Recurrent Energy Dev. Holdings, LLC v. Sunenergy1, LLC

Recurrent Energy Dev. Holdings, LLC v. SunEnergy1, LLC, 2017 NCBC 18.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN THE GENERAL COURT OF JUSTICE
SUPERIOR COURT DIVISION
MECKLENBURG COUNTY 16 CVS 15107

RECURRENT ENERGY )
DEVELOPMENT HOLDINGS, LLC, )
)
Plaintiff, ) ORDER AND OPINION ON
) PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL
v. ) JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS AND
) MOTION TO STRIKE OR DISMISS
SUNENERGY1, LLC, ) COUNTERCLAIM
)
Defendant. )
)

1. THIS MATTER is before the Court on Plaintiff’s motion for partial

judgment on the pleadings (the “Rule 12(c) Motion”) and motion to strike (the “Motion

to Strike”) or, in the alternative, to dismiss the counterclaim (the “Rule 12(b)(6)

Motion”) filed on December 29, 2016 as a single motion. The Rule 12(c) Motion,

Motion to Strike, and Rule 12(b)(6) Motion are collectively referred to herein as the

“Motions.” For the reasons set forth below, the Court hereby DENIES the Motions.

Poyner Spruill, LLP, by Cynthia L. Van Horne, Lee A. Spinks, and
Sarah L. DiFranco, for Plaintiff.

Robinson, Bradshaw & Hinson, P.A., by John R. Wester, Douglas M.
Jarrell, and Fitz E. Barringer, for Defendant.

Robinson, Judge.

I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

2. The Court sets forth here only those portions of the procedural history

relevant to its determination of the Motions.
3. Plaintiff Recurrent Energy Development Holdings, LLC (“Plaintiff” or

“Recurrent”) initiated this action by filing its complaint on August 23, 2016. This

case was designated as a mandatory complex business case by order of the Chief

Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina dated August 26, 2016 and assigned

to the undersigned by order of Chief Business Court Judge James L. Gale dated

August 29, 2016.

4. On September 9, 2016, Plaintiff filed its Amended Complaint (“Complaint”).

5. On November 9, 2016, Defendant SunEnergy1, LLC (“Defendant” or

“SunEnergy”) filed its answer.

6. On November 30, 2016, Plaintiff filed a motion for partial judgment on the

pleadings and brief in support.

7. On December 9, 2016, Defendant filed its first amended answer and

counterclaim (“Answer” or “Counterclaim”).

8. On December 29, 2016, Plaintiff filed the Motions and a supporting brief

seeking judgment on the pleadings as to certain of its claims for relief, and to strike

or dismiss the Counterclaim. The Motions have been fully briefed, and the Court held

a hearing on the Motions on February 21, 2017. The Motions are now ripe for

resolution.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. Rule 12(c) Motion

9. The Court does not make findings of fact on a motion for judgment on the

pleadings under Rule 12(c) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule(s)”),
but only recites the factual allegations of the Answer and the undisputed factual

allegations of the Complaint.

10. Recurrent is a Delaware limited liability company (“LLC”) with its principal

place of business in California. (Am. Compl. ¶ 1 [hereinafter Compl.]; First Am.

Answer & Countercl. 10, ¶ 2 [hereinafter Answer].)

11. SunEnergy is a North Carolina LLC with its principal place of business in

North Carolina. (Compl. ¶ 2; Answer 2, ¶ 2.)

12. Recurrent and SunEnergy are in the business of developing solar energy

projects. (Compl. ¶¶ 1−2; Answer 2, 10.)

1. The Projects

13. Recurrent expressed interest in buying, and SunEnergy desired to sell, all

of the assets necessary for the development of two solar energy projects in North

Carolina (the “Proposed Transaction”), one in Bertie County (the “Aulander Project”)

and the other in Gates County (the “Haslett Project”) (collectively, the “Project(s)”).

(Compl. ¶ 3; Answer 2, ¶ 3.)

14. On or about February 11, 2016, Recurrent and SunEnergy executed a

Confidential Letter of Intent (the “LOI”). (Compl. ¶ 4; Answer 3, ¶ 4.) The LOI set

forth the parties’ agreement on certain matters pending consummation of the

Proposed Transaction. (Compl. Ex. A, ¶ C [hereinafter LOI].)

15. Under the terms of the LOI, Recurrent had the right to pay $2 million to

SunEnergy in connection with each Project to secure a twelve-month exclusivity

period during which SunEnergy agreed not to engage in any activity that would effect
a disposition of the assets of the Project for which payment had been made (the

“Exclusivity Payment”). (LOI ¶ 1.)

16. For each Project, the LOI set forth target development milestones by which

SunEnergy was to achieve certain objectives with respect to the Projects (the “TDM”).

(LOI ¶ 3.) With respect to both Projects, the TDM required the following:

 Issuance of administrative permits twenty-one days prior to the

agreed upon notice-to-proceed date;

 Lease agreement in final form and issuance of discretionary permits

by August 30, 2016;

 Executable Interconnection Services Agreement and Construction

Services Agreement by September 1, 2016; and

 A clean title report by September 30, 2016. (LOI Annex B.)

The Aulander Project TDM additionally required wetlands delineation by April 30,

2016 and an executed option to lease additional land by June 30, 2016. (LOI Annex

B.)

17. Paragraph 3 of the LOI provided that

[i]n the event that [SunEnergy] fails to achieve the [TDM] for a
Project . . . , [Recurrent] shall have the right, by written election to
[SunEnergy], to purchase all of the assets necessary to develop,
construct and operate one of the projects set forth in Annex C . . . or a
project subsequently identified and developed by [SunEnergy] (a
“Replacement Project”). [SunEnergy] shall provide said Replacement
Project, which shall be chosen at [Recurrent]’s sole discretion, to
[Recurrent] within 5 business days of [Recurrent]’s written election.

(LOI ¶ 3.)
18. Except as specifically provided in paragraph 4 of the LOI, the Exclusivity

Payment was non-refundable. (LOI ¶ 4a.) Paragraph 4b of the LOI provided that if

SunEnergy “fails to achieve the [TDM] for a Project . . . due to a wetlands issue with

such Project, then 100% of the Exclusivity Payment for the applicable Project will be

refunded to [Recurrent] within sixty (60) days of the date of [Recurrent]’s written

election.” (LOI ¶ 4b.)

19. Paragraph 4c of the LOI provided that

[i]n the event [SunEnergy] fails to provide a Replacement Project as
provided in [paragraph] 3 with the same MWac capacity as the original
Project, then 37.5% of the Exclusivity Payment for the applicable Project
will be refunded to [Recurrent] within sixty (60) days of the date of
[Recurrent]’s written election.

(LOI ¶ 4c.)

20. Paragraph 4d of the LOI provided that

[i]n the event [SunEnergy] provides a Replacement Project as provided
in [paragraph] 3, but [SunEnergy] fails to achieve the [TDM] . . . with
respect to such Replacement Project or it becomes evident . . . that such
Replacement Project is not able to be developed and constructed to
achieve commercial operation on or before December 31, 2017, then
37.5% of the Exclusivity Payment for the applicable Project will be
refunded to [Recurrent] within sixty (60) days of December 31, 2017.

21. As of the date of the LOI, three replacement projects with the same MWac

capacity as the Projects were specifically identified and exclusively available to

Recurrent in the event that SunEnergy failed to achieve the TDM for either Project

(the “Replacement Project(s)”): Moyock Solar, LLC (“Moyock”); Shawboro East Ridge

Solar, LLC; and Hobbsville Solar, LLC. (LOI Annex C.)
22. On or about February 11, 2016, Recurrent made a $2 million Exclusivity

Payment to SunEnergy for the Aulander Project (the “Aulander Exclusivity

Payment”) and a $2 million Exclusivity Payment to SunEnergy for the Haslett Project

(the “Haslett Exclusivity Payment”). (Compl. ¶ 10; Answer 3, ¶ 10.)

