Blackstone International Ltd. v. Maryland Casualty Co.

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 2302

September Term, 2012

BLACKSTONE INTERNATIONAL LTD., ET
AL.

v.

MARYLAND CASUALTY COMPANY, ET
AL.

Eyler, Deborah S.,
Matricciani,
Clagett, Marjorie L.
(Specially Assigned),

JJ.

Opinion by Matricciani, J.

Filed: February 28, 2014
On May 17, 2011, Maryland Casualty Company and Northern Insurance Company

of New York, (collectively, “the Insurers”), brought a complaint for declaratory judgment

in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County, against Blackstone International, Ltd., and

John R. Black (collectively, “Blackstone”). The complaint asked the circuit court to

declare that the parties’ insurance policy did not cover a lawsuit brought against

Blackstone by RMG Direct, Inc. (“RMG”), and that the Insurers had no duty to defend

Blackstone in that suit. Blackstone counter-claimed for opposite declarations and asked

the court to order the Insurers to pay the costs of litigation in the RMG case and in the

present case, as well as to indemnify Blackstone for any damages arising from that case.

Blackstone moved for partial summary judgment on the duty to defend in the

underlying litigation, and the Insurers moved for summary judgment as to both their duty

to defend and their duty to indemnify. The circuit court granted the Insurers’ motion and

entered summary judgment in their favor, from which Blackstone timely appealed,

bringing the case before this Court.

Q UESTION P RESENTED

Blackstone presents the following question for our review, which we have

rephrased to comport with our discussion:

I. Did the trial court err when it entered summary judgment
in favor of the Insurers on the grounds that the underlying
claims against Blackstone did not constitute “advertising
injuries” under the parties’ insurance agreement?

For the reasons that follow, we answer yes, and we therefore reverse the judgment

of the Circuit Court for Baltimore County and remand the case for further proceedings.
F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

Blackstone designs and manufactures lighting products, including those that mimic

natural light, which are known as “full spectrum” lights. In February 2010, Blackstone

was sued by RMG, whose complaint claimed, in part, that the two parties had agreed to a

“joint venture to develop plans for the design, marketing and sale of low vision lighting

products to retailers.” RMG further alleged that Blackstone had promised to give RMG

seven percent of its gross revenues from the sale of these products, and that RMG was to

have a “fifty-percent [] interest in the newly created brand for the sale of low vision light

products.”

RMG claimed that its efforts in the joint venture yielded expert evaluations and

product testimonials, the “Vision Enhance” brand name, the slogan “to help you see

better,” and the product’s packaging design and “copy” (the content displayed on the

packaging). According to the complaint, Blackstone used and distributed this content in

various forms, including its product packaging, a website, a trade publication

advertisement, and third-party catalogs, as well as in sales sheets, informational offerings,

and marketing presentations to retailers such as Wal-Mart. According to RMG, sales

were so successful that Wal-Mart adopted the product into its own private-label line of

products.

RMG asserted several causes of action in its complaint against Blackstone. First,

-2-
RMG claimed that Blackstone breached an oral contract1 between the parties by failing to

pay RMG either its commission or profits from its one-half interest in the parties’ new

venture. Second, RMG claimed that its detrimental reliance on Blackstone’s promises

estopped Blackstone from withholding those payments. Third, RMG claimed that

Blackstone was unjustly enriched because it “continues to retain the benefit conferred

upon it by Plaintiff through, in part, its use of concepts, expert evaluations, [the] ‘Vision

Enhance’ brand name[,] and packaging, all of which were developed by [RMG] or with

[RMG]’s assistance.”2 Fourth, RMG claimed intentional misrepresentation of the

promises supporting the above claims. Finally, RMG demanded an accounting of

Blackstone’s profits.

