Lior Levy v. Miguel Lugo

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-25-00029-CV

Lior Levy, Appellant

v.

Miguel Lugo, Appellee

FROM THE 201ST DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY
NO. D-1-GN-24-000196, THE HONORABLE LAURIE EISERLOH, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Lior Levy filed a bill of review seeking to overturn a final judgment against him in

a personal-injury action. After a hearing, the trial court granted appellee Miguel Lugo’s motion

for summary judgment. Levy appeals. We will affirm.

BACKGROUND

This case began in November 2018, when Lugo sued Levy, individually and doing

business as the Steamers, after Lugo was injured in an accident by a car allegedly driven by the

Steamers’ employee. Levy and the Steamers retained counsel, who filed an answer on their behalf

generally denying the allegations. Several months later, with the trial court’s approval, Levy and

the Steamers’ counsel withdrew as their attorney based on their “failure to communicate and

cooperate.” The motion to withdraw included a last-known address for Levy and the Steamers on

Anderson Lane in Austin.
Lugo sought discovery from the defendants, including requests for admission as to

the essential elements of his claims. Lugo served the discovery on Levy and the Steamers using

the Anderson Lane address, but the correspondence was returned as undeliverable. Lugo also

served the discovery requests to an Aventura, Florida address that he says was associated with

Levy and claims that this correspondence was not returned as undeliverable. 1 After almost a year

passed, Levy had not returned the discovery requests, and Lugo moved for summary judgment

based on the deemed admissions. His motion attached as evidence the discovery requests, which

included a certificate of service for both the Anderson Lane and Aventura, Florida addresses. After

a hearing, on March 4, 2022, the trial court granted Lugo’s summary-judgment motion and entered

a final order in his favor, which awarded $243,023.38, plus interest, for past and present medical

expenses, physical pain, mental anguish, loss of earning capacity, and physical impairment. The

trial court clerk sent notice of the judgment to Levy and the Steamers’ Anderson Lane address, but

that correspondence was also returned as undeliverable.

In January 2024, Levy filed his petition for bill of review seeking to vacate the

judgment against him. In an attached affidavit, Levy averred that he never received

correspondence regarding Lugo’s lawsuit after his counsel withdrew, including the discovery

requests, summary-judgment motion and hearing notice, and final judgment. Levy agreed that the

Anderson Lane address was the business address for the Steamers but maintained that his personal

address was on Sabine Street. He also stated that he sold his interest in the Steamers and had since

1
Though the record contains the envelope returned as undeliverable to the Anderson Lane
address, there is nothing in the record that indicates the discovery request sent to Florida
was delivered.
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moved to Florida. Further, Levy maintained that he did not own the vehicle involved in the

accident, nor did he or the Steamers employ the driver.

Lugo moved for summary judgment, arguing that Levy cannot satisfy the

requirements of a bill of review. He attached as evidence filings from the underlying personal-

injury suit, including his petition, Levy and the Steamers’ answer, the trial court’s order granting

the motion to withdraw, the discovery requests, his motion for summary judgment on the deemed

admissions and notice of the motion’s hearing, and final judgment. Levy also moved for summary

judgment, asserting that he had conclusively established that he was not individually liable for

Lugo’s accident and, through “no fault” of his own, had not received “actual notice” of the

discovery requests, summary-judgment motion or hearing, or the final judgment. In an attached

affidavit, Levy attested that he was a minority shareholder in the Steamers business, not a sole

proprietor, and in January 2020, he had transferred his interest in the company. He maintained

that the Anderson Lane address was not “an address for [him] individually” but was “the business

address for the Steamers.”

After a hearing, the trial court granted Lugo’s motion for summary judgment and

denied Levy’s motion for summary judgment and bill of review. Levy filed a motion for new trial,

which was overruled by operation of law, and then appealed.

LEGAL STANDARDS

We review a trial court’s ruling on summary judgment de novo. Henkel v. Norman,

441 S.W.3d 249, 250 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam). To succeed on a traditional summary-judgment

motion, the “movant must establish that there is no genuine issue of material fact so that the movant

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Western Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550

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(Tex. 2005). When, as here, the parties file competing motions for summary judgment, “each

party bears the burden of establishing that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tarr

v. Timberwood Park Owners Ass’n, 556 S.W.3d 274, 278 (Tex. 2018) (quoting City of Garland

v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. 2000)).

