In re C.S...

2019 UT App 98
THE UTAH COURT OF APPEALS
S TATE OF U TAH , IN THE INTEREST OF C.S., C.S., AND C.S.,
PERSONS UNDER EIGHTEEN YEARS OF AGE.
M.C.W.,
Appellant,
v.
S TATE OF U TAH ,
Appellee.
Opinion
No. 20170732-CA
Filed June 6, 2019
Fifth District Juvenile Court, St. George Department
The Honorable Michael F. Leavitt
No. 542094
J. Robert Latham, Attorney for Appellant
Sean D. Reyes, Carol L.C. Verdoia, and John M.
Peterson, Attorneys for Appellee
Martha Pierce, Guardian ad Litem
JUDGE M ICHELE M. C HRISTIANSEN F ORSTER authored this Opinion,
in which J UDGES K ATE A PPLEBY and DIANA H AGEN concurred.
CHRISTIANSEN FORSTER, Judge:
¶1 	In August 2017, the juvenile court granted permanent
guardianship of C.S., C.S., and C.S. (collectively, Children) to
their paternal grandmother (Grandmother). M.C.W., Children’s
mother (Mother), filed a post-judgment motion challenging the
court’s permanency order. Mother argued (1) that the court
should order additional investigation into the safety, fitness, and
appropriateness of Grandmother’s permanent home in another
state and the relatives residing there; (2) that the evidence

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	2 	2019 UT App 98
presented at the permanency hearing was insufficient to support
Children’s permanent placement with Grandmother; and (3) that
the court should grant a new trial or alter or amend its findings
of fact and conclusions of law to reflect evidence presented at
trial that was not included in the court’s permanency order. The
juvenile court denied the motion, and Mother appeals. We
affirm.
BACKGROUND
¶2 	Mother has appeared before the juvenile court twice for
dependency proceedings initiated by the Utah Division of Child
and Family Services (DCFS). In 2008, a juvenile court determined
that Children were abused and neglected and removed them
from Mother’s custody. The basis for the removal was Mother’s
substance abuse, a drug overdose, and incidents of domestic
violence. After Mother’s successful completion of reunification
services, the juvenile court returned Children to her custody in
2009 and terminated further protective supervision services.
¶3 	The second dependency proceeding followed Mother’s
arrest on July 19, 2016. Mother and Children were residing at a
shelter for victims of domestic violence when police responded
to a complaint that Children were assaulting staff members and
damaging the facility. When they arrived at the shelter, police
learned 	that 	Mother 	had 	an 	outstanding 	warrant. 	She 	was
arrested, and Children were placed in the protective custody of
DCFS. The juvenile court then determined that Mother abused
and neglected Children.
¶4 	At the first shelter hearing in July 2016, the juvenile court
found that removal of Children from Mother’s custody was
necessary and in their best interests. The court determined that
Children could be safely returned to Mother’s custody only if
DCFS provided protective supervision. The court appointed a

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	3 	2019 UT App 98
guardian ad litem for Children and ordered DCFS to prepare a
service plan for Mother. The service plan required Mother to
provide meals, maintain safe and legal housing for Children,
and undertake parent training. The court also ordered Mother to
refrain from using drugs and alcohol, to submit to drug tests,
and not to associate with anyone under the influence of alcohol.
¶5 	At a second shelter 	hearing 	in August 2016, Mother
conceded that she could not keep Children safe from each other
and 	could 	not 	prevent 	their 	destructive 	behavior. 	Mother
therefore voluntarily agreed to return Children to DCFS custody.
Children were placed in the temporary custody of DCFS, and the
juvenile court ordered DCFS to consider Grandmother, who
lived in Arkansas but who was willing to relocate to Utah to care
for Children, as a potential placement option for Children. The
court 	was 	aware 	that 	Grandmother 	had 	assumed 	periodic
custody of Children over the years when Mother and Children’s
father had been unable to provide for them.1
¶6 	Thereafter, 	Mother 	requested 	that 	the 	juvenile 	court
return Children to her custody. During a pretrial hearing in
September 2016, the juvenile court postponed ruling on Mother’s
request and allowed the State and the guardian ad litem to
continue to look into other possible placements for Children. The
court allowed DCFS to make a provisional placement with
Grandmother, who at this point had moved from Arkansas to
Utah, once she successfully completed a background check. The
court also ordered DCFS to provide reunification services to
Mother for twelve months.
1. Children’s father failed to respond to the State’s petition and
the court entered a default judgment against him. L.S. has an
extensive history of substance abuse, domestic violence, and
involvement with the criminal justice system.

