* State of Washington v. Michael E. Chambers

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
Respondent,
v.
MICHAEL E. CHAMBERS,
Appellant.
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No. 38282-6-III
OPINION PUBLISHED
IN PART
STAAB, J. — An internet crime unit investigation in Idaho determined that an
internet protocol (IP) address registered to Michael Chambers in nearby Asotin County
was downloading and sharing depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
Following a stipulated bench trial, Chambers was convicted of 24 counts of first degree
possession, two counts of first degree dealing, and one count of second degree dealing in
depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct. He raises six issues on
appeal. In the published portion of this decision, we reject Chambers’ postverdict
challenge to the adequacy of the information. We also hold that the presence and
participation of Idaho police, at the request of a Washington deputy, to aid in the
execution of the search warrant was not prohibited by statute and was otherwise
FILED
OCTOBER 4, 2022
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
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authorized by common law.
In the unpublished portion of the decision, we hold that the search warrant was
supported by probable cause and not overbroad. We find that the evidence was sufficient
to support a finding of intent to distribute for purposes of counts 1, 2, and 3. We affirm
imposition of the polygraph condition as part of Chambers’ community custody
condition, but strike the overbroad internet condition and remand for reconsideration of
this sentencing condition.
BACKGROUND
We provide a brief overview of the facts and procedure here. Additional details
are set forth in the discussion of each issue.
On September 30, 2017, and October 1, 2017, Detective Eric Kjorness of the
Moscow Police Department Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) unit was using
computer peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing software (often referred to as “BitTorrent”) to
conduct a broad sweep investigation of internet child pornography trafficking by
accessing other BitTorrent users’ open and available computer files. Clerk’s Papers (CP)
at 259. P2P file sharing is a method of communication available to internet users through
the use of special software that links their computers through a network and allows for the
sharing of digital files directly between users on the network. After obtaining the
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software by download, a user can set up file(s) on his/her computer to be shared with
others running compatible P2P software.
BitTorrent, one type of P2P software, sets up its searches by
keywords typically on torrent websites. The results of a keyword search are
displayed to the user. The website does not contain the files being shared,
only file[s] referred to as a “torrent.” The user then selects a torrent file(s)
from the results for download. . . . The download of a file is achieved
through a direct connection between the computer requesting the file and
the computer(s) sharing the actual files (not the torrent file but the actual
files referenced in the torrent file using any BitTorrent client.).
CP at 112. More than one file can be downloaded at once, and a user may download parts
of files from more than one source computer at a time for integration.
This transfer is assisted by reference to a unique IP address expressed as four
numbers separated by decimal points assigned to a particular computer during an online
session. Every computer attached to the internet is assigned an IP address to assure
proper direction of data. Most internet service providers control the range of assigned IP
addresses. Some IP addresses are “static” long-term assignments and others have
“dynamic” addresses that are frequently changed. CP at 117. “BitTorrent users are able
to see the IP address of any computer system sharing files to them or receiving files from
them. Investigators log the IP address which were sent files or information regarding
files being shared.” CP at 113. Using the “American Register of Internet Numbers,”
investigators can determine the internet service provider assigned that IP address. CP at
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113. The specific computer assigned to the IP address can then be obtained from the
internet service provider.
During his investigation, Detective Kjorness was able to identify a specific IP
address that was downloading and sharing known images of depictions of minors engaged
in sexually explicit conduct. The IP address was assigned to an internet provider,
CableOne, out of Lewiston, Idaho. Responding to a subpoena, CableOne indicated the IP
address was assigned to an account in Chambers’ name with an Asotin County address.
Based on his findings, Detective Kjorness contacted Detective Brian Birdsell of the
Lewiston Police Department, who in turn contacted Detective Jackie Nichols of the
Asotin County Sheriff’s Office on October 30, 2017. Detective Nichols obtained a search
warrant from the Asotin County Superior Court for Chambers’ home in Clarkston,
Washington.
On December 21, 2017, Detective Nichols executed the warrant with the
assistance of law enforcement officers from several agencies including Detective
Kjorness of the Moscow, Idaho, police department. Detective Nichols testified at the
suppression motion that as a rural officer, she has generalized training, but to fill the void
in her experience, she utilizes assistance from outside agencies. She invited Detective
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Kjorness to assist with the execution of the Chambers’ warrant because the detective is an
expert in this field.
During execution of the search warrant, Detective Kjorness questioned Chambers
about his technical expertise and the presence of child pornography on his system and
performed preliminary searches of two tower computers. Detective Nichols was present
when Detective Kjorness spoke to Chambers. Chambers made significant incriminating
statements during the execution of the search warrant particularly that he installed and
used a BitTorrent program called “Azureus,” downloaded sexually explicit images of
children, saw them, and did not delete them because he was trying to help the police
investigate. CP at 31-33. He knew that he should not be doing it. He did not turn
anything over to police because he did not think that he had anything helpful.
Chambers claimed to not be sharing images but when confronted with a claim that
he had made them available over his BitTorrent program, he responded that he “thought
he ‘had the outgoing totally shut down.’” CP at 38. He commented, “‘Wow. My bad
there.’” CP at 38. He admitted to going to online sources that he knew contained sexual
images of children. He repeatedly denied distributing any images.
Detective Nichols delivered all of the digital devices seized from the home to
Detective Birdsell for forensic analysis on December 26, 2017. The evidence was
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returned to Asotin County on May 9, 2018. Detective Birdsell identified a large quantity
of sexually explicit images depicting children (6,314), and confirmed that Chambers’
computer hard drives used by default the same MAC (media access control) address listed
on the CableOne record.
Asotin County charged Chambers with two counts of “Dealing in Depictions of
Minor Engaged in Sexually Explicit Conduct in the First Degree” and one count of
“Dealing in Depictions of Minor Engaged in Sexually Explicit Conduct in the Second
Degree” in violation of RCW 9.68A.050(1) and (2). CP at 1-3. He was also charged with
24 counts of “Possession of Depictions of Minor Engaged in Sexually Explicit Conduct in
the First Degree” in violation of RCW 9.68A.070(1). CP at 4-27.
Chambers filed several motions to suppress evidence. Ultimately, the trial judge
denied his motions to suppress evidence seized from the house, but granted the motions to
suppress evidence seized from an adjacent shop that was not described in the affidavit or
included in the search warrant. Following the court’s decision, Chambers elected to
proceed to a bench trial on stipulated facts.
The stipulated evidence included 28 digital files retrieved from computers located
in Chambers’ home. Explicit descriptions of these videos and images were provided by
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Detective Birdsell and included in the stipulated evidence. Chambers stipulated that
Detective Birdsell’s descriptions were accurate and sufficient.
Chambers was found guilty on all counts and sentenced. His judgment and
sentence contained conditions prohibiting internet access and submission to polygraph
tests. The precise wording is included below.
During his sentencing statement, Chambers admitted to intentionally setting his
BitTorrent upload speed to slow, indicating his knowledge that he was disseminating, and
described himself as a “hacker” capable of hex editing. CP at 330-31.
