P. v. McKnight

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Filed 4/22/10 P. v. McKnight CA1/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
TIMOTHY MCKNIGHT,
Defendant and Appellant.
A123119
(San Mateo County
Super. Ct. No. 407542)
Defendant Timothy McKnight appeals after a jury trial resulted in his
recommitment as a sexually violent predator (SVP) under Welfare and Institutions Code
sections 6600 et seq.1 (SVPA, or the Act). He contends the trial court committed
Batson/Wheeler error; that the psychiatric evaluations underlying the recommitment
petition were invalid because they were based on an invalid regulation; and that the Act,
as amended to impose indeterminate commitments, violates his constitutional rights to
procedural due process and equal protection and is an invalid ex-post facto law.
We order the case remanded for further proceedings on McKnight‟s equal
protection claim pursuant to People v. McKee (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1172. We find no merit
in any of McKnight‟s other contentions, and accordingly affirm the judgment in all other
respects.
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise designated.

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BACKGROUND
The crimes that led to defendant‟s initial commitment as a sexually violent
predator are discussed in our prior opinion affirming that commitment. (People v.
McKnight (May 31, 2002, A094449 [nonpub. opn.].) Their discussion is not relevant to
the issues raised in this appeal. The issues presented here arise from the district
attorney‟s petition to extend defendant‟s commitment under the SVPA filed on
October 2, 2006. Defendant moved to strike the petition on the ground that the statute, as
amended in 2006 to authorize commitment for an indeterminate term, violated principles
of due process, equal protection, ex post facto and double jeopardy. He also asserted the
protocol used by the Department of Mental Health (the Department) to evaluate potential
sexually violent predators is an unlawful “underground” regulation, and on that ground
moved to dismiss the petition. The court denied both motions.
The jury found defendant to be a sexually violent predator. The court committed
him to the custody of the Department for treatment and confinement for an indeterminate
term. This appeal timely followed.
DISCUSSION
I. Wheeler/Batson Error
Defendant contends the court erred in rejecting his Batson/Wheeler challenge to
the prosecutor‟s excusal of an alternate juror. We disagree.
A. Background
The prosecutor used her sixth and last peremptory challenge against prospective
juror Mr. B., whose seat was filled by prospective juror Ms. B., whom defendant
excused, and then by juror No. 11, to complete the selection of 12 jurors.
The parties then began selection of two alternate jurors. The prosecutor used her
first peremptory challenge against Mr. E., the sole African-American man in the original
venire from which the 12 jurors were selected. In response to a juror questionnaire that
asked prospective jurors about their prior experiences with crime, Mr. E. reported that his

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house was burglarized five years earlier and the burglar was never apprehended. In
addition, one of Mr. E.‟s relatives had been accused of a crime the previous year.
Charges were brought against his relative, but Mr. E. did not know the outcome. About
three years earlier Mr. E. and the same relative had been stopped for jaywalking and the
relative was arrested for evading the police. Mr. E. felt the police handled the situation
fairly and appropriately. He had no strong feelings for or against law enforcement as a
result of these situations and believed he could fairly judge defendant‟s case.
Defense counsel argued that the prosecutor‟s challenge to Mr. E. was racially
discriminatory in violation of Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79 and People v.
Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258. Counsel asserted the prosecutor‟s challenge lacked race-
neutral reasons, particularly in light of “what appeared to me to be similar answers from
other individuals who were not challenged.” The prosecutor responded that Mr. E. had at
least two prior police contacts, and that she had been forced to accept certain jurors she
would otherwise have excused from the main jury because she had run out of peremptory
challenges. She also stated that Mr. E.‟s race could be seen as favorable by the
prosecution because some of defendant‟s victims were African-American.
The trial court found defendant had not made a prima facie case of discrimination
and that the prosecutor had lawful, race-neutral reasons for challenging Mr. E. It
therefore denied defendant‟s Batson/Wheeler motion.
B. Analysis
“Both the state and federal Constitutions prohibit the use of peremptory challenges
to remove prospective jurors based on group bias, such as race or ethnicity. [Citations.]
When the defense raises such a challenge, these procedures apply: „First, the defendant
must make out a prima facie case “by showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives
rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose.” [Citation.] Second, once the defendant
has made out a prima facie case, the “burden shifts to the State to explain adequately the
racial exclusion” by offering permissible race-neutral justifications for the strikes.