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	4 	2019 UT App 98
¶7 	At the subsequent adjudication/disposition hearing, the
court ordered Mother to undergo a psychological evaluation,
parenting training, and family therapy; to obtain stable housing
and a legal means of income; and to participate in an assessment
to determine the family’s needs. Mother made little progress in
following this plan however. Her participation in individual
therapy was a precondition for starting family therapy, but she
did not think she needed therapy and did not attend any
sessions for approximately five months after being notified of
this 	requirement. 	The 	month 	she 	began 	attending 	therapy,
Mother lost her job and housing, and she stopped attending
family therapy. She had continued difficulties in visits with
Children, and she often argued with Grandmother, the DCFS
caseworker, and Children during those visits. Mother also had
trouble 	following 	through 	with 	appropriate 	parenting 	skills
during 	her 	parent-time 	and 	often 	blamed 	Children 	for 	the
problems. 	During 	the 	reunification 	period, 	Mother 	did 	not
maintain consistent employment or obtain stable housing. In
contrast, after Children were placed with Grandmother, she
consistently 	cared 	and 	provided 	for 	them. 	Grandmother
relocated from Arkansas to Utah to care for Children, obtained
an apartment and employment, and engaged in behavior-related
training and therapy to learn how to better control Children’s
problematic 	behaviors. 	Grandmother 	provided 	consistent
discipline and ensured that Children attended school, therapy,
and parent-time with Mother.
¶8 	Mother’s permanency hearing began in July 2017 and
lasted five days. Throughout the proceedings, the juvenile court
recognized that it was in Children’s best interests to be placed in
a guardianship with a relative if they could not be returned
safely to Mother’s custody at the end of the reunification period.
To that end, Grandmother had informed the court that she was
“willing to have [Children] placed with her if [it was] deemed
appropriate.” Because Grandmother was a permanent resident

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	5 	2019 UT App 98
of Arkansas, she testified at the permanency hearing to the
conditions 	she 	would 	provide 	for 	Children 	in 	Arkansas.
Grandmother owned her own business and lived with 	her
husband (Step-grandfather), Children’s aunt (Aunt), and Aunt’s
two young children. Grandmother had been married to Step-
grandfather for fifteen years, and he had attended classes for
foster parents. They had purchased a five-bedroom house in
May 2016, which was being remodeled. Grandmother informed
the court about the school Children would attend, her plans to
take them to school, and her intention to continue to facilitate
their 	participation 	in 	therapy. 	Grandmother 	testified 	that
Step-grandfather was once a drug user but that he had been
drug-free 	for 	over 	forty 	years. 	Neither 	Grandmother 	nor
Step-grandfather 	currently 	used 	any 	alcohol 	or 	controlled
substances. Grandmother acknowledged that Step-grandfather
once had Hepatitis C and cirrhosis, and had received a liver
transplant; she also acknowledged that Step-grandfather was
convicted 	of 	robbery 	forty-five 	years 	ago. 	Grandmother
indicated that the records from these incidents have been sealed
and that Step-grandfather eventually received a pardon from
Arkansas’s governor.
¶9 	Based 	on 	the 	evidence 	presented 	at 	the 	permanency
hearing and Mother’s failure to comply with the service plan, the
juvenile court found by a preponderance of the evidence that
returning Children to Mother “would create a substantial risk of
detriment to their emotional well-being.” The court found that
guardianship with a relative was the most appropriate plan for
Children and thus awarded Grandmother permanent custody
and guardianship, and it terminated reunification services for
Mother. The findings of fact in the court’s permanency order do
not 	include 	information 	about 	Step-grandfather, 	Aunt, 	or
Grandmother’s household in Arkansas.
¶10 	After the permanency order was entered, Mother filed a
post-judgment motion for a new trial or to amend the court’s