Chambers timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
A. POSTVERDICT CHALLENGE TO THE INFORMATION
In his first issue on appeal, Chambers challenges the sufficiency of the information
charging him with 3 counts of disseminating, and 24 counts of possession of images
depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct. Chambers argues these offenses
require not only that the State prove knowledge of the act (possession or disseminating)
but also knowledge of the nature of the depictions. He contends that the charging
information failed to allege the second scienter element. We review this legal challenge
de novo. State v. Goss, 186 Wn.2d 372, 376, 378 P.3d 154 (2016).
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No. 38282-6-III
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An information must allege each essential element, statutory and otherwise, to
apprise the accused of the charges against him or her and to allow for preparation of a
defense. State v. Vangerpen, 125 Wn.2d 782, 787, 888 P.2d 1177 (1995). The
information must do more than merely list the offense, but it need not restate the precise
language of the criminal statute. State v. Nonog, 169 Wn.2d 220, 226, 237 P.3d 250
(2010). “[I]t is sufficient if words conveying the same meaning and import are used.”
State v. Kjorsvik, 117 Wn.2d 93, 108, 812 P.2d 86 (1991).
Chambers did not challenge the information before a verdict was reached. While a
constitutional challenge to the charging document can be raised for the first time on
appeal, the late objection changes the level of deference we apply. Id. at 102. “When, as
in this case, a charging document is challenged for the first time on appeal, we construe it
liberally.” State v. Pry, 194 Wn.2d 745, 752, 452 P.3d 536 (2019). Under this standard,
we consider the charging document as a whole and in a commonsense manner to
determine if the implied element can be fairly inferred through a liberal construction in
favor of its validity. Kjorsvik, 117 Wn.2d at 110-11. Under the two-pronged test
developed by Kjorsvik, our first question is whether the essential elements appear in any
form or by fair construction can be found. Id. at 105. If so, we consider whether the
defendant can show actual prejudice by language used that caused a lack of notice. Id. at
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106. However, if the information fails to meet the first prong, prejudice is presumed and
requires reversal. State v. Zillyette, 178 Wn.2d 153, 162, 307 P.3d 712 (2013).
The State’s charging information used the verbatim language of the statutes,
RCW 9.68A.050 and RCW 9.68A.070. As to the disseminating charges, counts 1 through
3, the information charged that Chambers “knowingly developed, duplicated, published,
disseminated, or exchanged or possessed with intent to develop, duplicate, publish,
disseminate, or exchange visual or printed matter depicting a minor engaged in sexually
explicit conduct . . . .” CP at 1-3; see RCW 9.68A.050(1)(a)(i). Similarly, with respect to
the possession charges, the information alleged that Chambers “knowingly possessed
visual or printed matter depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct . . . .”
CP at 4-27; see RCW 9.68A.070(1)(a).
Chambers contends the statutory language used in the information has already
been found to be constitutionally insufficient. In State v. Rosul, the Supreme Court
addressed the defendant’s overbreadth challenge to the child pornography statutes.
95 Wn. App. 175, 182, 974 P.2d 916 (1999). Against this First Amendment to the United
States Constitution backdrop, the court found that “[a] natural grammatical reading of
RCW 9.68A.070 would apply the scienter requirement to possession, but not to the age of
the children depicted.” Id. After finding that such a scienter requirement was necessary
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to preserve the constitutionality of the statute, the court construed the statute to require a
showing that the defendant was aware of the general nature of the material he possessed.
Id. at 185. Following Rosul, the statutes are now construed to require “a showing that the
defendant was aware not only of possession, but also of the general nature of the material
he or she possessed.” Id.
Chambers argues that Rosul’s “natural reading” of the statute is binding for
purposes of challenging the language of the information postverdict. His argument,
however, fails to acknowledge the more lenient standard of construction that is applied
when there is a late challenge to the information. Notably, Rosul held that the statutory
language implied knowledge of the nature of the materials under the stricter statutory
interpretation standard.1 Chambers does not cite any authority that prevents us from
applying a more liberal reading to the information in this case.
In this case, the information alleged that Chambers “knowingly possessed visual or
printed matter depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct . . . .” CP at 4-27.
Under the liberal construction rule, the knowledge element can be fairly imputed to not
only the verb but the entire direct object following the verb. “In ordinary English, where
1 Criminal statutes are strictly construed. State v. Larson, 119 Wash. 123, 125, 204
P. 1041 (1922).
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No. 38282-6-III
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a transitive verb has an object, listeners in most contexts assume that an adverb (such as
knowingly) that modifies the transitive verb tells the listener how the subject performed
the entire action, including the object as set forth in the sentence.” Flores-Figueroa v.
United States, 556 U.S. 646, 650, 129 S. Ct. 1886, 173 L. Ed. 2d 853 (2009).
Under a more liberal construction, our Supreme Court has found a charging
document sufficient even when it omits a common law element of knowledge. In State v.
Tunney, the information failed to allege knowledge that the victim was a police officer.
129 Wn.2d 336, 339, 917 P.2d 95 (1996). Specifically, the information alleged the
defendant did “‘assault Officer David Shelton of the Seattle Police Department, a law
enforcement officer who was performing official duties at the time of the assault.’”
Id. at 338. The court held that under a liberal construction, the missing element could be
fairly imputed from the information. Id. at 341. “When the crime is defined by an act
and result, as in this case, the mental element relates to the result as well as the act.” Id.;
see also State v. Hopper, 118 Wn.2d 151, 154, 822 P.2d 775 (1992) (element of
“knowingly” can be imputed from word “assault” in the information because the term
“assault” implies knowing conduct); Kjorsvik, 117 Wn.2d at 110 (nonstatutory intent to
steal element can be fairly implied from allegation that defendant “unlawfully, with force,
and against the baker’s will, took the money while armed with a deadly weapon”).
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No. 38282-6-III
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Chambers argues that in order to be sufficient, the charging document must track
the language of the to-convict jury instruction. In support of this argument, Chambers
contends that the Supreme Court recently rejected the “artificial distinction between the
essential elements that must be included in jury instructions and those that must be
included in charging documents,” citing State v. Canela, 199 Wn.2d 321, 332, 505 P.3d
1166 (2022). Reply Br. of Appellant at 5. We disagree that Canela implicitly overruled
significant precedent to hold that a charging document must always contain the same
language as the to-convict jury instruction. Instead, Canela recognized that “to-convict
instructions can provide guidelines for the essential elements required in charging
documents.” Id.
The State’s information mirrors the statute. Where knowledge of the nature of the
materials was implied in the statute under the strict statutory interpretation standard, the
language sufficiently provides notice of all essential elements under a more liberal
construction. The word “knowingly” in the information modifies the acts of possession
and dissemination, and the word “minor” describes the nature of the images. Chambers
does not allege any prejudice from unartful language and was informed of the nature of
charges and able to mount his defense.