23. According to SunEnergy, “the [Aulander Project] could not proceed at its

planned size because of wetlands issues with the project site.” (Answer 3, ¶ 11.) A

wetlands survey revealed that a percentage of the Aulander Project site was located

in an area that would be considered jurisdictional wetlands by the United States

Army Corps of Engineers. (Compl. ¶ 12; Answer 3−4, ¶ 12.) Thus, the site was

unsuitable for a solar energy facility with the MWac capacity that was planned for

the site. (Answer 4, ¶ 12.)

24. SunEnergy alleges that, at some time prior to May 2, 2016, Recurrent

“effectively made a written election to proceed” with the Moyock Replacement Project,

rather than the Aulander Project. (Answer 4, ¶ 13.)

25. On May 2, 2016, Recurrent gave written notice to SunEnergy demanding a

full refund of the Aulander Exclusivity Payment. (Compl. ¶ 14, Ex. B; Answer 4, ¶

14.)

26. On July 13, 2016, Recurrent gave written notice to SunEnergy asserting

that SunEnergy had failed to comply with the LOI by failing to refund the Aulander

Exclusivity Payment. (Compl. ¶ 22, Ex. E; Answer 5, ¶ 22.)

27. SunEnergy has not refunded the Aulander Exclusivity Payment. (Compl.

¶ 34; Answer 7, ¶ 34.)
28. SunEnergy could not obtain a special use permit for the Haslett Project

because of a moratorium on the issuance of special use permits or construction of

solar projects in Gates County. (Answer 4, ¶ 16.)

29. On August 31, 2016, Recurrent gave written notice to SunEnergy asserting

that SunEnergy had failed to meet the August 30, 2016 TDM for the Haslett Project

and requesting that SunEnergy provide a Replacement Project within one day.

(Compl. ¶ 17, Ex. C; Answer 4, ¶ 17.) The Moyock Replacement Project was available

to Recurrent as a Replacement Project for the Haslett Project. (Answer 5, ¶ 18.)

30. On September 8, 2016, Recurrent gave written notice to SunEnergy

demanding a 37.5% refund of the Haslett Exclusivity Payment. (Compl. ¶ 20, Ex. D;

Answer 5, ¶ 20.) Recurrent alleges that the refund was due by November 7, 2016,

which was after the Complaint was filed, but SunEnergy denies that allegation.

(Compl. ¶ 20; Answer 5, ¶ 20.)

2. The Fee Letter

31. In addition to the provisions concerning the Projects, the LOI contained a

provision regarding a potential tax equity transaction (the “Tax Equity Provision”).

(LOI ¶ 14.) The Tax Equity Provision stated that Recurrent and SunEnergy “shall

use best efforts to negotiate in good faith for [Recurrent] to provide a 2016 tax-equity

investment in the Williamson [sic] Speight solar photovoltaic project being developed

and constructed by [SunEnergy] in Martin County” (the “Tax Equity Transaction”).

(LOI ¶ 14.)
32. Pursuant to the Tax Equity Provision, Recurrent and SunEnergy executed

a fee letter (the “Fee Letter”) dated June 3, 2016. (Compl. ¶ 24, Ex. F; Answer 6, ¶

24.) The Fee Letter stated, in relevant part, that

[r]eference is made to the [Tax Equity Provision of] the LOI, dated
as of February 11, 2016 . . . .

In accordance with [the Tax Equity Provision],
[Recurrent] . . . and [SunEnergy] and Kenny Habul . . . are negotiating
a potential Tax Equity Transaction. In connection with the
foregoing, . . . [SunEnergy] agrees as follows:

(a) [SunEnergy] will cause its affiliate that is the managing
member of the tax equity partnership to reimburse [Recurrent] for all
reasonable and documented costs and expenses incurred by [Recurrent]
in connection with the Tax Equity Transaction, including, without
limitation, any fees and other costs and expenses paid or payable to (i)
Foley & Lardner LLP, as transaction counsel to [Recurrent] and Parker
Poe Adams & Bernstein LLP, . . . but only up to an aggregate amount of
$275,000, (ii) Black & Veatch International Company, . . . (iii) Ernst &
Young LLP, . . . (iv) Moore-McNeil, LLC, . . . and (v) such other third
party advisors engaged by [Recurrent] with the approval of [SunEnergy
or Kenny Habul], and

(b) without limiting the foregoing, within two (2) business days of
the date hereof, [SunEnergy] will cause [Recurrent] to be provided a
non-refundable deposit of $50,000 to be applied by [Recurrent] to legal
costs incurred by [Recurrent] in connection with the Tax Equity
Transaction . . . .

For the avoidance of doubt, if, for any reason, the managing
member of the tax equity partnership is unable to reimburse [Recurrent]
for the amounts described in (a) above, [SunEnergy] hereby agrees to
reimburse [Recurrent] directly for all such amounts within the
timeframes set forth in this fee letter. The amounts required to be paid
pursuant to clause (a) above will be payable . . . on the earlier of:

(x) the date of the first funding under the Tax Equity Transaction;
and

(y) fifteen (15) business days following the date that (i)
[Recurrent] or [SunEnergy] has provided notice to the other that it has
decided not to proceed with the Tax Equity Transaction and (ii)
[Recurrent] has made a written demand for such amounts . . . .

(Compl. Ex. F.) The Fee Letter was signed by Kenny Habul, SunEnergy’s Chief

Executive Officer and President, on behalf of SunEnergy. (Compl. Ex. F.)

33. As of June 22, 2016, Recurrent had expressed a desire to purchase the

project associated with the Tax Equity Transaction rather than proceed with the Tax

Equity Transaction. (Answer 6, ¶ 25.)

34. By letter to SunEnergy dated July 19, 2016, Recurrent demanded

reimbursement for $73,543.19 in costs and expenses incurred in connection with the

Tax Equity Transaction. (Compl. ¶ 26, Ex. G; Answer 6, ¶ 26.)

35. On August 9, 2016, Recurrent gave written notice to SunEnergy that

SunEnergy was in default for failing to timely reimburse Recurrent’s costs and

expenses incurred in connection with the Tax Equity Transaction. (Compl. ¶ 27, Ex.

H; Answer 6, ¶ 27.)

36. SunEnergy has not reimbursed Recurrent’s costs and expenses incurred in

connection with the Tax Equity Transaction. (Compl. ¶ 34; Answer 7, ¶ 34.)

B. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion

37. The Court does not make findings of fact on the Rule 12(b)(6) Motion, but

only recites those factual allegations of the Counterclaim that are relevant and

necessary to the Court’s determination of the Rule 12(b)(6) Motion.

38. In its Counterclaim, SunEnergy alleges that, as part of Recurrent’s

consideration in exchange for the exclusive rights to the Projects, Recurrent agreed

to the Tax Equity Provision, which required Recurrent to “use best efforts to negotiate
[the Tax Equity Transaction] in good faith.” (LOI ¶ 14.) Tax benefits can be claimed

on new solar projects, like the Projects here, but few solar developers can use tax

benefits. (Answer 10, ¶ 4.) As a result, solar developers barter the tax benefits to a

tax equity investor in exchange for a portion of the capital necessary to cover the

project cost. (Answer 10, ¶ 4.)