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	6 	2019 UT App 98
findings of fact and conclusions of law. The juvenile court
denied the motion, and Mother appeals.
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶11 	Mother appeals the juvenile court’s permanency decision
on several grounds. First, she contends that the court erred in
denying her post-judgment request for additional investigation
into Grandmother’s living situation in Arkansas. This challenge
requires us to determine whether the mandatory fitness and
safety provisions contained in Utah Code section 78A-6-307,
applicable at the initial stages of a child welfare proceeding, also
apply to a juvenile court’s permanent placement decisions. This
is a question of statutory interpretation, which we review for
correctness, 	giving 	no 	deference 	to 	the 	juvenile 	court’s
interpretation. In re B.N.A., 2018 UT App 224, ¶ 8, 438 P.3d 10.
¶12 	Second, Mother contends that the juvenile court’s findings
of 	fact 	are 	insufficient 	to 	support 	its 	decision 	to 	award
Grandmother permanent guardianship of Children. “We afford
great deference to the juvenile court’s findings of fact,” In re
A.C.M., 2009 UT 30, ¶ 8, 221 P.3d 185, and will overturn the
court’s decision only “if it either failed to consider all of the facts
or considered all of the facts and its decision was nonetheless
against the clear weight of the evidence,” In re B.R., 2007 UT 82,
¶ 12, 171 P.3d 435. Further, we give the juvenile court “a wide
latitude of discretion as to the judgments arrived at based upon
not only the court’s opportunity to judge credibility firsthand,
but also based on the juvenile court judges’ special training,
experience and interest in this field.” In re E.R., 2001 UT App 66,
¶ 11, 21 P.3d 680 (quotation simplified).
¶13 	Third, Mother contends that the juvenile court improperly
denied her post-judgment request for a new trial or to alter or
amend 	the 	judgment, 	arguing 	that 	the 	court’s 	permanency

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	7 	2019 UT App 98
decision was not supported by sufficient evidence. We review
motions for a new trial and motions to amend a judgment for an
abuse of discretion. In re A.F.K., 2009 UT App 198, ¶ 17, 216 P.3d
980. “The [juvenile] court’s denial of a motion for a new trial will
be reversed only if the evidence to support the [judgment] was
completely lacking or was so slight and unconvincing as to make
the [judgment] plainly unreasonable and unjust.” See Jessop v.
Hardman, 	2014 	UT 	App 	28, 	¶ 	10, 	319 	P.3d 	790 	(quotation
simplified). Mother also contends that the factual findings set
forth in the court’s permanency order were inadequate to justify
the court’s legal conclusions. “We review the legal adequacy of
findings of fact for correctness as a question of law.” Shuman v.
Shuman, 	2017 	UT 	App 	192, 	¶ 	2, 	406 	P.3d 	258 	(quotation
simplified).
ANALYSIS
I. Fitness and Safety
¶14 	Mother contends that the mandatory fitness and safety
provisions of section 78A-6-307 of the Utah Code applicable to a
juvenile court’s initial and temporary placement decisions made
at 	a 	shelter 	hearing 	also 	apply 	to 	the 	court’s 	permanent
placement decisions. Specifically, she argues that a harmonious
reading of the statutes governing child welfare proceedings
mandates 	that 	the 	fitness, 	safety, 	and 	appropriateness
requirements contained in section 78A-6-307 apply throughout
all 	phases 	of 	child 	welfare 	proceedings. 	When 	interpreting
statutes, our primary objective “is to give effect to the intent of
the legislature.” In re J.M.S., 2011 UT 75, ¶ 13, 280 P.3d 410. First,
we look at “the statute’s plain language and presume that the
legislature 	used 	each 	word 	advisedly 	and 	read 	each 	term
according to its ordinary and accepted meaning.” Id. (quotation
simplified). Because 	statutory language is often not “plain”
when read in isolation, we must read it “in light of its linguistic,

