Kouadio v. State

SECOND-DEGREE MURDER—INSTRUCTIONS
 Second-degree murder embraces a killing accompanied by any of three
alternative mentes reae – an intent to kill but without deliberation and
premeditation, an intent to inflict such serious bodily harm that death would
be the likely result, or the deliberate perpetration of a knowingly dangerous
act with reckless and wanton unconcern and indifference as to whether
anyone is harmed.
 Jurors must be instructed that, to warrant a conviction, each juror must find
the elements of at least one of those alternatives beyond a reasonable doubt
and may not mix the elements of one with the elements of another, but
there need not be unanimity on any one of them, so long as all 12 jurors
agree that one of them has been proved.

RULE OF COMPLETENESS
 Where part of a written or recorded statement is used in cross-examination
to show inconsistencies between the statement and the witness’s testimony
but never actually quoted or introduced into evidence and the opposing
party moves to introduce the balance of the statement under Md. Rule 5-
106, that party must show that the part sought to be introduced is
admissible and suffices to give context to the part used in the cross-
examination.
 In this case, that did not happen.
Circuit Court for
Montgomery County
Case No. 00000128132CR
REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 2664

September Term, 2016

ADOU KOUADIO

v.

STATE OF MARYLAND

Eyler, Deborah S.,
Kehoe,
Wilner, Alan M. (Senior Judge, Specially
Assigned)

JJ.

Opinion by Wilner, J.

Filed: February 1, 2018
Appellant was convicted by a jury in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County of

the second-degree murder of his infant son, Amir, along with three counts of child abuse,

for which he was sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. He complains in this appeal that:

(1) the instructions given to the jury on second-degree murder were

erroneous;

(2) the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain the convictions;

(3) the court erred in admitting a statement by the child’s mother that, when

appellant learned that she was pregnant, he wanted her to have an abortion;

and

(4) after admitting in evidence testimony regarding part of a statement

appellant gave to the police, the court erred in not allowing the introduction

of the rest of the statement.

Finding no reversible error, we shall affirm the Circuit Court judgment.

BACKGROUND

Amir was born on December 14, 2013. Appellant was his father; Asli Iman was

his mother. The couple were not married and, until Amir was born, did not live together.

Although the pregnancy was not planned, Ms. Iman was happy with it. When appellant

was informed, he told Ms. Iman that “[h]e did not want me to have the baby. He wanted

me to have an abortion,” which she refused to do. The pregnancy was uneventful. Ms.

Iman received prenatal care, but the delivery was through a C-section. Although

appellant was present at the birth, Ms. Iman said that he contributed nothing during her

pregnancy and “never bought a single item for the child at all.” About two weeks after

1
Amir’s birth, the family moved in with appellant’s mother. The mother used a bedroom

on the first floor of the house. Appellant, Ms. Iman, and the baby used the two bedrooms

on the second floor.

Ms. Iman returned to work three weeks after Amir’s birth. Appellant’s mother

also worked. Appellant, who neither worked nor attended school, watched Amir during

the day. Ms. Iman usually left the house around 6:00 a.m. and returned between 6:30 and

7:00 p.m. Upon her return, she watched the baby until she went to bed around 11:00.

She would then wake appellant to let him know that the baby was asleep. Ms. Iman

testified that the child was in perfect health and had been seen by a pediatrician and a

WIC unit.1

During the time the family was together, there were three disturbing incidents

involving appellant and Amir. On one occasion, Ms. Iman placed Amir on a downstairs

couch while she was folding clothes. She went upstairs to get some more clothes, and,

when she returned, appellant acknowledged sitting on Amir, saying he did not see him.

The child was not injured. On a second occasion, while on a bus with Amir, Ms. Iman

prepared to give him a bottle and noticed that his upper gum was bruised. She texted

appellant to inquire and was told that, while sleeping, appellant had “elbowed” the baby.

Near the end of January, appellant awakened Ms. Iman and told her that, while

trying to give Amir a bath, he nearly dropped the baby into the bathtub. Appellant said

The WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) Program is a Federally-funded
1

program that provides healthy foods and nutrition counseling to pregnant women, new
mothers, infants, and children under five.
2
that, to break the fall, he grabbed Amir by the head or face, with the child’s body

dangling down, and acknowledged that he “almost killed my son.” During that episode,

the child’s head hit a towel rack. Ms. Iman noticed that the whole left side of Amir’s

face was bruised. She treated the bruise with an ice pack and a day or two later took him

to a health care center where he was examined by a nurse and released.