Blackstone has been insured by the Insurers for commercial general liability since

2001. The parties’ agreement places upon the Insurers the duty to defend Blackstone

against any suit seeking damages from an “advertising injury,” which the policy defines

as injuries arising out of the use of another’s advertising idea in Blackstone’s

advertisement, or out of infringement upon another’s copyright, trade dress, or slogan.3

1
RMG conceded that the parties never signed a written agreement.
2
RMG also brought a count labeled “quantum meruit,” but as we recently
explained in Dolan v. McQuaide, 1433 SEPT.TERM 2012, 2013 WL 5926743 (Md. Ct.
Spec. App. Nov. 5, 2013), quantum meruit is not a theory of recovery per se but is a
measure of damages recoverable for breach of implied contract or unjust enrichment.
3
The relevant language in the insurance agreement is as follows:

(continued...)

-3-
The policy’s text excluded, however, injuries arising out of a breach of contract, except

an implied contract to use another’s advertising idea in Blackstone’s advertisement.4

3
(...continued)
1. Insuring Agreement

a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to
pay as damages because of “personal and advertising injury” to which this
insurance applies. We will have the right and duty to defend the insured
against any “suit” seeking those damages. However, we will have no duty
to defend the insured against any “suit” seeking damages for “personal and
advertising injury” to which this insurance does not apply. . . .

* * *

SECTION V - DEFINITIONS

* * *

1. “Advertisement” means a notice that is broadcast or published to the
general public or specific market segments about your goods,
products or services for the purpose of attracting customers or
supporters . . . includ[ing] material placed on the Internet or on
similar electronic means of communication[.]”

* * *

14. “Personal and advertising injury” means injury, including
consequential “bodily injury”, arising out of one or more of the
following offenses:

* * *

f. The use of another’s advertising idea in your “advertisement”; or
g. Infringing upon another’s copyright, trade dress or slogan in your
“advertisement.”
4
The policy’s exclusions provide, as follows:
(continued...)

-4-
Blackstone gave the Insurers notice of RMG’s suit in a timely fashion, but the

Insurers denied that RMG’s claims fell within the scope of the policy’s “advertising

injury” clause. Blackstone eventually settled with RMG, but only after incurring an

alleged $1,056,008.63 in attorney’s fees, which the Insurers refused to pay. The Insurers

brought a complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County, seeking a declaratory

judgment that they had no duty to defend or indemnify Blackstone. Blackstone counter-

claimed for the opposite declaration and attorney’s fees in both the underlying litigation

and the instant suit. Blackstone moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of the

Insurers’ duty to defend, and the Insurers moved for summary judgment on both their

duty to defend and to indemnify Blackstone. The circuit court found for the Insurers and

entered summary judgment in their favor.5 Blackstone then filed a timely appeal,

bringing the case before this Court.

4
(...continued)
This insurance does not apply to:
a. “Personal and advertising injury”:
(1) Caused by or at the direction of the insured with the
knowledge that the act would violate the rights of another and
would inflict “personal and advertising injury”;

* * *

(6) Arising out of a breach of contract, except an implied
contract to use another’s advertising idea in your
“advertisement.”
5
The circuit court did not file a separate, written declaration and only announced
its findings on the record.

-5-
D ISCUSSION

Standard of Review

This case comes to us on disposition by summary judgment under Maryland Rule

5-201(f). We therefore review the trial court’s ruling de novo and examine the record

independently to determine whether there exists any genuine issue of material fact and

whether the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Walk v. Hartford

Cas. Ins. Co., 382 Md. 1, 14 (2004) (citation omitted). In doing so, we must review the

record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and construe against the

moving party any reasonable inferences which may be drawn from the facts. Id.

Because a policy of insurance is a contract, we construe it according to contract

principles. Walk, 382 Md. at 14-15 (citation omitted). Unless there is an indication that

the parties intended to use words in the policy in a technical sense, the terms of the

contract are accorded their customary, ordinary, and accepted meanings. Id. If the terms

are unambiguous, a court has no alternative but to enforce them. Dutta v. State Farm Ins.