39. On or about June 7, 2016, Recurrent and SunEnergy entered into a term

sheet (the “Term Sheet”) in furtherance of the Tax Equity Transaction. (Answer

10−12; Mem. Supp. Mot. Partial J. Pleadings & Mot. Strike or Dismiss Countercl. Ex.

1 [hereinafter Term Sheet].) The Term Sheet set forth the parameters for a

partnership flip transaction by which Recurrent would make a tax-equity investment

in the Williamston Speight solar photovoltaic project referred to in the Tax Equity

Provision (the “Williamston Project”). (Answer 11, ¶ 6; Term Sheet 1.) In exchange,

Recurrent would be allocated an investment tax credit under Section 48(a) of the

Internal Revenue Code (the “Federal ITC”). (Answer 11, ¶ 6; Term Sheet 1.) The

Term Sheet stated that certain matters were still under discussion and that

Recurrent’s “ability to sign definitive agreements and to proceed with funding [was]

contingent upon, among other things, [Recurrent]’s completion of a customary due

diligence process.” (Term Sheet 1 n.2.) The Term Sheet further stated that Recurrent

“[had] not guaranteed that it will be able to complete such a process by the dates set

forth [in the Term Sheet].” (Term Sheet 1 n.2.) The Term Sheet also provided that

its “terms and economic indication are made based on the information provided by

[Kenny Habul] without regard to the accuracy of the information provided and
remains [sic] subject to, among other things, appropriate documentation, due

diligence and the review of tax counsel.” (Term Sheet 2.) Additionally, the Term

Sheet stated that “Recurrent reserves the right to procure additional tax equity

participants and propose alternate financing structures provided the terms, and the

additional tax equity participants, are acceptable to all parties herein.” (Term Sheet

2.)

40. The Term Sheet stated that Kenny Habul owns Williamston Speight Solar,

LLC (the “Project Company”), which owns the rights to the Williamston Project (Term

Sheet 1), and that Recurrent and SunEnergy agreed to form an LLC (the “Holding

Company”) for the purpose of owning the Project Company. (Term Sheet 1−2.) The

Holding Company was to be the sole member and manager of the Project Company.

(Term Sheet 2.) Recurrent and Kenny Habul, or an affiliate of Kenny Habul, were to

be the members of the Holding Company. (Term Sheet 2.) SunEnergy or an affiliate

of Kenny Habul would also be the managing member of the Holding Company (the

“Managing Member”), subject to certain control and voting rights of Recurrent. (Term

Sheet 2.)

41. With respect to Recurrent’s funding commitment, the Term Sheet stated

that SunEnergy was:

to provide updated [Federal] ITC basis assumption; Recurrent
anticipates funding ratio of 1.25x the projected [Federal] ITC (assuming
costs are covered). The purchase price for the [Williamston] Project will
be the lesser of (a) [$]1.88 per watt and (b) the fair market value of the
eligible property as determined by appraisal.
(Term Sheet 2 n.4.) The Term Sheet further provided that the Federal ITC received

by Recurrent, and Recurrent’s total capital contributions, were still to be determined,

but that it was expected that Recurrent’s total capital contributions would be made

in two installments. (Term Sheet 2−3.) The first installment would be 20% of

Recurrent’s total capital contributions and would be made upon satisfaction of

seventeen conditions precedent, which were still under discussion. (Term Sheet 3−4.)

The second installment would be 80% of Recurrent’s total capital contributions and

would be made upon satisfaction of thirteen conditions precedent. (Term Sheet 3−5.)

42. For the seven-year period beginning on the date that the Williamston

Project was placed in service, the income, gain, loss, deduction, and credits of the

Holding Company would be allocated 99% to Recurrent and 1% to the Managing

Member. (Term Sheet 5.) Thereafter, net income or net loss of the Holding Company

would be allocated 5% to Recurrent and 95% to the Managing Member. (Term Sheet

5.) The Term Sheet also provided that, for the five-year period beginning on the date

that Recurrent paid its second installment of its total capital contributions, Recurrent

would receive priority cash distributions from the Holding Company. (Term Sheet

6.) The priority cash distribution amounts were subject to change such that

Recurrent would receive “a pre-tax cash and [Federal] ITC internal rate of return

over the expected economic life of the [Williamston] Project of not less than 2.0%.”

(Term Sheet 6 n.10.)

43. Further, the Term Sheet stated that, for the 180-day period beginning five

years after the date that Recurrent paid its second installment of its total capital
contributions, the Managing Member would have an option to purchase Recurrent’s

membership interest in the Holding Company. (Term Sheet 7.)

44. The Term Sheet provided that

[i]f the terms herein are generally acceptable to you, please sign below
and return along with the legal expense deposit in the amount of
$50,000 by May __, 2016. The term sheet will expire at 5:00 p.m. on that
date if we fail to receive the aforementioned signatures and agreed upon
deposit.

(Term Sheet 12.) SunEnergy alleges that it signed the Term Sheet and wired

Recurrent $50,000. (Answer 11−12.)

45. SunEnergy alleges that beginning in June 2016, Recurrent unilaterally

demanded to reduce the purchase price of the Williamston Project to a price below its

fair market value and below SunEnergy’s development costs for the Williamston

Project. (Answer 12, ¶ 10.) SunEnergy alleges that Recurrent’s unilateral demand

was in violation of its obligation under the LOI to use its best efforts to negotiate the

Tax Equity Transaction in good faith. (Answer 12−13.)

46. As a result, SunEnergy alleges it had to maintain, and later extend, short-

term financing for the Williamston Project and enter into a new financing

arrangement. (Answer 12, ¶ 11.) Further, SunEnergy alleges that it lost half a year

during which construction of the Williamston Project was largely completed and

SunEnergy did not pursue an alternative tax equity transaction or market the

Williamston Project elsewhere. (Answer 12−13, ¶ 12.) As a tax equity investor must

own an interest in a project before the project is placed in service in order for the tax

equity investor to share in the Federal ITC on the project, SunEnergy alleges that it
was forced to forego revenue from electricity sales while SunEnergy stalled on the

remaining construction of the Williamston Project in order to give Recurrent time to

close the Tax Equity Transaction. (Answer 12−13.) SunEnergy further alleges that,

as a result of Recurrent’s wrongful conduct, it was deprived of the opportunity to

engage in an alternative tax equity transaction. (Answer 12−13.) The Tax Equity

Transaction did not close. (Answer 6, 9, 12−13.)

C. Claims for Relief

47. Recurrent brings the following claims against SunEnergy: (1) a declaratory

judgment action; (2) a claim for breach of the LOI; and (3) a claim for breach of the

Fee Letter. (Compl. 8, 10, 12.) SunEnergy brings a counterclaim against Recurrent

for breach of the LOI, alleging that Recurrent breached the Tax Equity Provision by

unilaterally deciding to reduce the purchase price of the Williamston Project to an

amount below the project’s fair market value and below SunEnergy’s development

costs. (Answer 13, ¶¶ 15−16.)

D. The Motions

48. Plaintiff’s Rule 12(c) Motion seeks judgment on the pleadings in the amount

of $2 million on Recurrent’s claim that SunEnergy breached the LOI by failing to

refund the Aulander Exclusivity Payment (the “Aulander Project Claim”), $750,000

on Recurrent’s claim that SunEnergy breached the LOI by failing to refund 37.5% of

the Haslett Exclusivity Payment (the “Haslett Project Claim”), and $73,543.19 on

Recurrent’s claim that SunEnergy breached the Fee Letter (the “Fee Letter Claim”).
Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike and Rule 12(b)(6) Motion seek to strike or, in the

alternative, dismiss the Counterclaim.

III. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Rule 12(c)

49. “A motion for judgment on the pleadings should not be granted unless the

movant clearly establishes that no material issue of fact remains to be resolved and

that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Carpenter v. Carpenter, 189 N.C.