The events leading to this case occurred on the evening of February 3-4, 2014,

when Amir was seven weeks old. After returning home from work, Ms. Iman fed Amir,

gave him a bath, and held him while watching television until 11:00, when she put him in

his basinet and informed appellant that she was going to bed. Ms. Iman said that Amir

was fine at that time – he was eating and fell asleep as usual.

Around 2:00 a.m., appellant awakened her. She went to Amir, saw that he was

“lifeless,” had blood coming out of his nose, and picked him up. She then noticed that he

had on only a diaper and one sock, which were not the clothes she had put him to bed

with. His lips were so blue that she put him on the floor and began CPR.2 She started

with infant CPR but when she blew breath in him and pushed on his chest, blood bubbles

emerged from his mouth. She then commenced adult CPR while appellant watched.

When she asked appellant what had happened, he replied that he was in the shower and

didn’t know. Eventually, appellant called 9-1-1 and advised Ms. Iman to get dressed. He

then took over the CPR.

2
Ms. Iman was trained as a medical assistant and was certified in CPR and infancy
care.
3
The first assistance to arrive was Amos McPherson, an EMT. He picked the baby

up, saw no chest rise, and immediately started CPR. He noticed blood and some clear

fluid coming from one of the child’s nostrils and summoned the paramedics, who were

outside. Paramedic Mark Grant entered the home and started CPR. The baby had no

pulse, and the paramedics were unable to intubate Amir or establish access for an IV line.

When they attempted to insert a laryngoscope, they observed blood in the airway and

were unable to see the vocal cords. They transported the child to Holy Cross Hospital.

Appellant followed the medical unit to the hospital in the back of a fire truck.

During the trip, he told one of the firefighters, Russel Miles, that he had fed Amir and,

when finished, wrapped him in some blankets and put him in the basinet. The baby made

some “whimpering noises” for a while but then was silent. Appellant checked on him

about 15 minutes later and saw blood coming from his nose. The baby was unresponsive

and not breathing. Appellant said that he then called 9-1-1 and started CPR.3

Amir arrived at the hospital around 4:00 a.m. Dr. Mark Roddy, an attending

physician at the pediatric emergency department, observed that Amir was not breathing

or moving and appeared to be blue in the face. The staff was able to resuscitate him and

get a spontaneous heart rate, but, as the hospital had no intensive care unit for children, it

transported Amir to the Children’s National Medical Center, where he spent about two

3
With some modifications, appellant repeated that statement to Police Sergeant
Kenneth Musgrave in the emergency room at the hospital. He told Sergeant Musgrave
that he heard Amir fussing and went to feed him, but the baby did not want the bottle, so
he put him back in the basinet and went to lie down in another room. When he returned
to check on the child about 20 minutes later, he saw blood coming from Amir’s nose, at
which point he awakened Ms. Iman, who took over the CPR, and he then called 9-1-1.
4
months but then was moved for a while to a hospice. He later was transferred back to the

Medical Center because he was still on life support and a breathing ventilator.

Amir received a variety of medications -- to regulate his breathing, to prevent

seizure, for muscle spasms and stool softeners, and to regulate his heartbeat and body

temperature – and he had a feeding tube. Still, he was not stable. Ms. Iman testified that,

during the time Amir was at the Medical Center, appellant “wasn’t even in the room . . .

[but was] about in the hallway, and then sometimes he would go into the conference

rooms on his phone.”

Ms. Iman was shown a CAT scan of Amir’s brain so she could see the significant

damage to her son’s brain. After struggling with the decision and upon the

recommendation of the doctors, who believed that Amir would never recover, she agreed

to have him taken off life support. Appellant initially objected to that, but he was

incarcerated at that point and was not part of the decision. Amir died three days after the

withdrawal of life support.

DISCUSSION

Instructions on Second-Degree Murder

Murder is a single common law crime in Maryland that has been defined as “the

killing of one human being by another with the requisite malevolent state of mind and

without justification, excuse, or mitigation.” Ross v. State, 308 Md. 337, 340 (1987);

Harrison v. State, 382 Md. 477, 488 (2004). By statute, the crime has been divided into

two degrees for purposes of punishment. Burch v. State, 346 Md. 253, 274 (1997). All

murder – first and second-degree – requires proof of malice. Gladden v. State, 273 Md.

5
383, 388 (1974). As related to murder, malice has been defined as “the intentional doing

of a wrongful act to another without legal excuse or justification” and as including “any

wrongful act done willfully or purposely.” Id., quoting from Chisley v. State, 202 Md.

