Caples v. State

Brandon Stanley Caples v. State of Maryland
No. 1920, September Term 2022

Search and Seizure – Search Warrants – Validity of Warrant – Cross-Designation of
Issuing Judge. A search warrant for a residence in Charles County was issued by two
incumbent judges of the Circuit Court of Prince George’s County. The defendant moved
to suppress evidence recovered during execution of the warrant solely on the ground that
neither judge who signed the warrant had jurisdiction to authorize a search in Charles
County. The issuing judges had both been cross-designated by the Chief Judge of the Court
of Appeals of Maryland (now known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
Maryland), pursuant to the Chief Judge’s authority under the Maryland Constitution and
Maryland Rules, to the District Court during the period that the warrant was issued and
therefore had statewide jurisdiction. In addition, both judges had also been cross-
designated to the Circuit Court for Charles County under an administrative order, then in
effect, issued by the Chief Judge in connection with the COVID-19 emergency.
Accordingly, the judges who issued the search warrant had jurisdiction to do so and the
warrant was not invalid for lack of jurisdiction. Evidence recovered during execution of
the warrant was not subject to exclusion for violation of the Fourth Amendment solely on
that ground.
Circuit Court for Charles County
Case No. C-08-CR-22-000268
REPORTED

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF MARYLAND

No. 1920

September Term, 2022

BRANDON STANLEY CAPLES

v.

STATE OF MARYLAND

Graeff
Shaw
McDonald, Robert N.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

JJ.

Opinion by McDonald, J.

Filed: July 1, 2024

Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act (§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State
Government Article) this document is authentic.

2024.07.01
14:44:45 -04'00'

Gregory Hilton, Clerk
Pursuant to a plea agreement with the State, Appellant Brandon S. Caples pled guilty

in the Circuit Court for Charles County, under a rule allowing conditional guilty pleas, 1 to

unlawfully possessing two regulated firearms. The police had discovered those firearms

while they were arresting him on an unrelated charge at an apartment he shared with his

girlfriend in Charles County. The police later seized those weapons, among others, after

obtaining a search warrant for the apartment. The Circuit Court ultimately denied Mr.

Caples’ motion to suppress the two firearms. Under the plea agreement, Mr. Caples

retained the right to appeal that decision. This is that appeal.

As a starting point for his motion to suppress the firearms, Mr. Caples asserted that

the search warrant for the apartment, which had been issued by two Prince George’s

County Circuit Court judges, was invalid. Specifically, Mr. Caples argued that the judges

who signed the warrant lacked the authority to issue a warrant for execution in Charles

County; that, absent a valid warrant, the officers’ seizure of the two guns violated the

requirement of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution that searches be

performed only pursuant to a proper warrant 2; and that none of the judicially-recognized

1
Maryland Rule 4-242(d)(2).
2
The Fourth Amendment provides:

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,
and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
person or things to be seized.
exceptions to that requirement applied to these circumstances. The State responded that

the judges had authority to issue the warrant under administrative orders in effect at that

time and that, even if the warrant was invalid, the search was constitutional because two

exceptions to the warrant requirement applied – the “plain view doctrine” and the good

faith exception. The Circuit Court concluded that the search warrant was invalid, but that

the seizure of the two firearms was proper under the plain view doctrine.

For the reasons explained below, we hold that the search warrant was valid. We

therefore affirm the conviction without reaching the question whether the plain view

doctrine applied to the seizure of the two firearms.