App. 755, 761, 659 S.E.2d 762, 767 (2008). On a Rule 12(c) motion, “[t]he movant is

held to a strict standard and must show that no material issue of facts exists and that

he is clearly entitled to judgment.” Ragsdale v. Kennedy, 286 N.C. 130, 137, 209

S.E.2d 494, 499 (1974). “[T]he court cannot select some of the alleged facts as a basis

for granting the motion on the pleadings if other allegations, together with the

selected facts, establish material issues of fact.” J. F. Wilkerson Contracting Co. v.

Rowland, 29 N.C. App. 722, 725, 225 S.E.2d 840, 842 (1976). The Court must read

the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and

[a]ll well pleaded factual allegations in the nonmoving party’s pleadings
are taken as true and all contravening assertions in the movant’s
pleadings are taken as false. All allegations in the nonmovant’s
pleadings, except conclusions of law, legally impossible facts, and
matters not admissible in evidence at the trial, are deemed admitted by
the movant for purposes of the motion.

Ragsdale, 286 N.C. at 137, 209 S.E.2d at 499 (citations omitted).

50. “Judgment on the pleadings is not favored by the law . . . .” Huss v. Huss,

31 N.C. App. 463, 466, 230 S.E.2d 159, 162 (1976). The function of Rule 12(c) “is to

dispose of baseless claims or defenses when the formal pleadings reveal their lack of
merit.” Ragsdale, 286 N.C. at 137, 209 S.E.2d at 499. “[J]udgment on the pleadings

is not appropriate merely because the claimant’s case is weak and he is unlikely to

prevail on the merits.” Huss, 31 N.C. App. at 469, 230 S.E.2d at 163. “A motion for

judgment on the pleadings is allowable only where the pleading of the opposite party

is so fatally deficient in substance as to present no material issue of fact . . . .” George

Shinn Sports, Inc. v. Bahakel Sports, Inc., 99 N.C. App. 481, 486, 393 S.E.2d 580, 583

(1990).

B. Rule 12(b)(6)

51. In ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court

reviews the allegations of the Counterclaim in the light most favorable to Defendant.

The Court’s inquiry is “whether, as a matter of law, the allegations of the

[Counterclaim], treated as true, are sufficient to state a claim upon which relief may

be granted under some legal theory.” Harris v. NCNB Nat’l Bank of N.C., 85 N.C.

App. 669, 670, 355 S.E.2d 838, 840 (1987). The Court construes the Counterclaim

liberally and accepts all allegations as true. Laster v. Francis, 199 N.C. App. 572,

577, 681 S.E.2d 858, 862 (2009).

52. Where the Counterclaim refers to and depends on certain documents, the

Court may consider those documents without converting the motion into one for

summary judgment under Rule 56. Schlieper v. Johnson, 195 N.C. App. 257, 261,

672 S.E.2d 548, 551 (2009). At the same time, the Court may not consider materials

that are not mentioned, contained, or attached in or to the Counterclaim; otherwise,

a Rule 12(b)(6) motion will be converted into a Rule 56 motion and subject to its
standards of consideration and review. Fowler v. Williamson, 39 N.C. App. 715, 717,

251 S.E.2d 889, 890−91 (1979).

53. Dismissal of a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is proper “(1) when the

[Counterclaim] on its face reveals that no law supports [the] claim; (2) when the

[Counterclaim] reveals on its face the absence of fact sufficient to make a good claim;

[or] (3) when some fact disclosed in the [Counterclaim] necessarily defeats

the . . . claim.” Oates v. JAG, Inc., 314 N.C. 276, 278, 333 S.E.2d 222, 224 (1985); see

also Jackson v. Bumgardner, 318 N.C. 172, 175, 347 S.E.2d 743, 745 (1986).

Otherwise, the Counterclaim “should not be dismissed for insufficiency unless it

appears to a certainty that [Defendant] is entitled to no relief under any state of facts

which could be proved in support of the claim.” Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 103, 176

S.E.2d 161, 166 (1970) (emphasis omitted).

IV. ANALYSIS

A. Rule 12(c) Motion

54. As a preliminary matter, the Court must determine which state’s law

applies to the parties’ claims. The LOI and the Fee Letter contain a New York choice

of law clause. (LOI ¶ 9; Compl. Ex. F.) North Carolina courts have stated that a

contractual choice of law provision will be given effect unless the chosen state has no

substantial connection to the transaction and there is no other reasonable basis for

the parties’ choice, or the law of the chosen state violates a fundamental public policy

of North Carolina. Cable Tel Servs., Inc. v. Overland Contracting, Inc., 154 N.C. App.

639, 642−43, 574 S.E.2d 31, 33−34 (2002).
55. Here, all parties agree that North Carolina law applies despite the New

York choice of law clauses because the LOI and the Fee Letter have no connection to

New York. The Court agrees that, on the record before the Court, neither the LOI

nor the Fee Letter have any connection to New York. The parties to the LOI and the

Fee Letter are a Delaware LLC with its principal place of business in California and

a North Carolina LLC with its principal place of business in North Carolina. Both

the LOI and the Fee Letter concern solar projects under construction and

development in North Carolina. Further, the record before the Court does not provide

any basis for the parties’ New York choice of law clauses.

56. “[T]he interpretation of a contract is governed by the law of the place where

the contract was made.” Id. at 642, 574 S.E.2d at 33. “[T]he test of the place of a

contract is as to the place at which the last act was done by either of the parties

essential to a meeting of minds.” Szymczyk v. Signs Now Corp., 168 N.C. App. 182,

187, 606 S.E.2d 728, 733 (2005) (quoting Bundy v. Commercial Credit Co., 200 N.C.

511, 515, 157 S.E. 860, 862 (1931)).

57. The record before the Court indicates that the LOI and the Fee Letter were

sent by Recurrent to SunEnergy, and the LOI and the Fee Letter required SunEnergy

to sign the contracts. (LOI ¶ 15; Compl. Ex. F.) Thus, the record before the Court

indicates that the LOI and the Fee Letter were made in North Carolina, and

therefore, the Court agrees with the parties that North Carolina law applies to the

parties’ claims on those contracts. Szymczyk, 168 N.C. App. At 187, 606 S.E.2d at

733 (“[T]he last act of signing the contract was an essential element to formation.”);
Cable Tel Servs., Inc., 154 N.C. App. At 643, 574 S.E.2d at 34 (applying North

Carolina law where plaintiff signed the contract in North Carolina and returned it to

defendant in Kansas).

1. Aulander Project Claim

58. Recurrent contends that it is entitled to a full refund of the Aulander

Exclusivity Payment because SunEnergy failed to meet the TDM for the Aulander

Project due to a wetlands issue.

59. “The elements of a claim for breach of contract are (1) existence of a valid

contract and (2) breach of the terms of that contract.” Poor v. Hill, 138 N.C. App. 19,

26, 530 S.E.2d 838, 843 (2000). A valid contract requires assent, mutuality of

obligation, and definite terms. Charlotte Motor Speedway, LLC v. Cty. Of Cabarrus,

230 N.C. App. 1, 7, 748 S.E.2d 171, 176 (2013). “Generally, letters of intent are found

to be unenforceable agreements to agree when relied upon to enforce the

contemplated transaction.” Insight Health Corp. v. Marquis Diagnostic Imaging of

N.C., LLC, 2016 NCBC LEXIS 77, at *13 (N.C. Super. Ct. Oct. 7, 2016) (concluding a

letter of intent was not a valid contract where its plain language made clear that it

was not a binding agreement); Remi Holdings, LLC v. WR 3023 HSBC Way L.P., 2016

NCBC LEXIS 110, at *10 (N.C. Super. Ct. Dec. 12, 2016) (same).