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[Citations.] Third, “[i]f a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then
decide . . . whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful racial
discrimination.” [Citation.]‟ ” (People v. Davis (2009) 46 Cal.4th 539, 582.) We review
the trial court‟s ruling for substantial evidence.2 (People v. Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal.4th
155, 196.)
Defendant‟s contention that the court erred when it denied his challenge to the
excuse of an alternate juror fails at the outset for the simple reason that no alternate jurors
ultimately served on the jury. Accordingly, there is no possibility that Batson/Wheeler
error, were there such, resulted in prejudice. (People v. Turner (1994) 8 Cal.4th 137,
172; People v. Roldan (2005) 35 Cal.4th 646, 703; see also People v. Gray (2005) 37
Cal.4th 168, 185.) In any event, the record supports the trial court‟s finding of race-
neutral reasons for the strike. Mr. E. had a family member who had been charged with a
crime, and himself had been stopped by police with that relative when the relative was
arrested. Mr. E. had also been the victim of a break-in that the police were unable to
solve. These experiences with law enforcement were a permissible basis for exclusion.
Defendant‟s attempt to show the prosecutor‟s reasons for striking Mr. E. were
pretextual through a comparative juror analysis is unpersuasive. Defendant argues that
juror No. 11, who filled the last vacant seat on the jury, also reported negative contacts
with law enforcement officers. Therefore, he maintains, it is clear that something other
than Mr. E.‟s responses prompted the prosecutor‟s decision to challenge him. Precisely
2 The Supreme Court recently noted an exception to the substantial evidence rule of
Batson/Wheeler rulings when “it is unclear whether the trial court used the recently
disapproved „strong likelihood‟ standard, rather than the correct „reasonable inference‟
standard.” In such cases, appellate courts review the record independently to determine
whether it supports an inference that the prosecutor excused a juror on a prohibited
discriminatory basis. (People v. Davis, supra, 46 Cal.4th 539, 582-583.) The record here
contains no indication that the court applied the wrong standard, and defendant raises no
such claim. However, out of what is perhaps an excess of caution we have satisfied
ourselves that the court‟s ruling withstands review under either standard.

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so. As the prosecutor explained to the court, she did not strike juror No. 11 from the
main jury only because she had no peremptory strikes remaining when juror No. 11
qualified. When it came time to choose the alternate jurors, the prosecutor was allotted
two additional peremptory challenges. (Code Civ. Proc., § 234.) The fact the
prosecution did not exercise a challenge to juror No. 11 because she had no peremptory
challenges remaining does not undermine the validity of her stated reasons for striking
Mr. E. The court correctly denied defendant‟s Batson/Wheeler motion.
II. The Department’s SVP Protocols
Defendant challenges the trial court‟s denial of his motion to dismiss the SVP
petition and/or exclude the People‟s expert psychiatric testimony on the ground that the
Department‟s protocol for conducting SVP evaluations was not adopted in accordance
with the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), and is therefore an unlawful “underground
regulation.” Here, too, we disagree.
A. Initiation of Commitment Proceedings under the SVPA
Proceedings under the SVPA begin when an inmate scheduled for release from
custody is screened by the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation “based on
whether the person has committed a sexually violent predatory offense and on a review of
the person‟s social, criminal, and institutional history.” (§ 6601, subd. (b).) If it is
determined that the individual is likely to be an SVP, he is referred to the Department for
a full evaluation. (§ 6601, subd. (b).)
The Department designates two mental health professionals, either psychologists
or psychiatrists, to “evaluate the person in accordance with a standardized assessment
protocol, developed and updated by the State Department of Mental Health, to determine
whether the person is a sexually violent predator . . . .” (§ 6601, subds. (c), (d).) The
standardized assessment protocol “shall require assessment of diagnosable mental
disorders, as well as various factors known to be associated with the risk of reoffense
among sex offenders. Risk factors to be considered shall include criminal and