I

Background

A. Facts Relevant to the Search and Search Warrant

On November 11, 2021, officers from the Fugitive Unit of the Prince George’s

County Police Department, accompanied by a detective from the same department and a

Charles County law enforcement officer, arrived at an apartment that Mr. Caples shared

with his girlfriend in Charles County to execute an arrest warrant for Mr. Caples that had

been issued in Prince George’s County. The officers entered the apartment and called for

Mr. Caples to appear. He emerged from a bedroom and obeyed their instructions to lie on

the floor. An officer then checked the bedroom to see if anyone else was there. While

A key aspect of the warrant requirement is to ensure “the detached scrutiny of a
neutral magistrate” as a safeguard against unreasonable searches. Patterson v. State, 401
Md. 76, 90 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
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doing so, the officer saw a handgun and an “AK47 style rifle” on the bed. The officer

showed the firearms to the detective, who then went to the Circuit Court for Prince

George’s County to apply for a search warrant for the apartment to seize firearms and

evidence related to the charge on which Mr. Caples had been arrested.

The officer completed an application and affidavit on a form captioned “In the

Circuit/District Court for Prince George’s County, Maryland.” As to the location to be

searched, the application specified a particular address in “Waldorf, Charles County.” The

signature lines for the signature of the judicial officer before whom the affidavit was

subscribed and sworn were labeled “Judge.” On those lines appear the handwritten names

and signatures, but not the titles, of two judges. 3

The warrant itself was also on a form captioned “In the Circuit/District Court for

Prince George’s County.” As to the location to be searched, it too specified the address as

being in “Waldorf, Charles County.” It bore signature lines under the heading, “Judge’s

signature.” On those lines appear the handwritten names, but not the titles, of the two

judges before whom the detective had signed the application form. 4

3
One of the judges was newly appointed; the other was an experienced judge
assigned to mentor the newly-appointed judge under the Circuit Court’s program for
training new judges.
4
The return of the search warrant was later made to another judge in Prince
George’s County, but did not identify the court. A processing form completed by a law
enforcement officer referred to the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County.

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At the time, both judges whose names were on the forms were incumbent judges on

the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County. 5 However, that was not their only role that

day. Under a series of administrative orders issued in response to the COVID-19

pandemic, including the one in effect on November 11, 2021 – the day the search warrant

was issued – “all incumbent Maryland judges,” except Orphans’ Court judges, were “cross-

designated to sit in any trial court in the State of Maryland.” Third Amended

Administrative Order Expanding Statewide Judiciary Operations in Light of the COVID-

19 Emergency (August 6, 2021). In addition, a separate order, also in effect at that time

and not explicitly related to the COVID-19 emergency, had specifically designated 23

judges of the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, including one of the judges who

signed the search warrant, “to sit, either alone or with one or more Judges as Judges of the

District Court of Maryland – District 5 (Prince George’s County) for the period from July

1, 2021 through June 30, 2022, inclusive….” Designation (July 1, 2021). Similarly, a

third order specifically added the second judge to that designation for the period from

October 8, 2021 through June 30, 2022. Designation (October 8, 2021). All of the orders

were issued by the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals (now known as the Supreme Court

of Maryland) and cited Article IV, §18 of the Maryland Constitution and the Maryland

Rules as authority for the designations.

5
The substantive basis for the warrant is not relevant to this appeal. Mr. Caples
challenged the validity of the warrant only on the ground that neither judge had the power
to issue a warrant for a search in Charles County.
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B. Procedural History

On May 20, 2022, a grand jury in the Circuit Court for Charles County returned a

21-count indictment charging Mr. Caples with various firearms offenses relating to the

firearms seized during the search. 6

Mr. Caples filed a motion to suppress all of the evidence that the officers seized

when they executed the search warrant. The stated basis for that motion was that the judges

who issued the warrant were Circuit Court judges in Prince George’s County and lacked

jurisdiction to issue a warrant for a residence in Charles County, thus rendering the search

warrant invalid. In response, the State argued that the judges who issued the warrant had

jurisdiction pursuant to designations made in the administrative orders issued in response

to the COVID-19 emergency. In the alternative, the State also invoked two exceptions to

the warrant requirement: the “good faith exception” that applies when officers rely in good

faith on a search warrant later determined to be defective and, specifically as to the two

guns that officers observed in the bedroom when they executed the arrest warrant, the

“plain view doctrine.”