60. Here, the plain language of the LOI makes clear that, while titled a “Letter

of Intent” rather than a “Contract” or “Agreement,” the LOI was in fact a binding

agreement, and the parties do not dispute this conclusion. The LOI set forth the

parties’ “agreement on certain matters pending consummation of the Proposed
Transaction.” (LOI ¶ C.) The LOI obligated both parties and expressly provided that

“[t]ermination of this LOI shall not relieve either Party from any liability for breach

of the binding terms of this LOI occurring prior to such termination.” (LOI ¶ 8.)

Further, the terms of the LOI are sufficiently definite to be enforceable, and the

parties’ assented to the LOI by signing it.

61. Therefore, the Court concludes that the LOI is a valid contract. The

remaining issue for decision on Plaintiff’s Rule 12(c) Motion is whether the pleadings,

as interpreted according to controlling law, establish that SunEnergy breached the

LOI.

62. Under the LOI, Recurrent is entitled to a 100% refund of the Exclusivity

Payment for a Project if (1) SunEnergy failed to meet the TDM for the Project, (2)

such failure was due to a wetlands issue, and (3) Recurrent made a written election

for a refund. (LOI ¶ 4b.) The LOI also provides that if SunEnergy failed to meet the

TDM for a Project, Recurrent had the right, by written election to SunEnergy, to

purchase a Replacement Project. (LOI ¶ 3.)

63. It is undisputed that Recurrent made the Aulander Exclusivity Payment,

and that the Aulander Project “could not proceed at its planned size because of

wetlands issues with the project site.” (Compl. ¶¶ 10−11; Answer 3, ¶¶ 10−11.)

Further, it is undisputed that Recurrent gave written notice to SunEnergy on May 2,

2016 demanding a full refund of the Aulander Exclusivity Payment, and that

SunEnergy has not refunded the Aulander Exclusivity Payment. (Compl. ¶¶ 14, 34;

Answer 4, 7.)
64. Recurrent contends that SunEnergy’s admission that the Aulander Project

could not proceed at its planned size because of wetlands issues constitutes an

admission that SunEnergy failed to meet the TDM for the Aulander Project. (Mem.

in Supp. 9.) Taking Recurrent’s contention as true, the Court nevertheless concludes

that Recurrent has failed to satisfy its burden to show that no material issue of fact

exists that SunEnergy breached the LOI by failing to refund the Aulander Exclusivity

Payment. SunEnergy denies that it breached the LOI by not refunding the Aulander

Exclusivity Payment. (Compl. ¶¶ 13, 15; Answer 4, ¶¶ 13, 15.) SunEnergy alleges

that it offered multiple Replacement Projects to Recurrent and that before Recurrent

elected a refund, Recurrent “effectively made a written election to proceed with” the

Moyock Replacement Project instead of the Aulander Project. (Answer 4, ¶ 13.) As a

result, SunEnergy contends that Recurrent did not have the right to elect a refund of

the Aulander Exclusivity Payment. (Answer 4, ¶ 14.)

65. On the other hand, Recurrent argues that its right to elect a Replacement

Project under paragraph 3 of the LOI is independent of its right to elect a full refund

of the Exclusivity Payment under paragraph 4b. More specifically, Recurrent argues

that even if it “effectively made a written election” for the Moyock Replacement

Project under paragraph 3, Recurrent is still entitled to a full refund of the Aulander

Exclusivity Payment under paragraph 4b. (Mem. in Supp. 10.)

66. “Interpreting a contract requires the court to examine the language of the

contract itself for indications of the parties’ intent at the moment of execution.” State

v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 363 N.C. 623, 631, 685 S.E.2d 85, 90 (2009). “Since the
object of construction is to ascertain the intent of the parties, the contract must be

considered as an entirety. The problem is not what the separate parts mean, but

what the contract means when considered as a whole.” 42 E., LLC v. D.R. Horton,

Inc., 218 N.C. App. 503, 513, 722 S.E.2d 1, 8 (2012) (quoting Jones v. Casstevens, 222

N.C. 411, 413−14, 23 S.E.2d 303, 305 (1942)). The Court’s task is to harmonize and

give effect to all clauses, if possible. Philip Morris USA Inc., 363 N.C. at 632, 685

S.E.2d at 91. The contract is to be construed consistently with reason and common

sense. Variety Wholesalers, Inc. v. Salem Logistics Traffic Servs., LLC, 365 N.C. 520,

525, 723 S.E.2d 744, 748 (2012). When a contract is plain and unambiguous, the

Court can determine the parties’ intent as a matter of law. 42 E., LLC, 218 N.C. App.

at 513, 722 S.E.2d at 8. If a contract is ambiguous, however, interpretation of the

contract is a question of fact for the jury. Variety Wholesalers, Inc., 365 N.C. at 525,

723 S.E.2d at 748. An ambiguity exists when the effect of provisions is uncertain or

capable of several reasonable interpretations. Id.

67. Under Recurrent’s interpretation of the LOI, if SunEnergy failed to meet

the TDM for a Project due to a wetlands issue, Recurrent could elect a Replacement

Project under paragraph 3 of the LOI and elect to receive a full refund of the

Exclusivity Payment for that Project under paragraph 4b. In contrast, under

SunEnergy’s interpretation of the LOI, if SunEnergy failed to meet the TDM for the

Aulander Project due to a wetlands issue, Recurrent could either elect a Replacement

Project under paragraph 3 of the LOI or elect to receive a full refund of the Aulander
Exclusivity Payment under paragraph 4b. (SunEnergy’s Mem. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot.

9−10.)

68. Under SunEnergy’s interpretation, paragraphs 3, 4c, and 4d would not

apply if Recurrent elected a full refund under paragraph 4b; Recurrent would receive

a full refund of the Aulander Exclusivity Payment and still have the exclusive rights

to the Haslett Project in exchange for the Haslett Exclusivity Payment. On the other

hand, if Recurrent elected a Replacement Project in lieu of a full refund, and

SunEnergy either failed to provide a Replacement Project or failed to achieve the

TDM for the Replacement Project, Recurrent would be refunded 37.5% of the

Aulander Exclusivity Payment under paragraph 4c or 4d, respectively.

69. If, however, as Recurrent urges, Recurrent could elect both a Replacement

Project for the Aulander Project and a full refund of the Aulander Exclusivity

Payment, the partial refund of that Exclusivity Payment contemplated under

paragraphs 4c and 4d would be arguably meaningless and without effect. Moreover,

Recurrent’s interpretation is arguably inconsistent with the consideration given and

received by the parties. Indeed, if Recurrent elected both a Replacement Project for

the Aulander Project and a full refund of the Aulander Exclusivity Payment,

assuming arguendo that SunEnergy met the TDM for the Haslett Project, Recurrent

would in effect receive the exclusive rights to two Projects: the Replacement Project

and the Haslett Project, in exchange for making the Exclusivity Payment for just one

Project.
70. In short, the Court concludes that, based on the record before it and

construing the LOI as a whole, the LOI does not plainly and unambiguously give

Recurrent the right to elect both a Replacement Project for the Aulander Project

under paragraph 3 and a full refund of the Aulander Exclusivity Payment under

paragraph 4b. Based on the Court’s interpretation of the LOI at this stage of the

proceeding, SunEnergy’s allegation that Recurrent elected the Moyock Replacement

Project before Recurrent elected a full refund leads the Court to conclude that

Recurrent has failed to show as a matter of law that SunEnergy breached the LOI by

failing to refund the Aulander Exclusivity Payment. Therefore, the Rule 12(c) Motion

as to the Aulander Project Claim is denied.