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	8 	2019 UT App 98
structural, and statutory context.” Id. (quotation simplified). “For
this reason, our interpretation of a statute requires that each part
or section be construed in connection with every other part or
section so as to produce a harmonious whole.” Id. (quotation
simplified). “If the language of the statute yields a plain meaning
that does not lead to an absurd result, the analysis ends.” Murray
v. Utah Labor Comm’n, 2013 UT 38, ¶ 16, 308 P.3d 461 (quotation
simplified).
¶15 	If DCFS removes a child from a parent’s custody because
of abuse or neglect, a juvenile court must determine whether the
removal was reasonable and 	whether continued removal 	is
necessary. See Utah Code Ann. § 78A-6-306 (LexisNexis Supp.
2018). If the court finds continued removal necessary but the
child is not returned to the custody of the child’s other parent,
then section 78A-6-307(7) governs. Pursuant to that section, the
juvenile court must first determine whether “there is a relative or
a friend who is able and willing to care for the child.” Id.
§ 78A-6-307(7)(a). “If a willing relative or friend is identified
under Subsection (7)(a), the court shall make a specific finding
regarding” 	the 	fitness, 	safety, 	and 	appropriateness 	of 	the
placement. Id. § 78A-6-307(10)(a). If the court makes “the finding
described in Subsection (10)(a)” and the child will be placed with
a relative, “the court shall, at a minimum, order” background
investigations that include background checks of the relative and
each non-relative who resides where the child will be placed. Id.
§ 78A-6-307(11). The statute also requires DCFS to visit the
relative’s home. Id. All of these requirements relate back to
subsection 78A-6-307(7), which explicitly states that it applies “at
the time of the shelter hearing.” Id. § 78A-6-307(7).
¶16 	These statutory requirements apply early on in a child
welfare 	proceeding 	when 	the 	juvenile 	court 	must 	quickly
determine who will have custody of the child until the child is
able to be safely returned to the custody of his or her parent, if
possible. At this stage, the court is not yet entirely familiar with

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	9 	2019 UT App 98
all the circumstances of the case and has limited information
about the parties. Therefore, pursuant to the plain language of
the statute, to facilitate placement of a child with a friend or
relative, 	the 	requirements 	in 	section 	78A-6-307(11) 	are
mandatory only in connection with the initial placement of the
child with a willing relative or friend. Id. § 78A-6-307(11)(a).
¶17 	If the juvenile court determines that continued removal of
a child is necessary, it then must establish a permanency plan
and determine whether reunification services are appropriate for
the child and the child’s family. Id. § 78A-6-312(2). “In all cases,
the minor’s health, safety, and welfare shall be the court’s
paramount concern in determining whether reasonable efforts to
reunify should be made.” Id. § 78A-6-312(5). If reunification
services are appropriate, the court will establish a service plan
that outlines certain requirements the parent must meet over a
designated period to regain custody of the child.
¶18 	When 	reunification 	services 	are 	ordered, 	they 	are
generally not to be provided for more than twelve months. Id.
§ 78A-6-312(13). Once the period for reunification services has
expired, the court must hold a permanency hearing to evaluate
the 	placement 	goal and 	make 	a 	determination 	if 	it 	is 	still
appropriate. 	See 	id. 	§ 	78A-6-312(16). 	The 	purpose 	of 	the
permanency hearing is to determine whether the child can be
safely returned to the child’s parent. Id. § 78A-6-314(2). If a
parent fails to follow the service plan—that is, fails to remedy
the problems that warranted the State’s intervention in the first
instance—the 	court 	must 	decide 	whether 	to 	continue
reunification services or make a final determination regarding
parental rights, custody, and guardianship. Id. § 78A-6-314(4). At
this phase of the proceedings, if the court determines that a child
may not be returned safely to his or her parent, the statute
requires only that “the minor’s health, safety, and welfare” “be
the court’s paramount concern.” Id. § 78A-6-312(5).