87, 105 (1953). The Gladden Court confirmed that malice may be express or implied

from the circumstances, that a specific intent to kill is not necessary, and that malice may

be implied “from the attendant circumstances in some unintentional killings.” Id.

Malice is a malevolent state of mind. The kinds of malevolent states of mind that

qualify for murder are “(1) the intent to kill, (2) the intent to do grievous bodily harm, (3)

the intent to do an act under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value

of human life (depraved heart), or (4) the intent to commit a dangerous felony.”

Harrison v. State, supra, 382 Md. at 488. In Burch, supra, 346 Md. at 274, the Court

applied these principles specifically to second-degree murder, declaring:

“Second degree murder embraces a killing accompanied by any of at least
three alternative mentes reae [guilty mind]: killing another person (other
than by poison or lying in wait) with the intent to kill, but without the
deliberation and premeditation required for first degree murder; killing
another person with the intent to inflict such serious bodily harm that death
would be the likely result; and what has become known as depraved heart
murder – a killing resulting from ‘the deliberate perpetration of a
knowingly dangerous act with reckless and wanton unconcern and
indifference as to whether anyone is harmed or not.’” (citations omitted).

and

“As Judge Moylan pointed out in [citations omitted], the intent to inflict
serious bodily harm and the recklessness required for depraved heart
murder have been regarded as a form of malice, sufficiently blameworthy
in the eyes of the law to cause the homicidal conduct to constitute murder.”

6
The Circuit Court initially had some difficulty explaining this to the jury in its

instructions on second-degree murder. Ultimately, it informed the jury that there were

three possible intents that would suffice to constitute second-degree murder and

explained what they were.4 The court instructed that, for a juror to find guilt, he or she

had to find beyond a reasonable doubt each of the elements of the intent he or she

believed applicable – that a juror could not mix the elements of one intent with the

elements of another. Appellant did not object to those instructions. The issue before us

stems from the further instruction that all 12 jurors did not have to agree on the specific

intent possessed by appellant so long as all 12 found beyond a reasonable doubt the

elements of at least one of them – that some could find all of the elements of an “intent to

kill,” others could find the elements of an intent to inflict serious bodily harm, and others

could find the elements of depraved heart.

Appellant complains that those instructions “conflate[s] three separate offenses,

treating them as a single crime, and improperly permitted the jury to render a seemingly

unanimous verdict without ensuring actual juror unanimity as to the elements of a single

charged offense.” That argument, in an analogous context, was considered and rejected

by the Supreme Court in Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624 (1991) and, relying in part on

Schad, by the Court of Appeals in Crispino v. State, 417 Md. 31, 47-49 (2010).

Schad involved a conviction for first degree murder in Arizona. That State, like

Maryland, treated murder as a unitary crime divided into two degrees and regarded as

4
It does not appear that second-degree felony murder was an issue in the case.
7
alternative mentes reae for first-degree murder a premeditated homicide and a killing

committed in the course of certain enumerated felonies. The issue before the Supreme

Court relevant here was whether jury instructions that did not require unanimous

agreement on which mens rea the defendant possessed were Constitutionally deficient.

Both theories had been advanced at trial. The trial court instructed the jurors that

either would constitute first-degree murder and that all 12 had to agree on a verdict, but it

did not instruct that all 12 had to agree on the particular mens rea possessed by the

defendant. Against the same argument made here, the Arizona Supreme Court affirmed,

holding that, although a defendant is entitled to a unanimous verdict, he or she is not

entitled to unanimity on the precise manner in which the act was committed, and the

Supreme Court affirmed.

In a plurality Opinion by Justice Souter, for himself, Chief Justice Rehnquist, and

Justices O’Connor and Kennedy, and over a dissent by Justices White, Marshall,

Blackmun, and Stevens, the four Justices first observed that it was a “long-established

rule of criminal law that an indictment need not specify which overt act, among several

named, was the means by which a crime was committed” and that the Court had “never

suggested that in returning general verdicts in such cases the jurors should be required to

agree upon a single means of commission.” Id. at 631. Those cases, the plurality said,

involved alternative ways of proving actus reus but there was no reason “why the rule

that the jury need not agree as to mere means of satisfying the actus reus element of an

offense should not apply equally to alternative means of satisfying the element of mens

rea.” Id. at 632.