2. Haslett Project Claim

71. Recurrent contends that it is entitled to a 37.5% refund of the Haslett

Exclusivity Payment because SunEnergy failed to meet the TDM and, upon demand

for a Replacement Project, failed to respond to Recurrent’s request for a Replacement

Project.

72. Under the LOI, Recurrent is entitled to a 37.5% refund of the Exclusivity

Payment for a Project if (1) SunEnergy failed to meet the TDM for the Project, (2)

Recurrent made a written election to SunEnergy to purchase a Replacement Project,

(3) SunEnergy failed to provide a Replacement Project, and (4) Recurrent made a

written election to SunEnergy for a refund. (LOI ¶¶ 3, 4c.)

73. It is undisputed that Recurrent made the Haslett Exclusivity Payment, a

written election to SunEnergy to purchase a Replacement Project, and a written
election to SunEnergy for a 37.5% refund of the Haslett Exclusivity Payment.

(Compl. ¶¶ 10, 17, 20; Answer 3−5.)

74. Recurrent alleges that “SunEnergy has failed to meet the August 30, 2016

and September 1, 2016” TDM for the Haslett Project. (Compl. ¶ 16.) There were two

August 30, 2016 TDMs for the Haslett Project: the “[i]ssuance of all discretionary

local land use permits, state or federal permits required”; and a final lease agreement.

(LOI Annex B.) The September 1, 2016 TDM for the Haslett Project was an

Interconnection Services Agreement and Construction Services Agreement. (LOI

Annex B.) SunEnergy admits that “a special use permit for the Haslett Project could

not be obtained because of a moratorium on the issuance of special use permits or

construction of solar projects in Gates County.” (Answer 4, ¶ 16.) SunEnergy denies

the remainder of Recurrent’s allegation. (Answer 4, ¶ 16.)

75. The Court concludes that a material issue of fact exists on the pleadings as

to whether SunEnergy failed to meet the TDM for the Haslett Project. SunEnergy’s

admitted failure to obtain a special use permit does not appear to implicate the

September 1, 2016 TDM for an Interconnection Services Agreement and Construction

Services Agreement. Moreover, SunEnergy’s admission that it could not obtain a

special use permit, without more, is not an admission that it failed to the meet the

August 30, 2016 TDM that required issuance of all discretionary permits. There was

a separate Haslett Project TDM for obtaining administrative permits, “[i]ncluding

permits that directly relate to the construction of the facility, including, without

limitation, building, grading, electrical and section 401 state permits,” which had to
be completed twenty-one days prior to the agreed upon notice-to-proceed date that

was assumed to be April 19, 2017. (LOI Annex B.) On the record before the Court, it

is unclear whether the special use permit SunEnergy failed to obtain was a permit

that fell within the August 30, 2016 TDM or the notice-to-proceed TDM. If the special

use permit fell within the notice-to-proceed TDM, SunEnergy did not fail to meet the

TDM by failing to obtain it by August 30, 2016 and Recurrent was not entitled to elect

a Replacement Project or a refund of the Haslett Exclusivity Payment.

76. Even construing SunEnergy’s admission as an admission that it failed to

meet the Haslett Project TDM, SunEnergy denies that it failed and refused to respond

to Recurrent’s request for a Replacement Project. (Compl. ¶ 18; Answer 5, ¶ 18.)

Recurrent alleges that it gave written notice to SunEnergy of SunEnergy’s failure to

meet the Haslett Project TDM and requested that SunEnergy provide a Replacement

Project. (Compl. ¶ 17.) SunEnergy admits that Recurrent gave written notice to

SunEnergy in which Recurrent asserted that SunEnergy had failed to meet the

Haslett Project TDM and requested that SunEnergy provide a Replacement Project.

(Answer 4, ¶ 17.) Recurrent next alleges that “SunEnergy breached the LOI by failing

and refusing to respond in any manner whatsoever to [Recurrent]’s request for a

Replacement Project.” (Compl. ¶ 18.) SunEnergy denies this allegation and alleges

that Recurrent was fully aware that the Moyock Replacement Project was available

to Recurrent as a Replacement Project. (Answer 5, ¶ 18.) Thus, taking SunEnergy’s

allegations as true and Recurrent’s contravening allegations as false, as the Court
must on a Rule 12(c) motion, there is also a material issue of fact as to whether

SunEnergy failed to respond to Recurrent’s request for a Replacement Project.

77. As a result, the Court concludes that Recurrent has failed to satisfy its

burden to show that no material issue of fact exists that SunEnergy breached the LOI

with respect to the Haslett Project and that Recurrent is entitled to a 37.5% refund

of the Haslett Exclusivity Payment as a matter of law. Therefore, the Rule 12(c)

Motion as to the Haslett Project Claim is denied.

3. Fee Letter Claim

78. Recurrent contends that it is entitled to reimbursement under the Fee

Letter for its costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Tax Equity

Transaction.

79. Under the Fee Letter, Recurrent is entitled to reimbursement of certain

costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Tax Equity Transaction on the

earlier of: (1) the date of the first funding under the Tax Equity Transaction; or (2)

fifteen business days following the date that (a) Recurrent or SunEnergy provides

notice to the other that it has decided not to proceed with the Tax Equity Transaction,

and (b) Recurrent makes a written demand for reimbursement. (Compl. Ex. F.)

80. Recurrent alleges that SunEnergy notified Recurrent on or about June 22,

2016 that SunEnergy decided not to proceed with the Tax Equity Transaction;

however, SunEnergy denies that allegation. (Compl. ¶ 25; Answer 6, ¶ 25.) At the

hearing on the Motions, counsel for Recurrent argued that Recurrent was still

entitled to judgment on the pleadings on the Fee Letter Claim because, under the
terms of the Fee Letter, Recurrent is entitled to reimbursement regardless of which

party decides not to proceed with the Tax Equity Transaction. While the Fee Letter

provides that Recurrent is entitled to reimbursement if Recurrent notifies SunEnergy

that it has decided not to proceed with the Tax Equity Transaction, Recurrent does

not allege that it provided SunEnergy any such notice. The basis on which Recurrent

claims it is entitled to reimbursement under the Fee Letter is SunEnergy’s

notification that SunEnergy had decided not to proceed with the Tax Equity

Transaction, and SunEnergy denies that allegation.

81. Therefore, the Court concludes that Recurrent has failed to satisfy its

burden to show that no material issue of fact exists that SunEnergy breached the Fee

Letter and that Recurrent is entitled to reimbursement of its expenses as a matter of

law. Thus, the Rule 12(c) Motion as to the Fee Letter Claim is denied.

B. Motion to Strike

82. Recurrent moves to strike SunEnergy’s Counterclaim on the basis that

SunEnergy was required under Rule 13(f) to seek leave of court before amending its

answer to add a counterclaim. SunEnergy argues that it properly amended its

answer to add a counterclaim as a matter of course under Rule 15(a).

83. Rule 13(f) provides that “[w]hen a pleader fails to set up a counterclaim

through oversight, inadvertence, or excusable neglect, or when justice requires, he

may by leave of court set up the counterclaim by amendment.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-

1, Rule 13(f). Rule 15(a) provides that “[a] party may amend his pleading once as a

matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served or, if the pleading
is one to which no responsive pleading is permitted . . . , he may so amend it at any

time within 30 days after it is served.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 15(a).

84. SunEnergy filed its amended Answer and Counterclaim thirty days after it

filed its original answer, and therefore it is timely under Rule 15(a). The issue for

decision is whether SunEnergy was required to seek leave of court under Rule 13(f)

before amending its answer to add the Counterclaim.