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No. 38282-6-III
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B. INVOLVEMENT OF OUT-OF-STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE EXECUTION OF
THE SEARCH WARRANT
The second issue we address in the published portion of this opinion is whether
Detective Nichols was authorized to request the assistance of out-of-state law
enforcement during execution of the search warrant.2 The State responds that common
law allows neighboring agencies to assist in the execution of a search warrant as subject
matter experts and these outside agencies did not take over the investigation but instead
took direction from Detective Nichols.
The trial court denied Chambers’ motion to suppress evidence based on this
theory. The trial court’s unchallenged findings provide:
Suppression hearing evidence established that Moscow Police
Department Detective Eric Kjorness and two members of the Lewiston
Police Department assisted in executing the search warrant at Defendant’s
Clarkston residence. Detective Kjorness was also involved in interviewing
the Defendant at the scene and in providing technical expertise as to
computer and internet issues. Defendant argues that these out-of-state
officers lacked authority to be involved in the Washington search and
investigation. There is no evidence of any written agreement between
Washington and Idaho law enforcement agencies that would be relevant to
this case.
2 Chambers also suggests that by sitting outside his house to check access to his
WiFi, Idaho Detective Birdsell was acting illegally. Opening Br. of Appellant at 61.
Chambers challenged this conduct below but the court found that checking to see if
nearby WiFi was secured by a password is not a search. Chambers does not assign error
to this decision, nor does he posit how checking for available WiFi is illegal.
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It was Idaho police officers that initially discovered and investigated
the crimes now being alleged. When they discovered that the depictions of
minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct were being downloaded and
shared on an IP address assigned to a Clarkston address, the case was
referred to the Asotin County Sheriff’s Office. From that point on, Asotin
County Sheriff Detective Jackie Nichols took the lead in the Washington
investigation. She obtained the search warrant and directed it [sic]
execution. While she sought and obtained the presence and assistance of
the Idaho officers in the search and in her investigation, Defendant cites no
authority for the proposition that out-of-state officers are prohibited from
providing such assistance.
CP at 251-52.
The legal issue presented is whether a Washington deputy sheriff can authorize the
presence and participation of out-of-state law enforcement officers during the execution
of a search warrant. As a conclusion of law set forth in an evidence suppression order,
we review this legal question de novo. State v. Rawley, 13 Wn. App. 2d 474, 478, 466
P.3d 784 (2020).
Chambers grounds his argument in the lack of statutory authority for the Idaho
officers to provide law enforcement assistance in a Washington investigation. The State
contends that under common law, officers are authorized to use subject matter experts to
assist in a search, even if those experts are law enforcement officers from another
jurisdiction.
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No. 38282-6-III
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As the parties seem to agree, the statutes do not authorize nor do they prohibit the
presence of law enforcement from other jurisdictions during a search. In certain
circumstances, that do not apply here, out-of-state officers have authority to seize a
person in Washington. See Washington Mutual Aid Peace Officer Powers Act of 1985
(chapter 10.93 RCW) and the Uniform Act on Fresh Pursuit (chapter 10.89 RCW).
RCW 10.93.070 provides exceptions to the general rule that an officer’s authority is
restricted to his or her territorial jurisdiction. While this statute does not grant out-of-
state officers the authority to act inside Washington, subsection (3) of the statute
authorizes Washington peace officers to enforce the criminal laws of the state outside
their territorial bounds “in response to the request of a peace officer with enforcement
authority.”
RCW 10.93.070(3). If the assistance is not requested, however, the presence of an officer
from another jurisdiction who is tagging along for his own purposes can undermine the
seizure. State v. Bartholomew, 56 Wn. App. 617, 622, 784 P.2d 1276 (1990).
In Bartholomew, Division One of this court held that a Seattle officer’s presence
outside his territorial jurisdiction during a warrantless felony arrest by Tacoma police
could not be justified under RCW 10.93.070 where the Seattle officer was looking for
evidence of a separate crime without a warrant. 56 Wn. App. at 620-25. Critically,
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nothing in the record indicated that the Tacoma police needed assistance to execute a
search warrant for items in the home. Id. at 621.
In dicta, Division One discussed situations where the presence of the Seattle
officer would have been justified such as when executing a warrant where the expertise
and assistance of experienced officers was requested. Id. at 621-22. For example, the
court described participation of drug enforcement officers in executing the search of a
drug manufacturing operation where safe confiscation and identification required
expertise that a small rural community officer might be inadequate. Id. In support of that
hypothetical, the court compared several federal cases analyzing 18 U.S.C. § 31053 to
support the premise that federal officers were authorized when genuinely requested for
assistance. Id. at 622-23; United States v. Wright, 667 F.2d 793 (9th Cir. 1982) (Federal
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms officer executing federal search warrant
properly requested state officer assistance.). The case before us presents this
hypothetical.
3 18 U.S.C. § 3105: “A search warrant may in all cases be served by any of the
officers mentioned in its direction or by an officer authorized by law to serve such
warrant, but by no other person, except in aid of the officer on his requiring it, he being
present and acting in its execution.”
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In State v. Kern, Division One approved the use of civilian experts to aid in the
execution of a search warrant. 81 Wn. App. 308, 315, 914 P.2d 114 (1996). In Kern, an
officer served a search warrant on a bank and instructed the bank employees to provide
him with the designated records. Id. The bank employees participated in the record
search without unnecessary supervision especially where the officer was not trained to
retrieve and preserve the records in question. Id. The court found the delegation proper
where the civilians were disinterested third parties with little possibility of exceeding the
scope of the warrant. Id. at 316. Additionally, the court held that “[a]bsent constitutional
considerations, the rules for execution and return of a warrant are essentially ministerial
in nature.” Id. at 311.
Although Chambers does not raise a constitutional argument, the United States
Supreme Court has held that “it is a violation of the Fourth Amendment for police to
bring . . . third parties into a home during the execution of a warrant when the presence of
the third parties in the home was not in aid of the execution of the warrant.” Wilson v.
Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 614, 119 S. Ct. 1692, 143 L. Ed. 2d 818 (1999). In Wilson, police
invited the press on a media ride-along during the execution of a warrant. The Court held
that the presence of the reporters violated the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights
because their “presence . . . inside the home was not related to the objectives of the
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authorized intrusion.” Id. at 611. Similar to the holding in Bartholomew, the Court
distinguished situations where a third party “directly aided in the execution of the
warrant,” recognizing that such conduct “has long been approved by this Court and our
common-law tradition.” Id. at 611-12.
Here, Chambers does not dispute that Detective Kjorness was aiding Detective
Nichols in the execution of the search warrant. Instead, he argues that Idaho police were
“deeply involved” in the case, suggesting that they took over the search and investigation.
Opening Br. of Appellant at 61. This argument is contrary to the trial court’s finding that
Detective Nichols was the lead investigator in this case and that she obtained the warrant
and directed its execution. Chambers does not dispute this finding and there is no
evidence that the Idaho officers exerted independent authority during the search. When
the warrant needed to be expanded, Detective Kjorness stopped his search and Detective
Nichols contacted a judicial officer to amend the warrant.