Co., 363 Md. 540, 556-57 (2001) (citing Kendall v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 348 Md. 157,

171 (1997)). Maryland does not follow the rule that insurance policies should, as a matter

of course, be construed against the insurer. Dutta, 363 Md. at 556. “Nevertheless, under

general principles of contract construction, if an insurance policy is ambiguous, it will be

construed liberally in favor of the insured and against the insurer as drafter of the

instrument.” Id. at 556-57 (citing Empire Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.,

-6-
117 Md. App. 72, 97-98 (1997)) (emphasis in original).

I.

The Insurers’ duty to defend Blackstone in the underlying litigation depended on

the character of RMG’s claims:

If the plaintiffs in the [] suits allege a claim covered by the
policy, the insurer has a duty to defend. Even if a [] plaintiff
does not allege facts which clearly bring the claim within or
without the policy coverage, the insurer still must defend if
there is a potentiality that the claim could be covered by the
policy.

Brohawn v. Transamerica Ins. Co., 276 Md. 396, 407-08 (1975) (emphasis added), cited

in Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Cochran, 337 Md. 98, 102-03 (1995). Further, an insurer is

obligated to defend all claims, notwithstanding alternative allegations outside the policy’s

coverage, until all potentially covered claims are resolved. Utica Mut. Ins. Co. v. Miller,

130 Md. App. 373, 383 (2000) (citations omitted).

The parties stipulate that Blackstone had performed all prerequisites to coverage,

and that the case resolves to whether RMG’s complaint triggered the Insurers’ contractual

duty to defend. In the present case, all claims remained viable until Blackstone and RMG

reached a settlement. Therefore, Blackstone is entitled to have the Insurers reimburse all

of its defense costs if they had a duty to defend at least one count of RMG’s complaint.

The Insurers argue that they had no duty to defend because the RMG complaint alleged

neither the use of RMG’s advertising ideas in Blackstone’s advertisement, nor a

-7-
qualifying “advertising injury.” We address each contention, in turn.6

A. Use of RMG’s Advertising Ideas in
Blackstone’s Advertisements

The Insurers argue that the trial court rightly denied Blackstone’s motion for

summary judgment because RMG’s claims nowhere described use of its advertising ideas

in Blackstone’s “advertisements.” The parties’ agreement defines “advertisements” as “a

notice that is broadcast or published to the general public or specific market segments

about [Blackstone’s] goods, products or services for the purpose of attracting customers

or supporters . . . includ[ing] material placed on the Internet or on similar electronic

means of communication[.]” According to Blackstone, RMG complained of injuries

from several types of advertising: 1) a product website; 2) product packaging and

instructions; 3) advertisement in a trade publication and third-party catalogs; and 4) sales

sheets, informational offerings, and marketing presentations to large retailers, including

Wal-Mart.

First, the Insurers argue that the evidence of a Blackstone website using RMG’s

advertising “is contested,” and that testimony from the RMG suit “casts doubt on whether

6
The Insurers divide their argument into three elements drawn from Walk, 382
Md. at 17, namely: “(1) an ‘advertisement’; (2) an ‘advertising injury,’ which entails the
copying of an advertising idea or style into an advertisement; and (3) a causal relationship
between the advertising injury and the alleged damages.” That delineation, however, is
not suited to the present discussion. As our opinion makes clear, below, “causation” in
this case is subsumed within the contractual definition of “advertising injury,” leaving
only the first two issues.

-8-
this image was ever used to solicit customers.” But “an insurer may not use extrinsic

evidence to contest coverage under an insurance policy if the tort suit complaint

establishes a potentiality of coverage,” Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Cochran, 337 Md. 98,

107 (1995), and an allegation that is “contested” or in “doubt” is nonetheless sufficient to

show its potential truth, see 7416 Baltimore Ave. Corp. v. Penn-Am. Ins. Co., 83 Md.

App. 692, 699-700 (1990). Therefore, the factual allegations in RMG’s complaint

sufficed to show that the website was a potential advertisement that triggered the

Insurers’ duty to defend.