8
Having reached that conclusion, the plurality Opinion acknowledged that there

were due process limits on a State’s ability to define different courses of conduct or states

of mind as merely alternative means of committing a single offense and offered two

analytical considerations for determining those limits – whether the State’s particular way

of defining a crime has a long history or is in widespread use and whether there was some

“moral equivalence” in the alternative methods. The plurality concluded that the Arizona

approach (which is Maryland’s approach) satisfied both of those tests, holding, as to the

first, that “there is sufficiently widespread acceptance of the two mental states as

alternative means of satisfying the mens rea element of the single crime of first degree

murder to persuade us that Arizona has not departed from the norm.” Id. at 642. With

respect to the second consideration – moral equivalence – the Opinion said that “[i]f,

then, two mental states are supposed to be equivalent means to satisfy the mens rea

element of a single offense, they must reasonably reflect notions of equivalent

blameworthiness or culpability, whereas a difference in their perceived degrees of

culpability would be a reason to conclude that they identified different offenses

altogether. Petitioner has made out no case for such moral disparity in this instance.”

Justice Scalia, concurring in the judgment, took issue with the plurality’s reliance

on moral equivalence and its view that “neither the antiquity of a practice nor the fact of

steadfast legislative and judicial adherence to it through centuries insulates it from

constitutional attack.” Although acknowledging that may be true with respect to some

Constitutional attacks, he found the plurality’s approach wanting in a due process

context. He asserted that a “‘[f]undamental fairness’ analysis may appropriately be

9
applied to departures from traditional American conceptions of due process” but not “an

American tradition that is deep and broad and continuing.” Id. at 650 (Emphasis in

original). In short, he agreed with the plurality’s view based on the “endorsement of

history,” thereby supplying the fifth vote for that approach.

The Supreme Court confirmed Schad in Richardson v. United States, 526 U.S. 813

(1999). The issue there was whether, in a prosecution for engaging in a continuing

criminal enterprise (21 U.S.C. §848), the jury had to agree not only on whether there was

a continuing series of violations but also on the individual violations that comprised the

continuing series, and the Court held in the affirmative.

The Court distinguished that case from Schad, citing Schad for the proposition that

a Federal jury “need not always decide unanimously which of several possible sets of

underlying brute facts make up a particular element, say, which of several possible means

the defendant used to commit an element of the crime,” adding that “[w]here, for

example, an element of robbery is force or the threat of force, some jurors might

conclude that the defendant used a knife to create the threat; others might conclude he

used a gun. But that disagreement – a disagreement about means – would not matter as

long as all 12 jurors unanimously concluded that the Government had proved the

necessary related element, namely, that the defendant had threatened force.” Id. at 817.

Explaining the distinction with Schad, the Court noted that there was no evidence

of any Congressional intent to treat the continuing criminal enterprise statute as viewing

the individual violations as merely a means of violating the law; nor was there any

tradition of that approach. Using essentially the Schad analysis, the Court concluded that

10
the statute required unanimity as to each alleged violation. There was no “endorsement

of history.”

Buoyed by Richardson, defendants (including appellant) have asserted that Schad

was effectively overruled by that case. That argument has been rejected. See Reed v.

Quarterman, 504 F.3d 465 (5th Cir. 2007). There is a solid basis for its rejection. There

is nothing in the Richardson Opinion that in any way purports to overrule Schad. The

Richardson Court distinguished Schad on its facts but clearly cited it with approval.

Appellant relies on Richardson but ignores Schad, declining even to cite it in his brief.

That is- surprising, and frankly disturbing, in light of Crispino v. State, supra, 417 Md.

31, which also is not cited, though it clearly is on point. See Md. Rule 19-303.3(a)(3).

Crispino was charged with child sexual abuse based on evidence of two incidents

of “French kissing” and two incidents of cunnilingus. Citing Richardson, he complained

on appeal that the trial court refused to give a jury instruction requiring unanimity on the

specific act that formed the basis for its verdict. Citing Schad, the Court rejected that

argument, holding that “[t]he concept that jurors need not be unanimous with regard to a

specific act, but rather, whether all elements of an offense are proven is well-settled” and,

quoting from Justice Scalia’s concurring Opinion, agreed that “it has long been the

general rule that when a single crime can be committed in various ways, jurors need not

agree upon the mode of commission.” See also Rice v. State, 311 Md. 116 (1987).