85. The North Carolina Rules are modeled after the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure (“Federal Rule(s)”). Sutton v. Duke, 277 N.C. 94, 99, 176 S.E.2d 161, 164

(1970). Decisions under the Federal Rules are pertinent for guidance in interpreting

the North Carolina Rules, and it is customary for North Carolina courts to look to

such decisions in interpreting the North Carolina Rules. Bryson v. Sullivan, 330 N.C.

644, 655, 412 S.E.2d 327, 332 (1992); Dickens v. Puryear, 302 N.C. 437, 442, 276

S.E.2d 325, 329 (1981).

86. Prior to the 2009 amendments to the Federal Rules, Federal Rule 13(f) was

substantially similar to North Carolina Rule 13(f). Federal Rule 13(f) provided that

“[t]he court may permit a party to amend a pleading to add a counterclaim if it was

omitted through oversight, inadvertence, or excusable neglect or if justice so

requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(f) (abrogated 2009). Federal Rule 15(a) similarly allowed

a party to amend its pleading, to which no responsive pleading was required, once as

a matter of course within twenty days after it was served. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)

(amended 2009). Therefore, federal decisions interpreting Federal Rules 13(f) and
15(a) prior to the 2009 amendments are instructive on this Court’s interpretation of

Rules 13(f) and 15(a) of the North Carolina Rules.

87. The case law on the interplay between a party’s right to amend its pleading

once as a matter of course under Federal Rule 15(a) and a party’s right to add a

counterclaim by leave of court under Federal Rule 13(f) is scant. It appears, however,

that the majority of courts that addressed the issue under the version of Federal Rule

13 in effect prior to 2009 concluded that a party may amend its answer to add a

counterclaim as a matter of course under Federal Rule 15(a), and that leave of court

under Federal Rule 13(f) was only required after the period for amendment under

Federal Rule 15(a) had expired. Deutsch v. Health Ins. Plan, 573 F. Supp. 1443, 1445

(S.D.N.Y. 1983) (“[Federal] Rule 13(f) requires leave of the [c]ourt to add omitted

counterclaims only where [Federal Rule] 15(a) does not allow an amendment as a

matter of right. There is no apparent reason that a pleading filed within the time

periods prescribed in [Federal Rule] 15(a) should require leave of the court merely

because it contains a counterclaim.”); A.J. Indus., Inc. v. United States Dist. Court

for Cent. Dist., 503 F.2d 384, 388 (9th Cir. 1974) (“[W]e see no reason why [Federal]

Rule 15(a) should not apply with [Federal] Rule 13(f) coming into force after the

[expiration of the time for amendment as a matter of course].”); Banco Para El

Comercio Exterior de Cuba v. First Nat’l City Bank, 744 F.2d 237, 243 (2d Cir. 1984)

(discussing the interplay between Federal Rules 15 and 13(f) in the context of relation

back of amendments and stating that it construes Federal Rule 13(f) to allow

amendment as a matter of course to add a counterclaim under Federal Rule 15(a));
Perfect Plastics Indus., Inc. v. Cars & Concepts, Inc., 758 F. Supp. 1080, 1083 (W.D.

Pa. 1991) (same).

88. A few other courts, however, reached the opposite conclusion. Marlin v.

Chase Cardmember Servs., 1:09cv0192 AWI DLB, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45189, at

*13−14 (E.D. Cal. May 19, 2009) (declining to consider defendant’s motion to amend

as a matter of course under Federal Rule 15(a) and instead applying Federal Rule

13(f)); Sweeney v. Allen, 494 F. Supp. 2d 818, 821 (S.D. Ohio 2006) (stating that

Federal Rule 13(f) provides a remedy for adding a counterclaim by amendment that

is separate from Federal Rule 15(a), and that a party must seek leave of court under

Federal Rule 13(f) to add a counterclaim by amendment). In concluding that Federal

Rule 15(a) does not allow a party to amend its pleading to add a counterclaim as a

matter of course, these cases relied on the Sixth Circuit’s decision in Stoner v.

Terranella, 372 F.2d 89 (6th Cir. 1967). E.g., Sweeney, 494 F. Supp. 2d at 821 (solely

relying on Stoner); Marlin, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 45189, at *14 (relying on Stoner

and Sweeney).

89. In Stoner, defendant filed its answer to plaintiff’s complaint. More than

twenty days thereafter, and two months after the statute of limitations on defendant’s

potential counterclaim had run, defendant filed a motion for leave to file an amended

answer and counterclaim. Stoner, 372 F.2d at 90. The district court denied the

motion with respect to defendant’s counterclaim because the counterclaim was barred

by the statute of limitations. Defendant appealed, arguing that his counterclaim

arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth in his original answer,
and thus that his counterclaim related back to the date of his original answer

pursuant to Federal Rule 15(c). The sole question for decision was whether Federal

Rule 15(c) applied to defendant’s amended pleading.

90. The Sixth Circuit noted that neither the parties nor the lower court relied

on Federal Rule 13(f) and stated that

it is clear that [Federal Rule 13(f)] provides a remedy for setting up
omitted counterclaims which is separate and apart from the remedy
provided in [Federal] Rule 15(a) dealing with pleading amendments in
general. While [Federal] Rule 13(f) provides that an omitted
counterclaim may be set up only by leave of court, under [Federal] Rule
15 a pleading may be amended at any time within 20 days after it is
served “if the pleading is one to which no responsive pleading is
permitted [e.g., an answer only, without a counterclaim] . . . .” Thus, the
courts which have passed upon motions for leave to file amended
pleadings embracing previously omitted counterclaims have generally
considered only [Federal] Rule 13(f), and not [Federal] Rule 15.

Id. at 91 (alteration and omission in original) (emphasis added). The court did not

address whether a party may amend its pleading to add a counterclaim as a matter

of course under Federal Rule 15(a). Rather, the court pointed out that Federal Rule

15(a) provides that an answer without a counterclaim—as a pleading to which no

responsive pleading is permitted—may be amended within twenty days after it is

served. The court went on to address motions for leave to amend under Federal Rules

15(a) and 13(f)—not amendments as a matter of course—and concluded that Federal

Rule 13(f), rather than Federal Rule 15(a), applies to motions for leave to amend to

add a counterclaim. The Sixth Circuit concluded that

the remedies provided by the two rules are mutually exclusive in the
sense that an amendment asserting a previously omitted counterclaim,
such as was attempted in the instant case, is made pursuant to [Federal]
Rule 13(f) and not [Federal] Rule 15(a). Consequently, since [Federal]
Rule 15(c) is applicable only to amendments made pursuant to [Federal]
Rule 15(a), amendments made pursuant to [Federal] Rule 13(f) do not
relate back to the original pleadings.

Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted).

91. The Court does not read Stoner as concluding that a party may not amend

its pleading to add a counterclaim as a matter of course under Federal Rule 15(a).

The court in Stoner was not confronted with that issue as defendant sought to amend

its answer to add a counterclaim more than twenty days after his answer was served.

Instead, the Court reads Stoner as concluding that a party who seeks leave of court

to amend its pleading to add a counterclaim—after expiration of the period for

amendment as a matter of course under Federal Rule 15(a)—does so pursuant to

Federal Rule 13(f), rather than Federal Rule 15(a). As a result, the Sixth Circuit

concluded that Federal Rule 15(c), which provides for relation back of amendments

under Federal Rule 15(a), does not apply to motions for leave to amend to add a

counterclaim under Federal Rule 13(f). See A.J. Indus., Inc., 503 F.2d at 388 (“In

[Stoner] the Sixth Circuit held that leave to add omitted counterclaims was governed

exclusively by [Federal] Rule 13(f). Several lower courts have also considered this

problem and have followed the Stoner result. . . . However in those cases the courts

were not faced with the question of whether a counterclaim could have been added as

a matter of right before a responsive pleading had been filed. In each of those cases

the responsive pleading had been filed and the parties were seeking to come under

the portion of the rule that requires leave of the court.” (emphasis added)).
92. This interpretation of Stoner is consistent with the cases on which it relied,

which all concerned motions for leave to amend to add counterclaims outside the

period for amendment as a matter of course under Federal Rule 15(a). Kirbens v.