Second, the Insurers cite several cases to argue that Blackstone’s product

packaging is not an “advertisement.” These cases, however, hold that a product itself is

not advertising. See, e.g., Krueger Int’l, Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 647 F. Supp. 2d 1024, 1035

(E.D. Wis. 2009) (citing Westport Reinsurance Management, LLC v. St. Paul Fire &

Marine Ins. Co., 80 Fed. Appx. 277, 279 (3d Cir. 2003); Green Mach. Corp. v.

Zurich–American Ins. Group, 313 F. 3d 837, 841 (3d Cir. 2002); Accessories Biz, Inc. v.

Linda and Jay Keane, Inc., 533 F. Supp. 2d 381, 388 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); Hosel &

Anderson, Inc. v. ZV II, Inc., 2001 WL 392229, *2 (S.D.N.Y. 2001)). But these cases are

inapposite because RMG’s allegations did not depend on the product itself being

advertising, but rather the ideas shown on the packaging in which Blackstone’s products

was shipped and displayed.

The Insurers contend that even if Blackstone’s product packaging was designed to

-9-
“attract customers or supporters,” it did so on an individual basis as a “solicitation,” rather

than as “a notice that is broadcast or published to the general public or specific market

segments” (per the insurance agreement’s definition of “advertisement”). This argument,

however, overemphasizes the customer’s immediate perception and ignores the fact that

Blackstone distributed advertising ideas on standardized packaging, with the evident

intent to reach and attract a wide audience of shoppers at the product’s point of sale. This

brings Blackstone’s alleged conduct within at least one of the ordinary meanings ascribed

to “publish,” i.e., “to disseminate to the public” or “to produce or release for

distribution.”7 “Publish,” Merriam-Webster.com (Merriam-Webster 2014),

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/publish. Moreover, the Insurers’ definition

of “advertisement” would turn any content viewed by isolated customers into an

individual solicitation, which would create the absurd result of turning a wide array of

advertisements—on television, in magazines, and on the internet—into “personal

solicitations.” We therefore conclude that Blackstone’s product packaging could be an

“advertisement” under the present insurance agreement.8

7
Blackstone’s actions also fall within the gambit of “broadcast,” as something
“made widely known.” “Broadcast,” Merriam-Webster.com (Merriam-Webster 2014),
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/broadcast.
8
The same could not be said of the product instructions. Instructions have been
considered advertisements where they contain information about technical specifications,
product advantages, compatibility, and installation and warranty information. Teletronics
Int’l, Inc. v. CNA Ins. Co./Transp. Ins. Co., 120 F. App’x 440, 445 (4th Cir. 2005). But in
the Teletronics case, that information was disseminated over the internet to potential
(continued...)

-10-
Third, the Insurers argue that “an advertisement procured by RMG” and “catalog

placement by RMG” cannot be “Blackstone’s” advertisements. And fourth, the Insurers

argue that the marketing presentations Blackstone made to Wal-Mart and other large

retailers were not advertisements and that they were also merely individual solicitations.

We need not, however, decide these issues, because the alleged website and packaging

constituted advertisements that were—at least potentially—“Blackstone’s.” 9

Finally, the Insurers argue that even if Blackstone used advertising ideas in its

“advertisements,” those ideas were Blackstone’s and not “another’s” under the insurance

policy. Specifically, the Insurers argue that Blackstone owned all disputed advertising

8
(...continued)
customers, id., whereas there is no indication in RMG’s complaint that consumers could
have seen any instructions until after purchasing Blackstone’s product. Thus, the
instructions could not have “attracted” customers, per the policy’s definition of
“advertisement.”
9
If we were to consider Blackstone’s argument about the advertisements procured
by RMG, our decision would not fall in the Insurers’ favor. They fail to explain why
those advertisements should not be attributed to Blackstone in this case. The complaint
plainly implies that RMG was acting as Blackstone’s agent—or at least in reliance on
Blackstone’s promises—when it placed the advertisements, whether or not there was a
formal joint venture between them. As such, there was at least a potentiality that the
phrase “your advertisements” in the insurance policy described those that RMG allegedly
placed on behalf of Blackstone.
That would leave the Insurers’ argument that marketing presentations to large
retailers are not advertisements but are individual solicitations. We would not reject this
argument out of hand, but neither would we foreclose the opposite conclusion, which is
that Blackstone presented standardized materials to a large enough number of retailers to
constitute a “specific market segment.”

