Zubiate, Leroy Hilbert

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. WR-95,541-01

EX PARTE LEROY HILBERT ZUBIATE, Applicant

ON APPLICATION FOR A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
CAUSE NO. 13935-A IN THE 118TH DISTRICT COURT
FROM HOWARD COUNTY

WALKER, J., filed a concurring opinion, in which NEWELL, J., joined.

CONCURRING OPINION

I agree with the Court’s decision to deny habeas relief to Applicant Leroy Hilbert Zubiate.

His rights to confront the witnesses against him, under the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation

Clause, and also under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, were not violated when

witnesses provided testimony at Applicant’s parole revocation remotely using Zoom. As the Court

makes clear,1 the Sixth Amendment applies only to “criminal prosecutions.” U.S. CONST. amend.

VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . [.]”). And “the revocation of

parole is not part of a criminal prosecution. . . . Parole arises after the end of the criminal

1
Majority op. at 2.
2

prosecution[.]” Morrisey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480 (1972).

However, I write separately, first, to note that the Court needn’t have gone on to add that

Applicant, accused of some violation of the terms of his parole release, was not an “accused” within

the meaning of the Sixth Amendment.2 Nor was there any need to add that the witnesses providing

testimony against him that would send him back to prison, were not witnesses “against” him within

the meaning of the amendment.3 Whether Applicant is an “accused” and whether the witnesses were

“against” him under the Sixth Amendment are moot points; the Sixth Amendment does not apply

anyway. See Morrisey, 408 U.S. at 480 (“the revocation of parole is not part of a criminal

prosecution.”).

Second, with regard to Section II of the Court’s opinion, I agree, in principle, that “less-than-

ideal confrontation” does not necessarily violate the due process-based right to confrontation.4 It is

true that the Supreme Court has said that “[t]he due process clause does not” require “ideal systems

for the administration of justice.” Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 116–17 (1934) (quoting

Ownbey v. Morgan, 256 U.S. 94, 110–11 (1921)). But that does not mean the due process clause is

offended by “more-ideal” or “closer-to-ideal.”

Due process, in the context of a parole revocation, “need[s] an informal hearing structured

to assure that the finding of a parole violation will be based on verified facts and that the exercise

of discretion will be informed by an accurate knowledge of the parolee’s behavior.” Morrisey, 408

2
Majority op. at 3 (citing Betterman v. Montana, 578 U.S. 437, 443 (2016); Pointer v.
Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406–07 (1965); and United States v. Fields, 483 F.3d 313, 328 (5th Cir. 2007)).
3
Majority op. at 3 (citing Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. 186, 190 (1987); and Melendez-Diaz
v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 313 (2009)).
4
Majority op. at 5.
3

U.S. at 484. Having everybody—the parties, the parole hearing officer, and the witnesses—together

for the parole hearing, live and in person, is better at providing “verified facts” and “accurate

knowledge” than Zoom.

As the Supreme Court explained in Maryland v. Craig, “[t]he combined effect of [the]

elements of confrontation—physical presence, oath, cross-examination, and observation of

demeanor by the trier of fact . . . ensur[es] that evidence admitted . . . is reliable and subject to the

rigorous adversarial testing that is the norm of Anglo–American criminal proceedings.” 497 U.S.

836, 846 (1990) (emphasis added). “Although face-to-face confrontation . . . is not the sine qua non

of the confrontation right[,]” id. at 847, the Supreme Court has “recognized . . . that face-to-face

confrontation enhances the accuracy of factfinding by reducing the risk that a witness will wrongfully

implicate an innocent person.” Id. at 846. Indeed:

The perception that confrontation is essential to fairness has persisted over the
centuries because there is much truth to it. A witness “may feel quite differently
when he has to repeat his story looking at the man whom he will harm greatly by
distorting or mistaking the facts. He can now understand what sort of human being
that man is.” . . . It is always more difficult to tell a lie about a person “to his face”
than “behind his back.” In the former context, even if the lie is told, it will often be
told less convincingly. The Confrontation Clause does not, of course, compel the
witness to fix his eyes upon the defendant; he may studiously look elsewhere, but the
trier of fact will draw its own conclusions. Thus the right to face-to-face
confrontation serves much the same purpose as a less explicit component of the
Confrontation Clause that we have had more frequent occasion to discuss the right
to cross-examine the accuser; both “ensur[e] the integrity of the fact-finding process.”
. . . The State can hardly gainsay the profound effect upon a witness of standing in
the presence of the person the witness accuses, since that is the very phenomenon it
relies upon to establish the potential “trauma” that allegedly justified the
extraordinary procedure in the present case. That face-to-face presence may,
unfortunately, upset the truthful rape victim or abused child; but by the same token
it may confound and undo the false accuser, or reveal the child coached by a
malevolent adult. It is a truism that constitutional protections have costs.

Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1019–20 (1988) (internal citations omitted).
4

In contrast, having witnesses appear by Zoom loses the edge that face-to-face confrontation

has in enhancing accuracy. It removes one of the “elements of confrontation—physical presence,”

recognized in Craig. See Craig, 497 U.S. at 846. While removing one leg of that stool does not

necessarily mean the evidence admitted is no longer reliable and not subject to rigorous adversarial

testing, it does handicap the factfinding process. While it has been several years since I have

conducted direct or cross-examination of a witness, there is no doubt in my mind that Zoom

testimony is simply worse than face-to-face testimony. Of course, I cannot speak for all of my

colleagues, and I understand that my tolerance for Zoom’s downsides may be less than theirs, but

I do not think that any of them would suggest that Zoom provides an equivalent experience to live,

in-person proceedings.

Even if Zoom videoconferencing can meet the minimum requirements of due process, the

Court’s opinion today should not be a signal to parole hearing officers that they should be content

with the bare minimum. We should strive to achieve the ideal whenever and wherever possible. I

would encourage parole hearing officers to try for better. They should not use Zoom and other tele-

and videoconferencing options simply because they are available. There should be in-person, face-to-

face proceedings to the extent practicable, giving life to the high ideals of the framers who

proclaimed that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.

With these thoughts, I concur in the judgment of the Court.

Filed: March 26, 2025
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