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	10 	2019 UT App 98
¶19 	In this case, Mother argues that the juvenile court was
required to follow the procedures outlined in section 78A-6-307
when 	appointing 	Grandmother 	as 	Children’s 	permanent
guardian. 	Specifically, 	Mother 	argues 	that 	pursuant 	to
subsection 	78A-6-307(11), 	before 	Grandmother 	could 	be
awarded permanent guardianship of Children, the court was
required, 	at 	a 	minimum, 	to 	order 	a 	background 	check 	on
Step-grandfather 	and 	the 	other 	individuals 	residing 	at
Grandmother’s house in Arkansas and to order DCFS to visit the
Arkansas 	household. 	Mother 	contends 	that 	section
78A-6-307(11)’s requirements apply throughout the pendency of
a child welfare proceeding. We disagree. A plain language
reading of section 78A-6-307 demonstrates that the requirement
for background investigations applies only to the determination
of 	whether 	a 	child’s 	placement 	is 	appropriate 	at 	the
commencement of the reunification period. Section 78A-6-307
sets forth the required procedures for shelter hearings and the
initial placement of a child who has been removed from parental
custody. Subsection (11) states that the requirements concerning
background checks apply to “making the finding described in
Subsection (10)(a).” Id. § 78A-6-307(11). Subsection (10)(a) sets
forth the findings the court must make if a “willing relative or
friend” has been identified for temporary placement until a
permanent determination is reached. Id. § 78A-6-307(10)(a).
¶20 	When Grandmother first moved to Utah, she completed
and 	passed 	the 	required 	background 	check. 	She 	obtained
housing, and DCFS inspected Grandmother’s Utah residence.
Meanwhile, Step-grandfather remained in Arkansas. At that
time, even before the initial placement, Grandmother was living
by herself in Utah, so there was no statutory requirement for a
background check on Step-grandfather in Arkansas.
¶21 	One year later at the permanency hearing, when the
juvenile court determined that Children could not be returned
safely to Mother’s custody, the court’s only statutory directive in

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	11 	2019 UT App 98
figuring out a permanent placement for Children was that the
court make its determination based on the “paramount concern”
of Children’s health, safety, and welfare. Id. § 78A-6-312(5). At
the time of the hearing, Grandmother was still living alone in
Utah, but even if she had been living with Step-grandfather in
Utah or in Arkansas, a background check and a home inspection
were not statutorily mandated at the permanency stage of the
proceeding. 	Such 	investigation 	would 	be 	required 	at 	the
permanency hearing only if the court found that ordering it was
in the best interests of Children. “Once a court has determined
that a child has been abused or neglected, that court is given
broad 	discretion 	in 	determining 	the 	child’s 	permanent
placement.” In re L.M., 2001 UT App 314, ¶ 19, 37 P.3d 1188.
Such is the case here. Accordingly, we affirm the juvenile court’s
decision denying Mother’s request for further investigation.2
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶22 	Mother next contends that (1) the juvenile court’s findings
of 	fact 	were 	insufficient 	to 	support 	its 	conclusion 	in 	the
permanency 	order 	that 	Grandmother 	was 	an 	appropriate
permanent guardian for Children, and (2) the overall evidence
presented 	at 	the 	permanency 	hearing 	was not 	sufficient 	to
support Grandmother as an appropriate person with whom to
place Children. We address each argument in turn.
2. Mother raises some valid concerns as to a potential need for
ongoing background checks and home inspections at every stage
of 	a 	child 	welfare 	proceeding, 	especially 	if 	the 	award 	of
permanent custody includes moving children out of state. But a
plain reading of subsections 78A-6-307(10)–(15) demonstrates
that the requirements of these subsections do not extend beyond
the shelter-hearing stage of a child welfare case. A resolution in
Mother’s favor on this issue would require a statutory change.

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	12 	2019 UT App 98
A. 	Findings of Fact
¶23 	A juvenile court’s findings of fact will not be overturned
unless they are against the clear weight of the evidence. In re
E.R., 2001 UT App 66, ¶ 11, 21 P.3d 680. “To successfully
challenge [a] juvenile court’s findings of fact,” Mother must
“marshal 	all 	the 	evidence 	supporting 	the 	[juvenile] 	court’s
findings and then show the evidence to be legally insufficient to
support the findings.” See In re J.M.V., 958 P.2d 943, 947 (Utah Ct.
App. 1998) (quotation simplified). This requires Mother to do
more 	than 	“present[] 	only 	those 	facts 	favorable 	to 	her
argument.” See In re K.J., 2013 UT App 237, ¶ 38, 327 P.3d 1203.
Instead, Mother must identify flaws in the evidence, and the
findings resulting from it, rendering the juvenile court’s reliance
on it clearly erroneous. See In re L.M., 2013 UT App 191, ¶ 17, 308
P.3d 553. “Where a party fails to marshal the evidence in support
of a challenged finding, the party will almost certainly fail to
carry its burden of persuasion on appeal.” In re A.J., 2017 UT
App 235, ¶ 34 n.8, 414 P.3d 541 (quotation simplified).
¶24 	Here, Mother does not address the factual findings the
juvenile 	court 	relied 	on 	to 	support 	its 	conclusion 	that
Grandmother 	was 	an 	appropriate 	permanent 	guardian 	for
Children. Mother does not challenge the evidentiary basis of any
of the court’s specific findings, nor does she engage in any
analysis suggesting that the court’s findings did not support its
conclusions. 	Instead, 	Mother 	focuses on 	the 	lack 	of 	certain
evidence 	she 	claims 	might 	have 	shown 	that 	awarding
permanent guardianship to Grandmother was not in Children’s
best 	interests. 	Mother 	cannot 	carry 	her 	burden 	by 	merely
highlighting 	potentially 	problematic 	issues 	with 	Step-
grandfather and the lack of additional testimony about Aunt and
the household in Arkansas. Rather, she “must identify flaws in
the evidence relied on by the [juvenile] court that rendered the
[juvenile] court’s reliance on it, and the findings resulting from
it, clearly erroneous.” See Shuman v. Shuman, 2017 UT App 192,

