Questão jurídica principal
Whether the defendants were passively legitimated as contracting parties under the plastering work contract.
Decisão extraída
The defendants were not bound as contractual parties because no effective authorization, ratification, or apparent authority was established.
Fundamentação extraída
The architect lacked express authority; no subsequent ratification occurred. The factual findings did not show a legally relevant outward manifestation by the defendants at the time of contract formation that could justify reliance on an external tacit or apparent authority.