The Schad analysis and holding, applied in Schad to the two alternative mentes

reae of first degree murder, apply equally to the three alternative mentes reae of second-

11
degree murder at issue in this case. So long as all jurors find all of the elements of any

one of those alternatives to have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, a guilty verdict

of second-degree murder will stand, notwithstanding that some jurors may have found an

intent to kill while others found an intent to commit grievous bodily harm or the elements

of depraved heart murder. That was the essence of the instruction given in this case.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

Appellant contends that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a

conviction for either second-degree murder or for the three counts of child abuse. We

have already described what needs to be proved to warrant a conviction for second-

degree murder – killing another person with the intent to kill or the intent to inflict such

serious bodily harm that death would be the likely result, or a killing resulting from the

deliberate perpetration of a knowingly dangerous act with reckless or wanton unconcern

and indifference as to whether anyone is harmed.

The crime of child abuse also is divided into degrees, the elements of which are

defined in Md. Code, §3-601 of the Criminal Law Article. “Abuse” is defined as

“physical injury sustained by a minor as a result of cruel or inhumane treatment or as a

result of a malicious act under circumstances that indicate that the minor’s health or

welfare is harmed by the treatment or act.” As relevant to this case, first-degree child

abuse includes a parent causing abuse to a minor that results in the death of the minor or

causes severe physical injury to the minor. Second-degree abuse includes a parent

causing abuse to a minor. Severe physical injury includes brain injury or bleeding within

12
the skull and physical injury that creates a substantial risk of death or loss or impairment

of the function of any bodily member or organ.

The standard for determining the legal sufficiency of evidence is whether, taking

the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. It is for the

trier of fact, not us, to draw inferences and determine the credibility of witnesses. Perry

v. State, 229 Md. App. 687, 696-97 (2016).

There was a great deal of medical evidence regarding the nature and extent of

Amir’s injuries, particularly injuries to his brain. We need not recount it all in detail.

Although witnesses produced by the defense opined that those injuries could have been

natural or accidental, the jury obviously did not credit that evidence; nor was it required

to do so. There was ample evidence from the State, through Doctors Jackson, Murnich,

and Miller that the injuries to Amir’s brain and eyes were recent, severe, and traumatic,

and arose from violent and repeated shaking or direct impact of the head against a hard or

soft surface. Dr. Murnich stated that, when he sees “severe trauma like this,” he thinks

of” a high-speed motor vehicle crash” and not “an ordinary household accident.” Dr.

Jackson described what she saw as “violent, repetitive shaking of, of a baby” and “[t]his

is not the kind of gentle tussling or bouncing of a baby.”

That evidence clearly sufficed to show (1) for purposes of second-degree murder,

an intent to kill, an intent to inflict such serious bodily injury that death would be the

likely result, or the deliberate perpetration of a knowingly dangerous act with reckless or

wanton unconcern and indifference as to whether Amir would be harmed, and (2) for

13
purposes of child abuse, serious physical injury sustained by a minor as a result of cruel

or inhumane treatment or a malicious act under circumstances indicating that the child’s

health or welfare is harmed or threatened by the act or treatment.

The evidence also was overwhelmingly sufficient to show that appellant was the

parent who caused those injuries. Dr. Jackson testified that Amir’s brain injury would

have caused immediate symptoms, and his ability to suck and swallow would have been

affected. When Ms. Iman put Amir to bed at 11:00 after feeding and bathing him, the

child appeared to be fine. There was no blood in his nose; he wasn’t blue or non-

responsive; he was able to suck and swallow. The only contact that the child had prior to

appellant waking Ms. Iman at 2:00 a.m. was with him. He alone had the opportunity to

cause the damage during that three-hour period. Deliberation and malicious, cruel,

inhumane intent may be inferred from that circumstance and from the nature and severity

of the injuries inflicted.

Testimony Regarding Appellant’s Desire That Pregnancy Be Aborted

Appellant moved in limine to exclude Ms. Iman’s expected testimony that, upon

learning that she was pregnant, appellant wanted her to have an abortion. He claimed

that the testimony would be irrelevant and unduly prejudicial. That motion was denied.

When that testimony was presented at trial, however, no objection was made. His

complaint, therefore, has been waived. Reed v. State, 353 Md. 628, 637 (1999); Brown v.

State, 373 Md. 234, 242 (2003).5

Later in the trial, in his own testimony, appellant admitted discussing with Ms.
5

Iman whether to continue the pregnancy, noting that he was already under an obligation
14
Failure to Admit Entirety of Appellant’s Statement to Police

While at Children’s Hospital on February 4, appellant was interviewed by two

detectives whose names he could not remember. That interview was audio-recorded and

a transcript was made of the recording. During the first part of that interview, appellant

was asked about, and recounted, at least some of what had happened. He denied causing

any harm to Amir. Prior to that interview – while Amir was still at Holy Cross Hospital –

a doctor had indicated that Amir had a skull fracture, which, following a subsequent CAT

scan, was shown to be incorrect; there was no fracture. Appellant was asked about that as

well.