The Circuit Court held several hearings on the motion to suppress and heard

testimony from two of the investigating officers. Ultimately, the Circuit Court concluded

that the judges who had issued the warrant lacked jurisdiction and so it granted the motion

6
The original indictment included incorrect dates for the offenses. The grand jury
later returned a second indictment with the correct dates. After the plea agreement was
reached, the second indictment was stetted and dates of two charges in the original
indictment were amended to correct the relevant date for the counts to which Mr. Caples
pled guilty.
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to suppress the fruits of the search. In suppressing the fruits of the search, the court

implicitly concluded that the good faith exception did not apply. However, with respect to

the two guns observed by officers in the bedroom during Mr. Caples’ arrest, the court held

that they would be admissible under the plain view doctrine.

On September 14, 2022, Mr. Caples pled guilty to two counts of the indictment

pertaining to the two weapons that the officers had initially found on the bed. The guilty

plea was pursuant to an agreement with the State under which the plea was conditioned on

his right to appeal the adverse decision on his motion to suppress the evidence of those

firearms. On December 8, 2022, the court sentenced him to a composite sentence of one

year incarceration followed by five years unsupervised probation. Mr. Caples was also

ordered to forfeit the weapons that had been seized during the search.

Mr. Caples filed a timely notice of appeal.

II

Discussion

A. Authority of Circuit Court and District Court Judges to Issue Search Warrants

By statute, circuit court and District Court judges are authorized to issue search

warrants. Maryland Code, Criminal Procedure Article (“CP”), §1-203. In particular, a

circuit court judge or a District Court judge may issue a search warrant “whenever it is

made to appear to the judge … that there is probable cause to believe that … a [crime] is

being committed by a person or in a … place or thing within the territorial jurisdiction of

the judge….” CP §1-203(a)(2); see also Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings

Article (“CJ”), §1-609 (pertaining to District Court judges’ authority).

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The “territorial jurisdiction” of a circuit court judge is distinct from that of a District

court judge. There is a separate circuit court for each Maryland county and Baltimore City.

Maryland Constitution, Article IV, §20. Each circuit court’s jurisdiction is specific to that

court’s county. See CJ §1-501 (each circuit court has “full common-law and equity powers

and jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases within its county….”). The circuit courts

“operate largely independently of each other.” Kent Island, LLC v. DiNapoli, 430 Md.

348, 363 (2013). Thus, a circuit court judge’s powers within the circuit court to which the

judge was appointed do not ordinarily include the power to issue a warrant for a search of

property located in the jurisdiction of another county. Gattus v. State, 204 Md. 589, 595-

96 (1954).

By contrast, the District Court is a unified court, not divided into jurisdictions within

the State. Maryland Constitution, Article IV, §§41A-41I. Accordingly, while District

Court judges may be assigned to sit in particular counties, they do not have separate

“territories” within the State. Birchead v. State, 317 Md. 691, 699 (1989). A District Court

judge may issue a search warrant that specifies a particular place anywhere in the State as

the location to be searched. Brown v. State 153 Md. App. 544, 576 (2003). Thus, the

reference to “territorial jurisdiction” in CP §1-203 does not confine a District Court judge’s

search-warrant authority to the issuance of a warrant for a search within the county in which

the particular District Court judge sits.

The territorial jurisdiction of a particular judge is also determined by any temporary

designation of that judge by the Chief Justice to sit on another court. Subject to exceptions

not relevant here, the State Constitution provides that the Chief Justice of the Supreme

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Court of Maryland (previously called the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals) “may, in

case of a vacancy, or of the illness, disqualification or other absence of a justice or judge

or for the purpose of relieving an accumulation of business in any court assign any justice

or judge … to sit temporarily in any court….” Maryland Constitution, Article IV, §18(b);

see also Maryland Rules 16-102(d), 16-108(b) (authorizing Chief Justice to assign a judge

temporarily to another court). Once assigned, the judge “has all the power and authority

pertaining to a justice or judge of the court to which the justice or judge is so assigned.”