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	13 	2019 UT App 98
¶ 8, 406 P.3d 258 (quotation simplified). Mother has not done so,
and as a result, she has not carried her burden to show that the
court’s 	factual 	findings 	were 	inadequate 	to 	support 	the
conclusion that permanent placement with Grandmother was
appropriate.
B. 	Evidence for the Placement
¶25 	“The Utah Code provides that if the juvenile court orders
reunification services for a parent, a permanency hearing shall
be held at the expiration of those services . . . .” In re J.H., 2006
UT 	App 	205, 	¶ 	7, 	138 	P.3d 	70; 	see 	also 	Utah 	Code 	Ann.
§ 78A-6-312(16) (LexisNexis Supp. 2018). At the permanency
hearing a juvenile court has two options: either (1) order that the
child 	be 	returned 	to 	his 	or 	her 	parent, 	or 	(2) 	terminate
reunification services and develop a permanency plan for the
child if the court “finds that returning the child to the parent
poses a substantial risk to the child’s well-being.” In re S.K., 1999
UT App 261, ¶ 12 n.5, 987 P.2d 616 (quotation simplified). On
appeal, 	Mother 	does 	not 	contest 	the 	court’s 	finding 	that
returning Children to her custody would pose a substantial risk
to Children’s well-being. Instead, she argues only that the court
abused 	its 	discretion 	by 	granting 	Grandmother 	permanent
guardianship, 	because 	the 	evidence 	presented 	at 	trial 	was
insufficient to support that determination.
¶26 	“Once a court has determined that a child has been
abused or neglected, that court is given broad discretion in
determining the child’s permanent placement.” In re L.M., 2001
UT App 314, ¶ 19, 37 P.3d 1188. Custody determinations will be
upheld if the determinations are “consistent with the standards
set by appellate courts and supported by adequate findings of
fact and conclusions of law.” In re J.M.V., 958 P.2d at 947
(quotation 	simplified). 	“When 	a 	foundation 	for 	the 	court’s
decision exists in the evidence, an appellate court may not

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	14 	2019 UT App 98
engage in a reweighing of the evidence.” In re B.R., 2007 UT 82,
¶ 12, 171 P.3d 435.
¶27 	Here, Mother contends that the evidence presented at the
permanency hearing was not sufficient for the juvenile court to
establish 	that 	Grandmother 	was 	an 	appropriate 	permanent
placement; 	specifically, 	she 	argues 	that 	Grandmother’s
testimony alone did not establish proof by a preponderance of
the 	evidence 	that 	guardianship 	with 	Grandmother 	was 	in
Children’s 	best 	interests. 	Mother 	contends 	that 	further
investigation into the Arkansas household and the individuals
who reside there might reveal significant problems with that
living situation. We are not persuaded.
¶28 	When 	Children 	were 	removed 	from 	Mother’s 	care,
Grandmother left behind her husband in Arkansas, relocated to
Utah, rented an apartment, and obtained employment so that
she could care for Children. To support Mother’s reunification
efforts, Grandmother ensured that Children had transportation
to school, parent-time, and therapy. She always made Children
available for Mother’s parent-time and never missed any therapy
appointments. Grandmother also received significant training
related to Children’s behaviors. The court determined, based on
the 	testimony 	and 	evidence 	presented 	at 	the 	permanency
hearing, that Grandmother was able to help Children calm down
and manage their conduct, offered consistent discipline, and
created appropriate expectations for them. The juvenile court
found that Children’s behaviors improved significantly while in
Grandmother’s care. Children also indicated that it was their
desire to be placed with Grandmother.3
3. A child’s desire as to whom he or she wishes to live with may
be considered by the juvenile court but is not controlling. While
there 	“is 	no 	definitive 	checklist 	of 	factors 	to 	be 	used 	for
(continued…)