-11-
ideas10 by virtue of its joint venture with RMG. But this joint venture, along with the

agreement purporting to assign Blackstone all property rights,11 was only alleged in some

of the complaint’s counts, and RMG’s claim of unjust enrichment did not rely on a

binding joint venture agreement, or on any joint venture at all. Furthermore, a plain

reading of the contractual language does not support the Insurers’ argument over

“ownership” because the possessive case can indicate not only ownership, but also origin.

“Possessive,” Dictionary.com Unabridged (Random House, Inc. 2013) (“indicating

possession, ownership, origin, etc.” (emphasis added)), http://dictionary.reference.com/

browse/Possessive. Thus, even if Blackstone owned some or all rights to the disputed

advertising ideas, those ideas could nevertheless be described as “another’s” because of

their origin at RMG.

For these reasons, we conclude that RMG’s complaint alleged that Blackstone

used RMG’s advertising ideas in its advertisements. This leaves us to consider whether

Blackstone’s advertisements gave rise to any covered “advertising injury.”

B. “Advertising Injury”

The Insurers argue that RMG’s claims did not allege any “advertising injury” to

10
Other than its attack on the product packaging, the Insurers do not appear to
dispute that the content displayed and otherwise incorporated in these advertisements—
the brand name, slogan, testimonials, design, and copy—constituted “advertising ideas.”
11
According to the complaint, RMG and Blackstone agreed to terms reflected in a
written contract that was never signed, but which provided that “Blackstone will be the
owner of all assets and property rights related to the Vision Enhance Division including,
but not limited to, domain names, intellectual property rights, and goodwill. . . .”

-12-
defend against. Specifically, they contend that “the principle [sic] purpose of a liability

policy [is] to protect insureds from their own tortious, negligent conduct” (emphasis

added) and not the harms alleged in RMG’s complaint. Continuing, the Insurers contend

that “the gravamen” of RMG’s complaint “is not damages caused by Blackstone’s

advertisements but rather damages caused by Blackstone’s failure to abide by an

agreement to pay RMG commissions,” and that the complaint is “replete” with references

to that agreement for commissions. Thus, the Insurers conclude that “Blackstone would

have the Court transform Policy coverage from a protection against tortious, negligent

conduct into a protection against failures to comply with contractual agreements for the

payment of commissions.”

There are two flaws in the Insurers’ general argument. First, the policy’s duty to

defend is not determined by the “gravamen of the complaint;” rather, Maryland Law

imposes a duty to defend if there exists even a single claim that could potentially be

covered, Utica Mut., 130 Md. App. at 383. And although we may look to the “gravamen”

of particular causes of action to determine whether they could be construed in favor of the

insured as covered claims, we must nonetheless consider each one individually, according

to the insurance policy’s language. Montgomery Cnty. Bd. of Educ. v. Horace Mann Ins.

Co., 383 Md. 527, 547-48 (2004).

Second, although we have every reason to believe the Insurers’ proffer that they

intended their policy to cover only Blackstone’s “tortious, negligent conduct,” the policy

-13-
does not do so by defining “advertising injury” that way. The policy contains express

exclusions that have that effect,12 but the Insurers deliberately waived them at trial,

writing in a proposed statement of undisputed fact that their defense does “not rel[y] on

the breach of contract exclusion,” which they deemed “irrelevant” to the instant case.