A bill of review is an equitable proceeding to set aside a judgment that is no longer

appealable or subject to a motion for new trial. Katy Venture, Ltd. v. Cremona Bistro Corp.,

469 S.W.3d 160, 163 (Tex. 2015) (per curiam) (quoting Mabon Ltd. v. Afri-Carib Enters.,

369 S.W.3d 809, 812 (Tex. 2012) (per curiam)). “Although it is an equitable proceeding, the fact

that an injustice has occurred is not sufficient to justify relief by bill of review.” Wembley Inv. Co.

v. Herrera, 11 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. 1999). A bill of review is proper only if a party has exercised

due diligence to prosecute all adequate legal remedies against a former judgment, and at the time

the bill of review is filed, there remains no such adequate legal remedy still available because,

through no fault of the bill’s proponent, fraud, accident, or mistake precludes presentation of a

meritorious claim or defense. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003).

When a bill-of-review plaintiff claims a due-process violation for lack of service or notice, he does

not need to plead and prove a meritorious defense; he must establish only his own lack of fault or

negligence. Mabon, 369 S.W.3d at 812. “The grounds upon which a bill of review can be obtained

are narrow because the procedure conflicts with the fundamental policy that judgments must

become final at some point.” Chapman, 118 S.W.3d at 751.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, Levy argues that the trial court erred in denying the bill of review

(1) despite evidence that he was not properly served with notice of the discovery requests,

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summary-judgment motion or hearing, and final judgment, (2) because it failed to consider that

Lugo’s discovery requests in the underlying personal-injury suit were served late under the

scheduling order, and (3) without considering his meritorious defense to the underlying claim. 2

Because Levy’s bill of review is premised on lack of service or notice, he was required to prove

only his own lack of fault or negligence in raising his meritorious defense in the underlying suit.

See Mabon, 369 S.W.3d at 812. Thus, in reviewing the trial court’s final judgment in Lugo’s

favor, we consider whether the summary-judgment evidence conclusively proves that Levy was at

fault or negligent. See id.

Parties have a responsibility to keep the court informed of their correct addresses.

See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 30.015. Here, however, the summary-judgment evidence was

undisputed that Levy had not updated the court of a change to his mailing address. When his

residence or business address changed, Levy was required to “provide the clerk of the court with

written notice of the party’s new address.” Id. § 30.015(d). The argument that Levy makes

regarding the Anderson Lane address as insufficient because it was not his “individual” address is

not supported by Section 30.015(a) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code, which requires

parties in civil actions to “provide the clerk of the court with written notice of the party’s name

and current residence or business address.” Id. § 30.015(a). And though Levy claims that he

“could have easily been located through [his] prior counsel, through the co-defendant or through

an internet search,” due process requires “notice, reasonably calculated under the circumstances,

to be given,”—not actual notice. Withrow v. Schou, 13 S.W.3d 37, 40 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

2
Levy frames his third issue on appeal as an argument that his due-process rights were
violated based on judgment entered without proper notice. Because his first issue encompasses
the same argument, we consider the two together.
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Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (citing Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., Inc., 485 U.S. 80, 82 (1988) and

Walker v. Broadhead, 828 S.W.2d 278, 280 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, writ denied)).

The undisputed summary-judgment evidence established that Levy failed to advise

the court of his current address. Thus, because the evidence establishes that Levy’s own

negligence or fault contributed to his failure to present a meritorious defense in the underlying

personal-injury suit, Levy failed to satisfy the sole requirement for a bill of review claiming

non-service. See, e.g., Arroyo v. Garza, No. 13-16-00633-CV, 2018 WL 3583789, at *3 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg July 26, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (concluding bill-of-review

claimant’s failure to correct address with trial court “negligently contributed to her nonservice”

and failed to “satisf[y] the sole requirement for a bill of review alleging non-service”); Jones

v. Neill, No. 05-17-00098-CV, 2018 WL 3017304, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 18, 2018, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (concluding bill-of-review claimant’s failure to give court notice of current

address made his “alleged lack of notice [] at least partly his own fault”); cf. Hitt v. Zarauskas,

No. 03-16-00076-CV, 2017 WL 1228893, at *5 & n.27 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 29, 2017, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that defendant provided uncontroverted proof of “some excuse” for failure

to update address with trial court when seeking new trial from post-answer default judgment under

Craddock standard and contrasting with negligence standard for bill-of-review claimant). The trial

court correctly granted summary judgment in Lugo’s favor and denied Levy’s bill of review.

Because Levy’s first issue is dispositive, we do not reach his additional issues on

appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; Montalvo v. Vela, No. 13-14-00166-CV, 2016 WL 192063, at

*4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Jan. 14, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (declining to address

bill-of-review claimant’s meritorious-defense issue on appeal after concluding summary-judgment

evidence established his negligence).

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CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

__________________________________________
Rosa Lopez Theofanis, Justice

Before Justices Triana, Theofanis, and Crump

Affirmed

Filed: August 19, 2025

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