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	15 	2019 UT App 98
¶29 	At the permanency hearing, the juvenile court determined
that Children could not be returned safely to Mother. Consistent
with the original concurrent goal for Children established at the
adjudication/disposition hearing, the court found that placing
Children 	with 	Grandmother 	was 	appropriate. 	We 	are 	not
persuaded by Mother’s argument that Grandmother’s testimony
alone is insufficient to establish that she and the individuals who
reside in her Arkansas household will provide an appropriate
living situation for Children. The judge in this case not only
heard Grandmother’s testimony at the permanency hearing,
which provided the court with an opportunity for “a thoughtful,
experience-based evaluation” of Grandmother, see In re Z.D.,
2006 UT 54, ¶ 49, 147 P.3d 401, but had also worked with
Grandmother for more than a year, giving the court an extended
“opportunity to judge [Grandmother’s] credibility firsthand,” see
In re E.R., 2001 UT App 66, ¶ 11, 21 P.3d 680. The judge’s
determination 	has 	added 	credibility 	based 	on 	his 	“special
training, experience and interest in this field.” See id. (quotation
simplified). The court’s findings were supported by evidence in
the record. Therefore, we are not convinced that the court went
against 	the 	clear 	weight 	of 	the 	evidence 	in 	finding 	that
Grandmother is an appropriate permanent guardian.
(…continued)
determining custody since such factors are highly personal and
individual,” a juvenile court may consider “the preference of the
child” as one of several factors, but it is not binding on the court.
In re J.M., 940 P.2d 527, 535 (Utah Ct. App. 1997) (quotation
simplified). Best interest determinations often turn on many
factors that the juvenile court “is best suited to assess, given its
proximity to the parties and the circumstances.” Id. (quotation
simplified). Therefore, we will affirm a juvenile court’s custody
award so long as the court has not abused its discretion. Id.

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	16 	2019 UT App 98
¶30 	Mother is correct that the court could have ordered more
investigation that might have uncovered something that would
render 	placement 	with 	Grandmother 	less 	appropriate. 	But
Mother does not indicate what potentially troubling information
about Step-grandfather and Aunt may be exposed by further
investigation or argue that the court did not take into account
the negative information about Step-grandfather’s distant past to
which Grandmother testified. Mother provides no evidence to
support her speculative arguments and, because of this, fails to
persuade 	us 	that 	the 	juvenile 	court 	did 	not 	consider
Grandmother’s 	housing 	situation 	in 	Arkansas 	or 	Step-
grandfather’s and Aunt’s histories; those issues were discussed
at the permanency hearing and the court considered them.
¶31 	We will overturn a juvenile court’s decision “only if it
either failed to consider all of the facts or considered all of the
facts and its decision was nonetheless against the clear weight of
the evidence.” In re B.R., 2007 UT 82, ¶ 12, 171 P.3d 435. Because
we 	determine 	that 	the 	court’s decision 	to 	grant 	permanent
custody and guardianship of Children to Grandmother was
supported by sufficient evidence, we will not disturb it. See In re
C.C.W., 2019 UT App 34, ¶ 25.
III. Motion for New Trial and to Amend the Judgment
¶32 	Finally, 	Mother 	contends 	that 	the 	juvenile 	court
improperly denied her post-judgment motion for a new trial and
to amend the juvenile court’s permanency order to include
additional findings. After the entry of judgment, rule 52 of the
Utah Rules of Civil Procedure permits a party to request that the
court “amend its findings or make additional findings and . . .
amend 	the 	judgment 	accordingly.” 	Utah 	R. 	Civ. 	P. 	52(b).
Presuming that the additional or amended findings undermine
the court’s conclusions of law, “[t]he motion may accompany a
motion for a new trial under Rule 59.” Id.

