matter, to make an explicit finding on

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subject matter jurisdiction. Cf. Redding v. Redding, 398 Mass.

102, 106 (1986) (implicit finding of proper jurisdiction).

2. Issue preclusion. The father next claims that the

judge erred in "ignoring" the Texas court's finding that

termination of his parental rights was not in the child's best

interest. But, the judge did not overlook the issue. Rather,

the judge denied the father's motion to dismiss which was

premised on his claim that the doctrine of res judicata barred

the court in Massachusetts from terminating his parental rights.

Recognizing that a best interest determination may be

revisited upon changed circumstances without violating

principles of issue preclusion, the father contends that the

judge's findings do not make clear how much of the best interest

determination was based on new allegations so as to enable

proper review. The father, however, has failed to provide this

court with a full record of the evidence presented in the Texas

action. We accordingly do not have a record of what facts were

presented to the Texas court "or the basis of" its decision.

See G.B. v. C.A., 94 Mass. App. Ct. 389, 397-398 (2018).

Moreover, as discussed infra, significant recent evidence of the

father’s unfitness was presented to the judge in this case. As

a result, the father has not shown that collateral estoppel

applies.

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3. Adverse inference. The father declined to answer

certain questions at trial, invoking his Fifth Amendment

privilege against self-incrimination. The judge accordingly

drew an adverse inference against him. "The drawing of an

adverse inference is permissible in a parental rights

proceeding." Adoption of Patty, 489 Mass. 630, 643 (2022). See

Care & Protection of M.C., 479 Mass. 246, 262 (2018) ("the

Juvenile Court is permitted to draw adverse inferences from a

parent's refusal to testify"). Normally a trial judge's

decision to draw an adverse inference is reviewed for abuse of

discretion, Adoption of Helga, 97 Mass. App. Ct. 521, 526

(2020), but the father does not challenge the judge's exercise

of discretion. He claims that an adverse inference was not

permissible as a matter of law. We disagree.

The father argues that there is no reported case holding

that an adverse inference can be drawn in a termination case, as

opposed to a custody case, see Custody of Two Minors, 396 Mass.

610, 617 (1986), from a parent's invocation of his privilege

against self-incrimination, as opposed to simply choosing not to

testify, Adoption of Nadia, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 304, 307 (1997),

and asks us to rule that such an inference was not permitted

here. "We have, however, repeatedly rejected incorporating the

full panoply of constitutional rights afforded criminal

defendants into proceedings involving . . . termination of

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parental rights." Adoption of Don, 435 Mass. 158, 169 (2001).

We have also explained that "it is unnecessary to draw a

distinction between [termination and custody] proceedings where

there is none with respect to the ultimate burden of proof,

i.e., clear and convincing evidence." Adoption of Nadia, supra.

Cf. Adoption of Patty, 489 Mass. at 639-640 (extending reasoning

of Custody of Two Minors, supra to termination proceedings).

"It was perfectly permissible for the judge to draw" an adverse

inference in this case. Matter of a Care & Protection Summons,

437 Mass. 224, 235 (2002).

4. Best interests. The judge found the father unfit and

that it was in the child's best interest to terminate the

father's parental rights. The father "acknowledges that the

trial judge's findings were detailed and there was evidence to

support" them. He only faults the judge for concluding that

termination was in the child's best interest when the Texas

court found otherwise and the mother and the husband did not

demonstrate that "enough has changed since the divorce judgment

to establish by clear and convincing evidence that it is now in

the Child's best interest to sever her ties with Father." See

Malachi M. v. Quintina Q., 483 Mass. 725, 734 (2019); Adoption

of Karla, 46 Mass. App. Ct. 64, 70 (1998) (best interest

determination may be revisited upon changed circumstances). The

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record, however, provides ample support for the judge's

determination and we discern no abuse of discretion.

In finding the father unfit to parent the child, the judge

considered all of the statutory factors and found that a number

of them applied with force. See G. L. c. 210, § 3(c) (factors

required to be considered). For example, the judge considered

the father's past "repeated, severe physical abuse" of the

mother and how it was likely to impact the child. See G. L.

c. 210, § 3 (c) (ii) (requiring consideration of domestic

violence).

The judge also found that the father had ample access to

services to remedy his behavior. The father took classes

addressing substance abuse, anger management, domestic violence

and parenting, among other things. Despite participating in

these services, the father had failed to rehabilitate himself

and did not take responsibility for his actions, as demonstrated

by his prison disciplinary record involving rules violations,

inappropriate communications with the child, and persistent

claims that he was wrongfully convicted. See G. L. c. 210,

§ 3 (c) (viii) (requiring consideration of parent's lack of

effort to remedy conditions creating risk to child).

The judge also considered that the father last saw the

child when she was less than a year old and remained imprisoned

for his crimes (and therefore unavailable to the child) at the

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conclusion of the adoption trial, at which point the child was

four years old. The judge also found that upon his discharge

from prison, the father would be a registered sex offender and

therefore severely limited to the places he could go with the

child. See G. L. c. 210, § 3 (c) (vi) (requiring consideration

of parent's failure to provide proper care and reasonable

expectation that parent will not be able to provide care within

reasonable time); see G. L. c. 210, § 3 (c) (xiii) (requiring

consideration of parent's conviction of felony of such a nature

that child will be deprived of stable home for period of years).

Finally, the judge credited expert testimony that the father's

failure to take responsibility bodes poorly for any prospect

that the father's behavior will change and that this creates a

risk of harm to the child.

Thus, there was ample evidence, subsequent to the Texas

action, supporting the judge's best interest determination.

Decree affirmed.

By the Court (Vuono, Singh &
Englander, JJ. 5),

Clerk

Entered: November 14, 2023.

5 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.

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