Otherwise, Chambers’ argument focuses on extrajudicial issuance of warrants
outside a court’s jurisdiction and unauthorized arrests outside an officer’s jurisdiction.
Neither of these factual situations occurred here. There is no indication that the Idaho
officers arrested Chambers or enforced the laws. Instead, they participated in the
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execution of a search warrant at the direction of the lead investigator, Detective Nichols,
and provided her with technical expertise.
For the first time on appeal, Chambers challenges the use of Idaho law
enforcement experts to forensically examine the materials seized during execution of the
search warrant. Chambers did not raise this challenge in his motions to suppress and did
not object at the stipulated facts trial to the introduction of evidence obtained from the
forensic examination by Idaho police. Citing RAP 2.5(a), the State objects to
consideration of this issue because the record is undeveloped. Br. of Resp’t at 66.
Chambers replies that since the use of an outside agency violates his Fourth Amendment
rights, the issue can be addressed as a manifest error affecting a constitutional right.
RAP 2.5(a)(3).
We decline to address this issue. The exception provided in RAP 2.5(a)(3) is
narrow and does not permit all asserted constitutional claims to be raised for the first time
on appeal. State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 934, 155 P.3d 125 (2007). Instead, a
manifest error requires a showing of actual prejudice. Id. at 935. “If the trial record is
insufficient to determine the merits of the constitutional claim, the error is not manifest
and review is not warranted.” Id.
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Here, Chambers’ attempts at showing prejudice are speculative. He contends that
“[g]iven the importance that Washington courts place on strict guidelines for searches of
items protected by the First Amendment and article I, section 5, one cannot assume that
an officer not trained in Washington procedures would conduct the search with ‘the most
scrupulous exactitude.’” Opening Br. of Appellant at 67-68 (quoting State v. Besola,
184 Wn.2d 605, 611, 359 P.3d 799 (2015)). And yet, had Chambers raised this issue
below, the facts surrounding the procedures used to forensically examine the equipment
would be fully developed and part of the record. Because this issue was not preserved
below and the record on appeal is insufficient, we decline to address it for the first time
on appeal.
Under circumstances where the out-of-state officers were not arresting a suspect or
otherwise enforcing the law, but rather acting at the direction of the lead Washington
deputy to aid her in the execution of a search warrant, the presence and involvement of
Detective Kjorness was not prohibited by statute and otherwise authorized by common
law. The trial court properly concluded that the involvement of the Idaho officers did not
require suppression of evidence.
We affirm the convictions but remand for consideration of the community custody
conditions.
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In the unpublished portion of the opinion, we consider challenges to the search
warrant, the sufficiency of the evidence, and the community custody conditions imposed
at sentencing.
A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this
opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder,
having no precedential value, shall be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
C. PROBABLE CAUSE TO SUPPORT THE SEARCH WARRANT
Chambers argues that the search warrant authorizing the search of his home lacked
probable cause. He contends that the search warrant affidavit failed to establish a nexus
between his computer and the IP address on the date the IP address was linked to the
dissemination of depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
Detective Nichols from the Asotin County Sheriff’s Office applied for a warrant to
search Chambers’ residence and electronic devices. Within her affidavit, Detective
Nichols summarized that Detective Kjorness had discovered a specific IP address that
was sharing images and videos of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct and sent
the information to Detective Birdsell of the Lewiston Police Department. After
determining that the IP address was registered to CableOne in Lewiston, Idaho, Detective
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
22
Birdsell served CableOne with an administrative subpoena. CableOne responded with a
report showing that the registered subscriber for the IP address was Michael Chambers
with an address in Asotin County. Detective Nichols also averred that “Detective Birdsell
went to the area near the residence. He was able to determine that access to the internet
access (wifi) associated with IP address 174.126.3.13 was secured with a password.”
CP at 124.
Detective Nichols attached several documents to the search warrant affidavit
including a police report from Detective Birdsell and the report from CableOne.
Detective Nichols’ affidavit did not include dates when the IP address was disseminating
the illicit materials, but Detective Birdsell’s report indicated that within the materials
provided by Detective Kjorness, a “log showed on 10-1-2017 at 0430:56 am that IP
Address 174.126.3.13” had pieces of known images of child pornography. CP at 128.
Detective Birdsell’s report goes on to summarize the report from CableOne as showing
that the IP address “for the times 9-30-2017 to 10-1-2017” was assigned to Chambers.
CP at 128.
The one-page record from CableOne indicated:
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
23
CP at 130. The CableOne record contains some ambiguous terms. Although the record
indicates that the customer status is “Active” and the creation date is “3/21/02,” it also
includes the terms “Lease Start 9/29/17 1:00 AM” and “Lease End 9/30/17 4:58 PM.”
CP at 130.
An additional report by Detective Kjorness was attached to the search warrant
affidavit. Detective Kjorness indicated that he continued to monitor the specific IP
address 174.126.3.13 during the month of October 2017. During that time, the detective’s
computer made 22 additional direct connects with the suspect. During that time, “[t]he
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
24
suspect was using the BitTorrent program Vuze to access the BitTorrent network.” CP at
132. On October 30, 2017, between 2146 and 2327 hours, the suspect had distributed
three partial movies to the detective’s computer that contained files of interest to child
pornography investigations. By examining the log file generated by the detective’s
software, he was able to determine that a suspect at this IP address was in possession of a
large number of videos suggesting they contained child pornography.
At the suppression hearing, Chambers argued that the search warrant affidavit
failed to establish probable cause because the term “Lease End” must be read as
indicating that Chambers’ association with this IP address ended on September 30. He
further argued that the search warrant affidavit did not link the IP address to the illicit
materials until the next day, October 1.
The trial court denied Chambers’ motion to suppress. In doing so, the court found
It is unclear from the record provided to the issuing magistrate what
was meant by the “Lease Start” and “Lease End” dates on the CableOne
report. The report makes it very clear, however, that Defendant was the
subscriber for “Residential A La Carte” service for this IP address, that his
account was created on March 21, 2002, and that the service was active on
the date the report was provided to Detective Birdsell, October 26, 2017.
Detective Nichols further stated in her affidavit that after the CableOne
report was received, Detective Birdsell went to the residence identified in
the report, and was able to determine that there was internet access at the
location for this IP address, and that access was protected by a password. It
is not logical under these circumstances to construe the “Lease Start,[”]
“Lease End” language in the CableOne report to mean that Defendant was
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
25
only a subscriber to the service at this IP address for 40 hours, or that he
was not a subscriber on October 1, 2017.
CP at 249.
Similar to the trial court, we give great deference to a magistrate’s determination
of probable cause and review the issuance of a warrant for abuse of discretion. State v.
Denham, 197 Wn.2d 759, 767, 489 P.3d 1138 (2021). The ultimate determination of
probable cause is reviewed de novo. Id.