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	17 	2019 UT App 98
¶33 	In her motion, Mother sought amendment or alteration of
the permanency order to include additional findings regarding
facts that were allegedly discussed at the permanency hearings.
One 	reason 	the 	court 	gave 	for 	its 	denial 	of 	Mother’s
post-judgment motion is that Mother failed to point the court to
the portions of the record demonstrating “which of the proposed
facts were actually presented to the Court, whether they were
disputed, 	or 	merely 	raised 	through 	questions 	by 	counsel.”4
Accordingly, the juvenile court found that it lacked “the ability
to determine if these facts were raised at trial in such a manner
that the Court could find them to be true or not.”
¶34 	Mother contends that because the juvenile court required
her to cite the record in her motion, the juvenile court did not in
fact consider any of the information Mother sought to be added
to the court’s permanency order. Mother argues that the juvenile
court’s alleged failure to consider her evidence “make[s] the
verdict plainly unreasonable and unjust.” She claims that “[h]ad
the juvenile court reviewed the hearing audio, it would have
discovered . . . that the juvenile court, [DCFS], and Mother
4. The juvenile court also denied Mother’s motion on a second
and independent ground, stating that “Mother fails to show that
the 	proposed 	facts 	are 	necessary 	to 	a 	conclusion 	that
Grandmother be appointed as permanent guardian.” Because
Mother failed to address the second reason for the denial of her
post-judgment 	motion 	her 	challenge 	necessarily 	fails. 	See
Hi-Country Estates Homeowners Ass’n v. Jesse Rodney Dansie Living
Trust, 2015 UT App 218, ¶ 5, 359 P.3d 655 (“[A]n appellant must
address the basis for the district court’s ruling.”); Salt Lake
County v. Butler, Crockett & Walsh Dev. Corp., 2013 UT App 30,
¶ 28, 297 P.3d 38 (“This court will not reverse a ruling of the trial
court that rests on independent alternative grounds where the
appellant challenges only one of those grounds.”).

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	18 	2019 UT App 98
would benefit from additional time to gain more information.”
We are not persuaded.
¶35 	To the extent that the proposed findings are supported by
evidence in the record, Mother has not demonstrated that the
court 	did 	not 	consider 	this 	evidence 	when 	making 	its
permanency decision. See In re Estate of Knickerbocker, 912 P.2d
969, 979 (Utah 1996) (stating that the court “is not required to
recite each indicia of reasoning that leads to its conclusions”). As
Mother acknowledges, the “juvenile court had the benefit of
presiding over the permanency hearing,” and it “hear[d] the
evidence 	first-hand.” 	Mother 	also 	claims 	that 	the 	facts
supporting the amendments and alterations she sought to add to
the 	permanency 	order 	were 	“discussed 	at 	length 	during
Grandmother’s 	testimony.” 	Additionally, 	some 	of 	Mother’s
proposed additions simply note that parts of Grandmother’s
testimony 	have 	not 	yet 	been 	independently 	verified. 	The
juvenile court was cognizant of this fact, stating that it chose to
retain jurisdiction over Children “purposefully so that those
unknown issues could be addressed and monitored by the Court
to 	the 	extent 	possible.” 	The 	court’s 	permanency 	order
adequately sets forth the basis for its permanency decision, and
the court was not required to give further explanation as to why
Grandmother’s testimony was credible. See In re S.T., 928 P.2d
393, 398–99 (Utah Ct. App. 1996). We accordingly decline to
disturb the juvenile court’s ruling on this issue.
CONCLUSION
¶36 	The 	juvenile 	court 	correctly 	denied 	Mother’s
post-judgment 	request 	for 	additional 	findings 	because 	the
placement provisions of Utah Code section 78A-6-307 do not
apply to permanent transfers of custody and guardianship.
Moreover, the court’s findings of fact were sufficient to support
the 	permanent 	placement 	of 	Children 	with 	Grandmother.

In re C.S.
20170732-CA 	19 	2019 UT App 98
Finally, Mother has not shown that the juvenile court erred in
denying her request to amend the permanency order entered by
the court and for a new trial.
¶37 	Affirmed.