Wodis, 295 F.2d 372, 375 (7th Cir. 1961) (affirming district court’s order denying a

motion for leave to amend to add a counterclaim under Federal Rule 13(f) when the

motion was filed after defendant moved for summary judgment and summary

judgment was granted in plaintiff’s favor); Runkle v. Kimny, 266 F.2d 689, 691, 693

(D.C. Cir. 1959) (affirming district court’s order denying a motion for leave to amend

to add a counterclaim under Federal Rule 13(f) when the motion was filed three

months after defendant filed his answer); Safeway Trails, Inc. v. Allentown &

Reading Transit Co., 185 F.2d 918, 919−20 (4th Cir. 1950) (affirming district court’s

order granting a motion for leave to amend to add a counterclaim under Federal Rule

13(f) when the motion was filed forty-seven days after defendant filed his answer).

93. The 2009 amendments to the Federal Rules, which deleted Federal Rule

13(f), confirm that amendment as a matter of course under Federal Rule 15(a) was

always intended to apply to amendments to add counterclaims. The advisory

committee notes on the 2009 amendments state that “[Federal] Rule 13(f) is deleted

as largely redundant and potentially misleading. An amendment to add a

counterclaim will be governed by [Federal] Rule 15.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 13, Notes of

Advisory Committee on 2009 amendments; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 15, Notes of

Advisory Committee on 2009 amendments (“Abrogation of [Federal] Rule 13(f)
establishes [Federal] Rule 15 as the sole rule governing amendment of a pleading to

add a counterclaim.”).

94. Finding the foregoing persuasive, the Court concludes that Rule 13(f) of

the North Carolina Rules does not preclude a party from amending its pleading to

add a counterclaim as a matter of course under Rule 15(a). Therefore, SunEnergy’s

amended Answer and Counterclaim was procedurally proper as an amendment as a

matter of course under Rule 15(a), and the Motion to Strike the Counterclaim is

denied.

C. Rule 12(b)(6) Motion

95. SunEnergy brings a Counterclaim for breach of the Tax Equity Provision of

the LOI. (Answer 13.) SunEnergy alleges that Recurrent failed to use best efforts to

negotiate the Tax Equity Transaction in good faith by “unilaterally insist[ing] on

artificially limiting the tax basis for the [Williamston Project] to an amount below

fair market value and even below [SunEnergy]’s costs to develop the project.”

(Answer 13, ¶ 15.) Recurrent argues that SunEnergy’s Counterclaim should be

dismissed because the Tax Equity Provision is an unenforceable agreement to agree.

(Mem. in Supp. 17.)

96. The seminal North Carolina case on agreements to agree is Boyce v.

McMahan, 285 N.C. 730, 208 S.E.2d 692 (1974), which stated that “a contract to enter

into a future contract must specify all its material and essential terms, and leave

none to be agreed upon as a result of future negotiations.” Boyce, 285 N.C. at 734,

208 S.E.2d at 695. Further, “the parties must assent to the same thing in the same
sense, and their minds must meet as to all the terms. If any portion of the proposed

terms is not settled, or no mode agreed on by which they may be settled, there is no

agreement.” Id.

97. The Court has concluded, and the parties do not dispute, that the LOI is a

valid, binding contract. Recurrent’s position appears to be, however, that the Tax

Equity Provision is a severable provision that is an unenforceable agreement to agree.

(Mem. in Supp. 17.) SunEnergy argues that the Tax Equity Provision is enforceable

as an express agreement by the parties to use their best efforts to negotiate in good

faith, citing RREF BB Acquisitions, LLC v. MAS Props., L.L.C., 2015 NCBC LEXIS

61 (N.C. Super. Ct. June 9, 2015) in support. (Mem. in Opp’n 21−22.)

98. In RREF, the court held that defendants’ claim for breach of a duty to

negotiate in good faith may be viable based on the parties’ course of negotiations, the

substantial number of terms on which the parties reached an agreement, and a third-

party defendant’s words and conduct. Id. at *57. The court explained that a

preliminary agreement to negotiate does not bind the parties to the substantive terms

of the final agreement, nor does it bind the parties to consummate a final

agreement—an agreement to negotiate only obligates the parties to negotiate all

terms in good faith. Id. at *53−54. As North Carolina implies in every contract a

duty of good faith and fair dealing, the court in RREF “s[aw] no reason that an

agreement to continue negotiating in good faith would not be enforceable, provided

that it met all of the requirements for contract formation under North Carolina law.”

Id. at *57.
99. The Court acknowledges that the Court in RREF was faced with a matter

of first impression under North Carolina law, and that the North Carolina appellate

courts have not addressed whether North Carolina law recognizes a claim for breach

of an agreement to negotiate in good faith. Insight Health Corp., 2016 NCBC LEXIS

77, at *6, *10.

100. At the same time, however, North Carolina case law is clear that the Court’s

task is to interpret the parties’ contract in accordance with the parties’ intent as

discerned from the language of the contract—the Court does not have the power to

rewrite the contract. Beverage Sys. of the Carolinas, LLC v. Associated Beverage

Repair, LLC, 368 N.C. 693, 699−700, 784 S.E.2d 457, 462 (2016) (citing Penn v.

Standard Life Ins. Co., 160 N.C. 399, 402, 76 S.E. 262, 263 (1912)). Here, unlike the

parties in RREF, the parties expressly agreed—as part of a binding contract—that

Recurrent and SunEnergy “shall use best efforts to negotiate [the Tax Equity

Transaction] in good faith.” (LOI ¶ 14.)

101. The Tax Equity Provision is a definite term, by which the parties intended

to be bound, requiring the parties to “use best efforts to negotiate in good faith.”

SunEnergy further alleges that the Tax Equity Provision was part of the

consideration for SunEnergy’s grant of exclusivity under the LOI. (Answer 10, ¶ 3.)

102. Based on the express terms of the Tax Equity Provision, the Court

concludes that the allegations of the Counterclaim sufficiently plead the existence of

a valid agreement between the parties to use their best efforts to negotiate in good

faith.
103. The Court notes that Plaintiff argues that the Term Sheet, in addition to

the LOI, is an unenforceable agreement to agree. (Mem. in Supp. 18−19.)

SunEnergy’s Counterclaim, however, is not for breach of the Term Sheet; rather, it is

for breach of the LOI. Thus, the Court does not find persuasive Plaintiff’s arguments

based on the Term Sheet.

104. Therefore, the Court concludes that the allegations of the Counterclaim are

sufficient to state a claim for breach of the LOI at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage, and the

Rule 12(b)(6) Motion is denied. The Court notes that, in denying the Rule 12(b)(6)

Motion, the Court has not yet been required to address the very significant issue of

what relief might be authorized by an express contractual commitment to negotiate

in good faith, and how such relief contrasts with that allowed if there had been a

binding commitment to all necessary terms of a final agreement.

V. CONCLUSION

105. THEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES the Motions.

SO ORDERED, this the 7th day of March, 2017.

/s/ Michael L. Robinson
Michael L. Robinson
Special Superior Court Judge
for Complex Business Cases