The United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures; our
state constitution goes further and requires actual authority of law before the State may
disturb the individual’s private affairs. U.S. CONST. amend. IV; CONST. art. I, § 7. A
warrant may issue only upon probable cause. Id. An affidavit establishes probable cause
to support a search warrant if it sets forth facts sufficient to allow a reasonable person to
conclude that there is a probability that the defendant is involved in specific criminal
activity and that evidence of the crime can be found at the place to be searched. Id. In
assessing the affidavit, the court is entitled to make reasonable inferences from the total
facts and circumstances of the affidavit. State v. Maddox, 152 Wn.2d 499, 505, 98 P.3d
1199 (2004).
In order to demonstrate probable cause, the search warrant affidavit must establish
“a nexus between criminal activity and the item to be seized and between that item and
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
26
the place to be searched.” State v. Neth, 165 Wn.2d 177, 183, 196 P.3d 658 (2008).
Here, the trial court found that given the other information provided in the report and
affidavit, it was reasonable to infer that a computer assigned to a particular IP address on
September 30 at 4:58 p.m. would have the same IP address 12 hours later on October 1 at
4:30 a.m. By the same token, the court rejected Chambers’ interpretation of the term
“Lease End” and found it would be illogical to assume that the terms “Lease Start” and
“Lease End” meant that Chambers “was only a subscriber to the service at this IP address
for 40 hours, or that he was not a subscriber on October 1, 2017.” CP at 249.
These inferences are reasonable and not an abuse of discretion. See Denham, 197
Wn.2d at 770 (judge did not abuse her discretion in making reasonable inferences to find
a nexus between defendant’s cell phone location and evidence of a burglary). While it is
not clear that the CableOne report connected Chambers’ computer to the IP address on
October 1, it is reasonable to infer that this nexus existed on September 30 at 4:58 p.m. It
is also reasonable, given the information provided in the CableOne report and the search
warrant affidavit, to infer that Chambers’ internet connection had the same IP address 12
hours later. As the court noted, Chambers’ account had been active for a considerable
time and was noted as still active in the report. Detective Kjorness also provided
consistency by indicating that throughout the entire month of October, his computer
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
27
continued to connect with the same IP address, using the same BitTorrent program to
access the BitTorrent network.
Nor was the finding of probable cause legal error. Probable cause, as the name
implies, concerns probabilities, not certainties. Denham, 197 Wn.2d at 769. It is
determined from the totality of facts set before the judge in the affidavit and is based on
commonsense conclusions. Id. In support of his argument on probable cause, Chambers
makes several arguments that we decline to address on appeal, either because he fails to
assign error to the trial court’s decision, or he failed to make the argument below
sufficient for the court to determine relevant facts.
First, Chambers suggests in his briefing that Detective Nichols made two false
statements in her affidavit.4 He argues that the second “misrepresentation violated
4 Chambers contends that Detective Nichols makes a false statement in her
affidavit when she claims that the CableOne report indicates that the IP address was
assigned to Chambers’ computer on October 1. Opening Br. of Appellant at 40.
Chambers also contends that this statement is false: “‘Detective Birdsell went to the area
near the residence [and] was able to determine that access to the internet access (wifi)
associated with IP address 174.126.3.13 was secured with a password.’” Opening Br. of
Appellant at 39.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
28
Franks.”5 Opening Br. of Appellant at 49.
Chambers did not preserve a Franks issue on appeal. Prior to trial, Chambers
made the same claim of false statements and moved for a Franks hearing. The trial court
denied his request, concluding that any misrepresentations were not intentional or in
reckless disregard for the truth. Chambers then filed a second motion to suppress,
arguing that the search warrant affidavit failed to establish probable cause. The trial court
denied this motion in a separate opinion.
While Chambers assigns error to the court’s denial of his second motion to
suppress, he did not assign error to the court’s decision to deny a Franks hearing.
RAP 10.3. Nor does he clearly set out that the trial court erred in denying his request for
a Franks hearing. Instead, in his reply brief, Chambers argues that the Franks issue is a
“subsidiary issue[ ]” of his probable cause argument. Reply Br. of Appellant at 18-19.
He fails to cite any authority for this argument, therefore, we assume that none exists and
decline to consider his argument. DeHeer v. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 60 Wn.2d 122,
5 At the defendant’s request, the court must hold a Franks hearing if the defendant
makes a preliminary showing that the affiant included a false statement knowingly and
intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, and the false statement was
necessary to a finding of probable cause. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56,
98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978).
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
29
126, 372 P.2d 193 (1962); RAP 10.3(a)(6); Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley,
118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992).
Next, Chambers argues that even if the last connection between his computer and
the IP address was at 4:58 p.m. on September 30, this connection was almost instantly
stale because the search warrant affidavit fails to indicate whether the IP address is static
or dynamic. Chambers failed to make this argument below as a basis for challenging
probable cause. Had he done so, the trial court would have entered findings of fact and
conclusions of law on the issue of staleness. CrR 3.6(b). Findings are especially
important when considering factual issues. Whether information is stale for purposes of
probable cause is a factual determination. Maddox, 152 Wn.2d at 505-06 (In determining
whether information is stale, the court looks to the totality of circumstances and applies a
commonsense approach.). Generally, we will not consider issues raised for the first time
on appeal. State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 926, 155 P.3d 125 (2007); RAP 2.5(a).
Even if we were to consider the staleness issue, however, we would conclude that
the magistrate did not abuse her discretion in determining that the information contained
in the search warrant affidavit was not stale. Chambers argues that the difference of one
day made the information stale. In reality, the difference was at most 12 hours. In
addition, Detective Kjorness’ report indicates that consistent information continued to be
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
30
exchanged with the same IP address for the entire month of October, suggesting that even
if this was a dynamic IP address, it did not change on a frequent or daily basis. It was
reasonable to infer that an IP address assigned to Chambers’ computer at 4:58 p.m. on
September 30 was not stale at 4:30 a.m. on October 1.
The magistrate judge did not abuse her discretion in finding a sufficient nexus
existed between the IP address associated with child pornography and Chambers’
computers. Nor did the magistrate err in concluding there was probable cause to issue a
search warrant.
D. PARTICULARITY AND BREADTH OF THE WARRANT
Next, Chambers contends that even if the warrant was supported by probable
cause, the warrant nonetheless violates the Fourth Amendment’s requirement for
particularity and is overbroad. Our review of this issue is de novo. State v. Perrone,
119 Wn.2d 538, 549, 834 P.2d 611 (1992).
After finding probable cause that Chambers was dealing in depictions of minors
engaged in sexually explicit conduct, the superior court issued a search warrant for his
person and home in Asotin County, Washington. The introductory paragraph of the
warrant indicates that there is probable cause to believe four crimes have been committed
and that evidence of these crimes is concealed on or within certain property. The warrant
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
31
identifies the crimes as dealing, sending, viewing, and possessing “depictions of minor[s]
engaged in sexually explicit conduct” and recites the applicable statutes. CP at 136. The
warrant authorized law enforcement to “Seize and Forensically Search and Examine, if
located, the following: Any evidence of the aforementioned crimes including but not
limited to:” and then lists 14 items. CP at 137.