During cross-examination of appellant, the prosecutor inquired about the

conversations appellant had with Firefighter Miles while in route to Holy Cross Hospital,

with Sergeant Musgrave at that hospital, and with two detectives at Children’s Hospital.

With respect to the conversation that occurred at Children’s Hospital, the prosecutor

asked about statements appellant had made during the first part of the interview,

referencing the first 12 pages of the transcript of that conversation, up to the mention of

the inaccurate indication of a skull fracture. Neither the transcript nor the audio

recording was placed in evidence or quoted during the cross-examination; nor were they

marked for identification and included in the record. The focus of the cross-examination

was to point out inconsistencies between statements made during that interview and his

to support two children he had from another relationship. He stated that, in the end, they
agreed to have the pregnancy continue.
15
trial testimony, mostly with respect to things to which he testified but never disclosed to

the detectives.

At the conclusion of the cross-examination, defense counsel moved to admit the

entire audio recording “under the rule of completeness.” The prosecutor objected on the

ground that her inquiry had been limited to inconsistencies between appellant’s

statements to the detectives prior to any mention of the alleged skull fracture and his

testimony – statements he included in his testimony but acknowledged had not been

disclosed to the detectives. That is classic impeachment. It appears that what appellant

wanted was to introduce his self-serving hearsay denials of accusations thereafter made

by the officers, particularly those concerning the inaccurate indication of a skull fracture.

When asked what the defense wanted to add, counsel said:

“It’s the police officers’ accusations against him in the way that he is
further explaining things and consistent with him saying I didn’t do
anything. I don’t know what happened. It’s consistency despite their
further accusations and the further information which then, when that
information turns out to be false about the skull fracture, it’s clear that he
had been consistent that that’s why he didn’t know what had happened to
the skull fracture because there wasn’t, in fact, a skull fracture.”

The court responded that none of that amounted to “telling the rest of the story” or

explaining why he failed to tell the detectives things to which he testified in court, which

was the only subject of the cross-examination – to ferret out things he was saying for the

first time. The court denied appellant’s motion, concluding that “this doesn’t call for

completeness,” adding “It’s not like he, they only got half the story from him and now

we’re keeping that from the jury.”

16
Md. Rule 5-106, with one exception not relevant here, codifies the common law

doctrine of verbal completeness. Conyers v. State, 345 Md. 525, 540 (1997). It provides:

“When part or all of a writing or recorded statement is introduced by a
party, an adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any
other part or any other writing or recorded statement which ought in
fairness to be considered contemporaneously with it.”

We are dealing here with a recorded and transcribed statement, none of which was

introduced into evidence. Part of it was used as a reference for cross-examination but

never quoted or introduced. Moreover, although the statement presumably was supplied

to appellant in discovery (see Md. Rule 4-263(d)(1)), there was no proffer, other than

what is recounted above, of what the balance of the statement that appellant sought to

introduce said, nor was it included in the record before us, even as merely marked for

identification. No attempt was made to inquire on re-direct examination about any

further statements made by appellant to the officers.

In her classic treatise on Maryland evidence law, Professor Lynn McLain, citing

Conyers v. State, supra, notes:

“The rule of completeness does not provide a bootstrap for the admission of
otherwise improper evidence. If there is a ground of objection to the part of
the statement offered under the rule of completeness, which did not apply
to the part of the statement admitted on direct examination, the court should
exclude it, unless its explanatory value outweighs the danger of prejudice
from its admission.”

Lynn McLain, Maryland Evidence State and Federal, 2nd ed. 2001, § 106.1 at 169.

Here, we have no practical ability to determine, other than from the brief and

unenlightening characterizations of counsel, what precisely the balance of the recorded

statement would have revealed – what questions and answers were recorded that, in

17
fairness, should have been available to the jury. All that appears from the colloquy

between counsel and the court is that, in other parts of the interview, appellant denied any

wrongdoing, which, on its face, does nothing to add context to what he didn’t tell the

detectives. On the record before us, we find no error in the court’s ruling.

JUDGMENTS AFFIRMED; APPELLANT
TO PAY THE COSTS.

18