Questão jurídica principal
Whether the 2008 provision for a possible contractual penalty was tax-deductible for direct federal tax.
Decisão extraída
The provision was business-justified and deductible because, at year-end 2008, a sufficiently probable risk of payment existed.
Fundamentação extraída
The contractual penalty depended only on delay, not on prior warning or final non-performance. The later February 2009 addendum did not retroactively negate the year-end risk or clarify an already clear legal situation.