Item 1 authorized law enforcement to search for evidence of the aforementioned
crimes including “[a]ny digital or physical image or movie containing or displaying
depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct.” CP at 137 (boldface
omitted). Below this first item, the warrant sets forth verbatim statutory definitions of
numerous terms such as “internet session,” “photograph,” “[v]isual or printed matter,”
“[s]exually explicit conduct,” “[m]inor,” and “[l]ive performance.” CP at 137-38.
Items 2 through 7, as well as items 9 through 11 authorize the search and seizure
of devices and equipment including computers, computer networks and systems,
computer programs and software, digital storage media, cell or mobile phones, cameras,
printers, portable digital devices and peripheral computer equipment.
Item 8 specifies “[a]ny developed film, slides, or printed photographs, which
include evidence of depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct as well as
images of possible child victims.” CP at 139 (boldface omitted).
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
32
Items 12 through 14 include the search for items showing identity, ownership, or
control of the devices.
Chambers argues that the warrant was overbroad because it did not explicitly limit
the search of devices in items 2 through 14 for evidence related to the crimes involving
minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct as specifically defined in item 1. Opening
Br. of Appellant at 53. We disagree.
A warrant based on probable cause must specifically describe the places to be
searched and the items to be seized. U.S. CONST. amend. IV; State v. Besola, 184 Wn.2d
605, 609, 359 P.3d 799 (2015). The requirement for specificity includes particularity and
breadth. State v. McKee, 3 Wn. App. 2d 11, 22, 413 P.3d 1049 (2018), rev’d on other
grounds, 193 Wn.2d 271, 438 P.3d 528 (2019). “‘“Particularity is the requirement that
the warrant must clearly state what is sought. Breadth deals with the requirement that the
scope of the warrant be limited by the probable cause on which the warrant is based.”’”
Id. at 23 (quoting United States v. Towne, 997 F.2d 537, 544 (9th Cir. 1993) (quoting In
re Grand Jury Subpoenas Dated Dec. 10, 1987, 926 F.2d 847, 856-57 (9th Cir. 1991))).
The degree of specificity required in describing and identifying the items to be
seized and searched varies according to the circumstances and the type of items involved.
Id. at 23-24. When the items to be seized and searched implicate materials protected by
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
33
the First Amendment, the court must apply “‘scrupulous exactitude’” to the Fourth
Amendment’s particularity requirement. Perrone, 119 Wn.2d at 550. But even under this
stricter standard, warrants are tested and interpreted in a commonsense, practical manner,
rather than in a hypertechnical sense. Id. at 549.
A warrant is overbroad if its description of contraband encompasses materials that
are lawful to possess, such as adult pornography. Besola, 184 Wn.2d at 610. In Besola,
the court found that the “Search Warrant Provisions Related to Print Materials” was
overbroad. Id. at 611 (emphasis omitted). Although the warrant identified the crimes
being investigated, the warrant authorized the search of printed pornographic materials
and photographs, “but particularly of minors.” Id. at 608-09. While the warrant listed the
statutory definition of the crime, the warrant did not use this definition to describe the
materials being sought. Id. at 614. As the court noted, if the citation to the statute was
intended as a limitation on the materials to be seized, then it would have been
unnecessary to include the modifier “but particularly of minors” when describing the
photographs to be seized. Id. at 615. Instead, the items could have been described with
more particularity by simply using the precise statutory language to describe the materials
being sought. Id. at 610.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
34
A search warrant authorizing the seizure and search of nonprint materials, such as
computers and cell phones can also be overbroad, although the degree of specificity in
describing these items is different. As Besola implied, print materials are different.6
Print materials can be seen and immediately identified as evidence of a crime. Therefore,
an officer searching a home can look at print material and seize it if it is relevant or leave
it if it is not.
On the other hand, items stored on digital devices are not immediately identifiable
and searching them for evidence usually requires someone with forensic equipment and
special skills.
If a magistrate reasonably finds it probable that an individual has
engaged in criminal dealings with child pornography and that digital
evidence of those dealings is likely to be found in devices located in his
or her home, the most reasonable approach would appear to be to
authorize seizure of all reasonably suspect devices, but with a
particularized protocol for searching the devices following the seizure.
State v. Friedrich, 4 Wn. App. 2d 945, 963, 425 P.3d 518 (2018). Although it is
reasonable to allow computers and digital storage devices to be seized, as Friedrich
6 Although the warrant in Besola also authorized the seizure and search of
equipment such as computer and memory storage devices, the court’s overbreadth
decision was specifically limited to the print materials identified in the warrant. Besola,
184 Wn.2d at 611.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
35
suggests, the subsequent forensic search of these items must still be limited to looking for
evidence of the crimes.
In McKee, the warrant indicated there was probable cause to believe the defendant
had committed the crimes of dealing and possession of depictions of minors engaged in
sexually explicit conduct and authorized police to seize his cell phone without limitation.
3 Wn. App. 2d at 29. While the warrant cited the criminal statutes being investigated,
similar to Besola, the language of the statute was not used to limit the description of the
data sought from the cell phone. Instead of limiting the search of the phone to depictions
of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct, the warrant authorized police to look
through text messages, call logs, and calendars “without regard to whether the data is
connected to the crime.” McKee, 3 Wn. App. 2d at 29.
In State v. Vance, Division Two considered the constitutionality of a warrant
authorizing the seizure of digital storage equipment upon probable cause that the
defendant was possessing and dealing in depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit
conduct. 9 Wn. App. 2d 357, 444 P.3d 1214 (2019). The warrant included citation to the
criminal statutes being investigated and then described the electronic devices to be seized
including a list of devices and media “‘capable of being used to commit or further the
crimes outlined above, or to create, access, or store the types of evidence, contraband,
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
36
fruits, or instrumentalities of such crimes.’” Id. at 361. Upon seizure, the warrant
authorized the items to be transferred to the Cybercrime Unit “‘for the examination . . . of
data . . . to include: graphic/image files[,] . . . emails, spreadsheets, databases . . . that are
related to the production, creation, collection, trade, sale, distribution, or retention of files
depicting minors engaged in sexually explicit acts/child pornography.’” Id. (emphasis
omitted).
The court found the warrant to be valid and not overbroad. Not only did the
warrant explain that there was probable cause to search for the identified crimes, but the
electronic items to be seized were limited to devices capable of committing or storing
evidence of the crimes. Id. at 365-66. Finally, the forensic search was limited to
particular types of data that were specifically related to the crimes as described. Id. at
366. While the court recognized that it would have been helpful had the warrant included
the statutory definition of “sexually explicit conduct,” the regular references within the
warrant to crimes being investigated limited the property that officers could seize. Id.
In this case, the warrant specifically cites the statutes and identifies the crimes
being investigated. The warrant goes on to authorize the seizure of any evidence of the
identified crimes including item 1: “Any digital or physical image or movie containing or
displaying depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct.” CP at 137
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
37
(boldface omitted). Following this description are the statutory definition of every
relevant term, including “‘[s]exually explicit conduct.’” CP at 137. The warrant then
goes on to list electronic devices to be seized including computers, cell phones, software,
and storage media. CP at 138-39.