Maryland Constitution, Article IV, §18(b); see also Maryland Rule 16-108(b). In

authorizing the Chief Justice to temporarily assign judges, neither the Constitution nor the

Maryland Rules suggest that the search-warrant power of a judge designated to a court by

assignment is any less than that of an incumbent judge of that court.

Similarly, in authorizing judges to issue search warrants, neither CP §1-203 nor CJ

§1-609 distinguishes between an incumbent judge of a court and a judge who has been

designated to sit as a judge of a court under the State Constitution and Maryland Rules.

The case law also does not suggest that the term “judge” as used in CP §1-203 and CJ §1-

609 should be construed to refer only to judges acting in their incumbent positions – that

is, the positions to which the Governor appointed them. See Dep’t of Hum. Res. v. Howard,

397 Md. 353, 362–63, (2007) (explaining that the phrase “incumbent judges” of the Court

of Special Appeals, now called the Appellate Court of Maryland, referred to the 13 active

judges of that court and did not encompass judges temporarily assigned to it). In Howard,

the Court contrasted CJ §1–403(c), which provides that “‘[t]he concurrence of a majority

of the incumbent judges of the entire court is necessary for decision of a case heard or

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reheard by the court in banc,’” with CJ §1–403(b), which refers to panels of “not less than

three judges,” and noted that “[t]he critical modifier ‘incumbent’ is conspicuous by its

absence [from CJ§ 1–403(b)].” 397 Md. at 363. That modifier is also absent from CP §1-

203 and CJ §1-609. It is thus evident that those sections confer on a judge specially

assigned to a court the same authority that they confer on an incumbent judge of that court.

B. Application to this Case

In this case, two judges of the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County, cross-

designated to sit temporarily as District Court judges in the District Court’s District 5,

issued a warrant for the search of an address that the warrant accurately described as being

located in Charles County. As explained above, a District Court judge’s authority to issue

a search warrant within Maryland is not constrained by county, and that authority is not

reserved to an incumbent District Court judge, as opposed to a judge temporarily assigned

to the District Court. There is no dispute that the two judges who signed the search warrant

at issue had been properly designated to sit in the District Court. They had also been cross-

designated under the COVID-19 emergency administrative order to sit as judges of the

Circuit Court for Charles County, among others. Either way, the judges had the authority

to issue the warrant for Mr. Caples’ residence. 7

7
At the motions hearings in the Circuit Court, the State alluded to the cross-
designation of the two judges to the District Court, but based its argument about the
warrant’s validity on their cross-designation to the Circuit Court for Charles County.
However, the State’s emphasis on the Circuit Court designation did not negate the actual
authority of those judges under their cross-designation to the District Court.

At the motions hearings, defense counsel focused in part on the headings of some
of the forms related to the search warrant that referred to Prince George’s County.
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The Circuit Court denied Mr. Caples’ motion to suppress on the ground that the

firearms had been in the officers’ plain view and that the circumstances therefore met the

plain view exception to the Fourth Amendment warrant requirement. In light of our

conclusion that the warrant was valid, we need not address exceptions to that requirement.

III

Conclusion

For the reasons explained above, we affirm the Circuit Court’s denial of Mr. Caples’

motion to suppress the evidence of the firearms that the police found on his bed, although

we do so on different grounds than those on which the Circuit Court relied.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CHARLES COUNTY
AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

However, the formal “label” that may appear on a document does not govern whether that
document satisfies the requisites of the Fourth Amendment. Cf. Whittington v. State, 474
Md. 1, 23-31 (2021) (court authorization for GPS tracking of defendant’s vehicle satisfied
warrant requirement of Fourth Amendment even though it was labeled a “court order”
rather than a “warrant”).

There was no dispute in the Circuit Court as to whether the application for the
warrant was supported by probable cause or whether the judges who signed the warrant
functioned as the “detached … neutral magistrate” envisioned by the Fourth Amendment.
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