Later, at the hearing on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, the Insurers

addressed the policy’s exclusions in greater detail:

. . . [I]t’s clear on the face of the second amended complaint
that the allegations don’t come within the policy coverages.
But even if Blackstone could get over that hurdle, then we do
look down to the exceptions, I’m sorry, the exclusions. And
there are two relevant exclusions in this case. The first is that
the policy does not provide coverage for advertising injury
caused at or direction, at or, by or at the direction of the
insured with the knowledge that the act would violate the
rights of another and would inflict personal or advertising
injury. So if we assume here that [RMG] didn’t transfer the
rights, then what we get to is did [RMG] say regardless of
who owned the rights I’m going to use them? And the
exclusion would become applicable. Secondly, and although
Maryland Casualty didn’t put this in the litigation and, and
there’s a very clear reason why Maryland Casualty didn’t put
it in the litigation at this point. There’s a contract exclusion.
Again, with respect to the shifting of burdens of proof, we
think that Your Honor can rule as a matter of law on the
insured’s burden and its failure to meet the burden to show
that the coverage comes within the insuring agreement. If we
go down to the exclusion, it becomes my burden. It makes it

12
These exclusions described injuries “[c]aused by or at the direction of the
insured with the knowledge that the act would violate the rights of another and would
inflict ‘personal and advertising injury,’” and injuries “[a]rising out of a breach of
contract, except an implied contract to use another’s advertising idea in your
‘advertisement.’”

-14-
harder to deal with on summary judgment but and so we
decided not to include it. But there’s a, a, an exclusion that
says for advertising injury arising out of breach of contract
except an implied contract to use another’s idea in your
advertising. So breach of contract, if it’s a breach of contract
it’s out the door.

(Emphases added.)

If we give the Insurers the benefit of the doubt, their statements that they “didn’t

put this in the litigation” and “decided not to include it” refer only to the contract

exclusion and not to the exclusion for knowing conduct. But regardless of whether their

intention reached only one and not the other exclusion, the Insurers omitted both from

their memorandum opposing summary judgment, and they have not addressed or

otherwise incorporated either one in their appellate arguments. Instead, the Insurers

urged the trial court not to “get bogged down” in the contractual language and to construe

the agreement in their favor because “[t]he intent of a general liability policy is to provide

coverage, and perhaps indemnity in certain cases, for alleged unintentional tortious

actions” (emphasis added).13

13
The Insurers explained in the above passage that they decided not to argue the
policy exclusions because of the burden it would place on them. But we are not sure of
what burden they meant. Ordinarily, an insurer denying coverage based on a policy
exclusion bears the burden of proof. See Mut. Fire Ins. Co. of Calvert Cnty. v. Ackerman,
162 Md. App. 1, 7-8 (2005). The present dispute, however, reached only the Insurers’
duty to defend and did not require proof of a factual circumstance tantamount to an
affirmative defense. See id. (circuit court correctly placed factual burden on insurer
because proving that an exclusion applied “was in the nature of an affirmative defense”)
(citing 14, 17 Lee R. Russ et al., Couch on Ins. §§ 81.81, 94.108, 254:86 (3d ed. 2012)).
(continued...)

-15-
The Insurers may have seen the details of their contract’s language as a “bog”

impeding their case, but from our vantage point, words are the very foundation of

contracts and the law. Language is a tool that can be used—even if only imperfectly—to

memorialize an agreement between two parties, helping them plan their future conduct

and resolve disputes, should they arise. And although our goal in construing a contract is

“to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the parties to the agreement,” Empire Fire &

Marine Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 117 Md. App. 72, 96 (1997), we cannot, in

fairness to Blackstone, allow the Insurers to revive an argument that they waived at trial

by relying on the policy’s exclusions.

Having limited the present dispute to the plain meaning of “advertising injury” in

the parties’ agreement, the exclusions belie the Insurers’ contentions. They argue that

wherever an insurance agreement defines “advertising injury” as “any injury arising out

of the use of another’s advertising idea in your advertisement,” this definition

excludes—by default—all injuries arising from intentional conduct or breach of contract.