Unlike the warrants in Besola, McKee, and Vance, the warrant here uses specific
statutory terms and then provides the statutory definitions for these terms. By using these
well-defined terms, the warrant limits the search of items seized to data specifically
connected to the crime.
Chambers argues that the warrant found valid in Vance is distinguishable from the
warrant in this case. Specifically, Chambers contends that items 2 through 14 are listed
without specific limitation or reference back to the particularized description in item 1.
While we agree that a specific reference back to item 1 would have provided even more
exactitude, we conclude that the warrant, taken as a whole, makes it clear that the search
of items 2 through 14 is limited to “[a]ny digital or physical image or movie containing or
displaying depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct” as listed in item 1.
CP at 137.
Borrowing from the logic applied in Besola, Chambers also argues that if the
limitations set out in item 1 were meant to apply to items 2 through 14, then it would be
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
38
unnecessary for item 8 to modify the search of “developed film, slides, or printed
photographs,” to “evidence of depictions of minors in sexually explicit conduct as well as
images of possible child victims.” CP at 139 (boldface omitted). This analogy fails
because, as we noted above, print material is different. Item 8 in this search warrant
identified print material that is immediately recognizable as illegal. Unlike electronic
equipment that must be seized and then searched offsite, print material that does not
depict minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct is not unlawful to possess and should
not be seized.
Contrary to Chambers’ hypertechnical argument, a commonsense reading of the
warrant in this case identified equipment that probably contained evidence of the crimes
and then limits the forensic search of this equipment to evidence of the crimes listed in
the warrant as specifically defined in the first item. See Besola, 184 Wn.2d at 615 (“Even
where the constitution requires scrupulous exactitude, ‘[s]earch warrants are to be tested
and interpreted in a commonsense, practical manner, rather than in a hypertechnical
sense.’”) (quoting Perrone, 119 Wn.2d at 549) (alteration in original)).
E. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE FOR COUNTS 1, 2, AND 3
In the next issue, Chambers argues that the facts are insufficient to support
convictions for three counts of dealing in depictions of child pornography, two counts in
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
39
the first degree and one count in the second degree (counts 1, 2, and 3). Specifically, he
contends that making images available on a peer-to-peer network does not constitute
publishing, disseminating, or exchanging said images. Instead, Chambers argues that the
detective in this case essentially reached into his computer and took the files. He
contends that the stipulated facts do not demonstrate that he knew these files were
available for sharing. Finally, Chambers argues that his shared network contained partial
files that cannot be definitively said to contain sexually explicit images of minors despite
their matching “hash” to identified child pornography electronic files.
The parties in this case waived a jury trial and stipulated to the admission of police
reports as evidence.7 Following a bench trial, appellate review is limited to determining
whether substantial evidence supports the findings of fact and, if so, whether the findings
support the conclusions of law. State v. Homan, 181 Wn.2d 102, 105-06, 330 P.3d 182
(2014). We review challenges to a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. Id. at 106.
Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth
of the asserted premise. Id.
7 In lieu of a trial brief, the State presented the court with jury instructions, and the
trial court filled in jury verdict forms instead of entering findings of fact and conclusions
of law as required by CrR 6.1(d). We do not condone this procedure.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
40
Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if any rational trier of fact,
viewing the evidence and inferences from it in the light most favorable to the State, could
find the elements of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Salinas,
119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency
of the evidence, he or she admits the truth of all of the State’s evidence. Id. Credibility
determinations are for the trier of fact and are not subject to review. State v. Camarillo,
115 Wn.2d 60, 71, 794 P.2d 850 (1990), abrogated on other grounds by State v.
Crossguns, 199 Wn.2d 282, 291, 505 P.3d 529 (2022). The court must defer to the trier
of fact on issues of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and the persuasiveness
of the evidence. State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 875, 83 P.3d 970 (2004), abrogated in
part on other grounds by Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L.
Ed. 2d 177 (2004). In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, we do not consider
circumstantial evidence any less reliable than direct evidence. State v. Delmarter,
94 Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P.2d 99 (1980).
We first consider whether storing images or videos on a shared directory on a peer-
to-peer network is sufficient to support a conviction for dealing in depictions of child
pornography. For purposes of this issue, the State was required to prove that Chambers
knowingly “published, disseminated, or exchanged” three visual or printed images or
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
41
videos of child pornography.8 RP at 219; RCW 9.68A.050. Chambers argues that these
verbs require active behavior as opposed to passive behavior. He makes no attempt to
argue statutory interpretation, fails to suggest any definitions for these three verbs to
support his argument, and fails to provide any supporting authority.
We find his argument unpersuasive. The plain, ordinary meaning of the word
“publish,” includes “to disseminate to the public.” MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE
DICTIONARY (available at https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/publish (last
visited Sept. 29, 2022). The evidence presented to the trial court indicated that the
program used by Chambers required the user to make files on their own computers
available to others. In other words, the user must take an affirmative step to make
material available for sharing. This is legally sufficient to support a finding that
Chambers published the illicit images and videos.
Under similar federal statutes, federal courts have repeatedly determined that
making files available in a shared directory is sufficient to support a conviction for
dealing in child pornography. See United States v. Budziak, 697 F.3d 1105, 1109 (9th
Cir. 2012) (evidence sufficient to find defendant distributed digital files by maintaining
8 The only difference between first and second degree charges is the nature of the
matter depicted which is not an issue in this case.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
42
them in a shared folder accessible to other users of his LimeWire software, despite his
assertion that he disabled the sharing function on the software); United States v. Shaffer,
472 F.3d 1219, 1223-24 (10th Cir. 2007) (“distribution” in the federal child pornography
statute included defendant’s allowance of third parties access to his computer files for
download regardless of whether or not he actively “pushed” files to other users of the file
sharing software).
Despite evidence that the images and videos on Chambers’ computer had been
made available for sharing on a peer-to-peer network, Chambers argues there is
insufficient evidence that he knowingly disseminated these files. Instead, he argues that
the evidence presented to the court shows that he did not realize or believe that his files
were available for sharing and that he was not good at computers. The State responds
that while it is true that Chambers said these things, the court did not have to believe
Chambers. Instead, there was sufficient competing evidence for the court to find that
Chambers’ exculpatory statements to law enforcement were not credible. Both parties
point to Chambers’ comment that he thought he had the “‘outgoing totally shut down.’”
CP at 38.
The parties stipulated to the evidence presented to the court and indicated as part
of the stipulation that the evidence submitted was “an accurate record of [the] facts.”
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
43
CP at 259. The evidence reflects testimony supporting both the State’s charges and
Chambers’ defenses. Although the facts were stipulated, as the fact finder, the judge
weighed any disputed evidence and engaged in credibility determinations. A bench trial
on stipulated facts is still a trial. State v. Mierz, 127 Wn.2d 460, 468, 901 P.2d 286
(1995). By stipulation, the parties agree that what the State presents is what the witnesses
would say. State v. Johnson, 104 Wn.2d 338, 342-43, 705 P.2d 773 (1985). However,
the State must still prove the charges beyond a reasonable doubt and the defendant is not
precluded from offering contrary evidence. Id.
Here the trial court weighed the evidence and ultimately rejected Chambers’
exculpatory explanations for his use of peer-to-peer software and his claim of ignorant
accidental configuration. Chambers’ comment demonstrates that he knew how to shut
down outgoing files so that they were not sharable. It is reasonable to infer that he knew
how to make them shareable. Taken in the light most favorable to the State, there is
sufficient evidence that Chambers intended to make the files shareable. The BitTorrent
program requires a user to actively designate files to be available for upload by others,
and the detective was able to upload files from Chambers’ computer. Intent can be
inferred from the software setting and the availability of the files for distribution.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
44
Chambers also suggests that the evidence was insufficient because Detective
Kjorness was only able to download a partial file from Chambers’ computer. This
argument fails because Chambers stipulated that the contents of each exhibit was
sufficient to find him guilty.
F. COMMUNITY CUSTODY CONDITIONS
In his final issue on appeal, Chambers challenges two of the community custody
conditions imposed as part of his sentence. Chambers was convicted of using his
computer to possess and disseminate depictions of minors engaged in sexually explicit
conduct. Within the judgment and sentence, the trial court included numerous restrictions
and requirements including treatment. The court also required that Chambers “[s]ubmit
to and pay for any polygraph examination, as directed by his Supervising Officer or the
sexual deviancy treatment provider.” CP at 356. The court limited his ability to access
the internet: “No access or use of the internet or any device which has the ability to access
the internet without specific written permission from his Supervising Officer.” CP at 356.
Chambers challenges these two provisions asserting that they are both
constitutionally overbroad in violation of his First Amendment rights. The State concedes
his right to relief in the case of the internet access restriction and requests remand for the
trial court to narrow the language.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
45
Generally, community custody conditions are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
State v. Padilla, 190 Wn.2d 672, 677, 416 P.3d 712 (2018). Where Chambers failed to
object to community custody conditions at the trial court level, it must first be determined
whether his challenge involves manifest constitutional error. Appellate courts may
consider claims of manifest constitutional error raised for the first time on appeal
provided that an adequate record exists to consider the claim. RAP 2.5(a); State v.
McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 333, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). “[F]or an objection to a
community custody condition to be entitled to review for the first time on appeal, (1) it
must be manifest constitutional error or a sentencing condition that . . . is ‘illegal or
erroneous’ as a matter of law and (2) it must be ripe. If it is ineligible for review for one
reason, we need not consider the other.” State v. Peters, 10 Wn. App. 2d 574, 583, 455
P.3d 141 (2019).9 A raised issue is ripe if it is primarily legal, does not require further
factual development, and the challenged action is final. State v. Cates, 183 Wn.2d 531,
534, 354 P.3d 832 (2015). Imposition of an unconstitutional community custody
9 Chambers primarily challenges the broadness of the conditions, but for the first
time in his reply he appears to assert a vagueness challenge as to the future actions of his
probation officer that would be unripe. Reply Br. of Appellant at 34; Cowiche Canyon
Conservancy, 118 Wn.2d at 809 (“An issue raised and argued for the first time in a reply
brief is too late to warrant consideration.”).
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
46
condition is manifestly unreasonable. State v. Valencia, 169 Wn.2d 782, 792, 239 P.3d
1059 (2010).
Discretionary community custody conditions must comply with statutory
requirements and not excessively burden a defendant’s constitutional rights. State v.
Johnson, 197 Wn.2d 740, 746-49, 487 P.3d 893 (2021). A judge abuses their discretion
in imposing community custody conditions in violation of the legal parameters set by
RCW 9.94A.703. State v. Geyer, 19 Wn. App. 2d 321, 326, 496 P.3d 322 (2021). Only
after statutory and constitutional requirements are met does the abuse of discretion
standard require deference to the trial court. Id.
The complete prohibition of Chambers’ use of the internet without prior
permission of his community corrections supervisor is similar to restrictions found
overbroad in Geyer. In that case, this court held that restricting the use of any computer
or electronic device capable of connecting to the internet without prior permission was
unnecessarily broad and impermissibly burdened his freedom of speech. Id. at 329;
U.S. CONST. amend. I; WASH. CONST. art. I, § 5. For this reason, we accept the State’s
concession and agree that this provision is overbroad.
We deny Chambers’ challenge to the polygraph condition. On a number of
occasions, Washington courts have previously found polygraph testing constitutional.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
47
Polygraph testing may be utilized to monitor compliance with the requirement of making
reasonable progress in treatment or with other special conditions of community
supervision. State v. Combs, 102 Wn. App. 949, 952, 10 P.3d 1101 (2000) (citing State v.
Riles, 135 Wn.2d 326, 342-43, 957 P.2d 655 (1998), abrogated on other grounds by
Valencia, 169 Wn.2d at 792-93.). Chambers’ challenge is not so much focused on the
polygraph testing itself but his interpretation of the word “any” in the condition phrase
“Submit to and pay for any polygraph examination . . . .” CP at 356. Much like the
defendants in both the Combs and Riles cases, he is concerned with limitation of the
purpose and subject matter of the examinations.
In Combs, the trial court ordered unlimited polygraph testing in order to monitor
James Combs’ compliance with his other conditions of community placement. 102 Wn.
App. at 952. This court concluded “that the language of Mr. Combs’s judgment and
sentence, taken as a whole, impliedly limits the scope of polygraph testing to monitor
only his compliance with the community placement order and not as a fishing expedition
to discover evidence of other crimes, past or present.” Id. at 952-53. To arrive at this
holding, the court discussed and found persuasive the Division One holding in Riles that
“although the challenged portion of the community placement order did not expressly
limit the scope of the polygraph testing, a sufficient limitation was implicitly imposed,
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
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considering the context of the entire order.” Id. at 952 (citing State v. Riles, 86 Wn. App.
10, 16-17, 936 P.2d 11 (1997), aff’d, 135 Wn.2d 326.
Likewise, in this case, given the language used and the conditions imposed
including treatment, we can infer that the polygraph testing is to be limited to monitoring
compliance. The polygraph condition is not an abuse of discretion and not a manifest
constitutional error. If the community custody officer subjects Chambers to improper
questioning during a later polygraph examination, Chambers may challenge at that time
when such issue is ripe. State v. Vant, 145 Wn. App. 592, 603, 186 P.3d 1149 (2008).
We accept the State’s concession, strike the internet restriction from the
community custody conditions, and remand so that the trial court can consider a modified
restriction. While the polygraph condition language implies a limitation to community
custody purposes, since we are remanding for the court to consider internet conditions, it
may be appropriate for the trial court to explicitly clarify the polygraph on remand.
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No. 38282-6-III
State v. Chambers
We affirm the convictions but remand for reconsideration of the community
custody conditions.
Staab, J.
WE CONCUR:
Lawrence-Berrey, A~~ .:14).:r.Fearing, J.
49
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