But the Insurers carved exactly those kinds of injuries out of “advertising injury” by

drafting express exclusions to that term’s definition. This implies that, had intentional

conduct and breaches of contract not been excluded, they would fall within the

13
(...continued)
While Blackstone’s arguments on the duty to defend did in some sense burden the
Insurers, they did so only as a matter of legal argument, not proof by a preponderance of
the evidence.

-16-
agreement’s broad and unambiguous definition of “advertising injury.” 14 And this broad

and unambiguous definition is all that is left for the Insurers to use in their defense,

having expressly stated to the trial court that they would not rely on those exclusions to

argue against their duty to defend Blackstone. Thus, as presented to us, the Insurers’ duty

to defend Blackstone depends only on whether RMG’s claims “arose out of” the use of

RMG’s advertising ideas in Blackstone’s advertisements, without regard to whether the

acts were intentional or rooted in breach of contract.

In Maryland, the phrase “arising out of” in an insurance contract triggers a

causation analysis requiring a “direct or substantial” relationship between cause and

effect. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. DeHaan, 393 Md. 163, 178-79 (2006); Nat’l

Indem. Co. v. Ewing, 235 Md. 145, 149 (1964) (“[W]hile the words [“arising out of”]

import and require a showing of causal relationship, recovery is not limited by the strict

rules developed in relation to direct and proximate cause.”). Turning to RMG’s

complaint, we see that its claims for breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and

14
The Insurers correctly argue that coverage for claims does not arise
automatically from the fact that they are an exception to an exclusion, and that claims
falling under such an exception must be covered by the insurance agreement, in general.
See Maryland Auto. Ins. Fund v. Baxter, 186 Md. App. 147, 163-64 (2009). Our opinion
obviates this rule by subjecting each of RMG’s claims to analysis under the entire
agreement, regardless of whether it constituted an exception to an exclusion. But more
importantly, our opinion does not implicate this rule in the first place; we are concerned
not with an exception to an exclusion, but rather with the complete absence of potential
exclusion, and what that implies about the meaning of the term that now has, de jure, no
exclusions.

-17-
intentional misrepresentation do not meet this definition because they all allege that

Blackstone was indebted to RMG by virtue of the work that RMG performed to develop

advertising content. As such, the claims remained viable even if Blackstone had never

used the disputed advertising ideas to sell its products. These claims did not, therefore,

depend on Blackstone’s alleged “use” of RMG’s advertising ideas, and so they did not

“arise out of” the same.

RMG’s remaining unjust enrichment claim did, however, depend on Blackstone’s

use of RMG’s advertising ideas. In that count, RMG alleged that Blackstone was unjustly

enriched by retaining the benefit flowing from its use of RMG’s ideas in advertisements

for Blackstone’s products. The complaint’s count for unjust enrichment therefore bore a

“direct and substantial” relationship to the use of RMG’s advertising ideas in

Blackstone’s advertisements, see DeHaan, 393 Md. at 178-79, making that claim an

“advertising injury” under the parties’ insurance agreement.

Having waived at trial the policy’s exclusions, the general definition of

“advertising injury” bound the Insurers to defend Blackstone against RMG’s unjust

enrichment claim, even if their intent was to exclude that cause of action as an

“intentional” act or breach of contract.15 And because that covered claim survived

15
We note that even if the Insurers had not waived the policy’s contract exclusion,
it would appear not to work in their favor. RMG claimed unjust enrichment and
promissory estoppel as equitable alternatives to breach of contract. Therefore, these
claims did not “arise out of” Blackstone’s alleged breach of contract, or out of any other
(continued...)

-18-
throughout the proceedings in RMG’s suit against Blackstone, Maryland law obligated

the Insurers to defend Blackstone against all of RMG’s concurrent claims.16 See Utica

Mut., 130 Md. App. at 383. The trial court therefore erred when it denied Blackstone’s

motion for summary judgment declaring that the Insurers had a duty to defend in the

underlying litigation.

C. Damages

With the Insurers’ duty to defend decided in its favor, Blackstone argues that we

should instruct the trial court, upon remand, to award the total amount of damages

demanded in its counterclaim. According to Blackstone, these damages flow

automatically from liability because “the Insurers cannot point to a single piece of

evidence creating a factual dispute . . . as to the reasonableness of Blackstone’s defense

costs.” In response, the Insurers argue that the fee invoices Blackstone submitted at trial

15
(...continued)
purported “agreement.” (These claims would, however, appear to be excluded as
intentional or knowing acts.)
16
We reach all of these conclusions on the face of the complaint, so there is no
need to rely on the extrinsic evidence that the Insurers argue should be excluded from
consideration. Montgomery Cnty. Bd. of Educ. v. Horace Mann Ins. Co., 383 Md. 527,
538 (2004) (citing Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Cochran, 337 Md. 98, 107 (1995)) (“[W]here
the underlying complaint in the tort action neither conclusively establishes nor
conclusively negates a potentiality of coverage, an insurer must examine any relevant
extrinsic evidence brought to its attention that might establish a potentiality of
coverage.”). And because Blackstone’s arguments are sufficient under its “advertising
idea” policy coverage, we need not address the Insurers’ argument that RMG did not
allege the only other category of “advertising injury,” infringement upon another’s
copyright, trade dress, or slogan.

-19-
“present a myriad of issues including, but not limited to: duplication of effort, billing

inefficiencies, overstaffing of assignments, unreasonable hourly rates, extraneous work

efforts, etc.”

Blackstone is correct that the Insurers have neither identified any specific charges

that they considered unreasonable, nor explained why those charges are unreasonable.

See Appiah v. Hall, 416 Md. 533, 546-47 (2010) (to avoid summary judgment, the non-

moving party must present detailed and precise facts showing a material dispute). The

Insurers did, however, argue that they were only obligated to reimburse Blackstone for

“reasonable” fees, and that Blackstone had presented no evidence or testimony, expert or

otherwise, showing that the fees were “reasonable.”

When faced with an award of attorney’s fees in a case such as this, the insurer is

“entitled to have the amount of fees and expenses proven with the certainty and under the

standards ordinarily applicable for proof of contractual damages.” Commercial Union

Ins. Co. v. Porter Hayden Co., 116 Md. App. 605, 703 (1997) (citations omitted). The

Insurers’ opposition to summary judgment for Blackstone raised a dispute of material fact

that Blackstone did not extinguish at trial, i.e., the reasonableness of Blackstone’s fees

spent defending itself in the underlying litigation with RMG.

Upon remand, Blackstone must prove its reasonable fees from the underlying

-20-
RMG litigation and the instant suit,17 as well as its entitlement to indemnification.18 See

Constitution Associates v. New Hampshire Ins. Co., 930 P. 2d 556, 563 (Colo. 1996)

(“Where there is no duty to defend, it follows that there can be no duty to indemnify.

However, where there is a duty to defend, there is not necessarily a duty to indemnify.”).

Additionally, “the court must enter a declaratory judgment and that judgment, defining

the rights and obligations of the parties or the status of the thing in controversy, must be

in writing.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 363 Md. 106, 117 (2001)

(emphasis in original).

JUDGMENT VACATED. CASE
REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT
COURT FOR BALTIMORE
COUNTY FOR FURTHER
PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT
WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO
BE PAID BY APPELLEES.

17
Blackstone is entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees from the instant action
because it prevailed against the Insurers, who denied their duty to defend Blackstone the
underlying litigation. Nolt v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 329 Md. 52, 66 (1993) (“The rule in
this State is firmly established that when an insured must resort to litigation to enforce its
liability insurer’s contractual duty to provide coverage for its potential liability to injured
third persons, the insured is entitled to a recovery of the attorneys’ fees and expenses
incurred in that litigation.”).
18
In proceedings on indemnity, the trial court must consider whether the Insurers
remain bound by their waiver of the policy’s exclusions in defense of their duty to defend.

-21-