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psychosexual history, type, degree, and duration of sexual deviance, and severity of
mental disorder.” (§ 6601, subd. (c).)
If both mental health evaluators agree that the person “has a diagnosed mental
disorder so that he or she is likely to engage in acts of sexual violence without
appropriate treatment and custody,” the Department forwards a request for a commitment
petition to the county where the person was convicted. (§ 6601, subd. (d).) If the
county‟s designated counsel concurs with the recommendation, he or she files a petition
for commitment in the superior court (§ 6601, subd. (i)) and a hearing is held to
determine whether there is probable cause to believe that if released from custody the
individual is likely to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior. The
individual is represented by counsel. (§ 6602, subd. (a).)
If the court finds probable cause, it orders a trial to determine whether the
individual is an SVP under section 6600. (§ 6602, subd. (a).) The individual is entitled
to a trial by jury, the assistance of counsel, the right to retain experts, and access to
relevant medical and psychological records and reports. (§ 6603, subd. (a).)
Commitment requires a unanimous verdict and proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
(§§ 6603, subd. (f), 6604.) If the jury determines the individual is an SVP, he is
committed for an indeterminate term to the Department for appropriate treatment and
confinement. (§ 6604.)
B. The 2008 Administrative Determination
In 2008, the Office of Administrative Law (OAL) issued a determination that
certain portions of the “Clinical Evaluator Handbook and Standardized Assessment
Protocol (2007)” (the protocol) used by the Department to conduct SVP evaluations meet
the statutory definition of a regulation, and therefore should have been promulgated
pursuant to the procedures required by the APA. Because the protocol was implemented
without compliance with the APA, the OAL concluded it is an invalid “underground
regulation” as defined in the California Code of Regulations. (People v. Medina (2009)

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171 Cal.App.4th 805, 810, 814; 2008 OAL Determination No. 19, OAL File # CTU
2008-0129-01, pp. 1, 13.) The OAL‟s determination, although not binding on this court,
is entitled to deference. (Medina, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 814.)3
C. Analysis
Defendant initially received a two-year commitment under the SVPA and
thereafter was recommitted for additional two-year terms in 2003 and 2005. (People v.
McKnight (Sept. 10, 2007, A113915) [nonpub. opn].) On October 11, 2006, based on
evaluations by two licensed psychologists, the district attorney filed a petition to extend
defendant‟s commitment for an indefinite period of time under the Act as amended in
2006. Defendant contends the status of the Department protocol as an underground
regulation invalidates his psychological evaluations and, therefore, that his commitment
violates his constitutional rights to due process of law. We disagree.
As a preliminary matter, the People argue that the OAL determination on which
defendant relies is irrelevant because the psychological evaluations underlying the 2006
recommitment petition were conducted before the 2007 protocol was in effect.
Chronologically, they have a point. Defendant challenges the People for failing to cite
evidence that the 2007 protocol was not used in 2006, but it is his burden to demonstrate
error, not the People‟s to demonstrate its absence. (See, .e.g., 6 Witkin & Epstein, Cal.
Criminal Law (3d ed. 2000) Criminal Appeal, § 149, pp. 396-397; 9 Witkin, Cal.
Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Appeal, § 355, p. 409-410.) He has not established that his
evaluations were in fact conducted under the challenged protocol.
But defendant‟s challenge fails for another reason as well. He cannot show
prejudice from use of the 2007 protocol even if we assume arguendo that it was used.
Because irregularities in preliminary proceedings under the SVPA are not jurisdictional
3 The People state that the Department adopted a new protocol that conforms to the
APA in September 2009, although they have not cited or provided this court with a copy
of the new regulation.

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in the fundamental sense, they are subject to harmless error review. (People v. Hayes
(2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 34, 50-51; In re Wright (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 663, 673; People
v. Butler (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 421, 435; see also People v. Hurtado (2002) 28 Cal.4th
1179, 1190.) Thus, the alleged error would require reversal only if defendant can show
that he was denied a fair trial or otherwise suffered prejudice. (In re Wright, supra, 128
Cal.App.4th at pp. 673; People v. Butler, supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at p. 435.) He cannot.
“ „[T]he requirement for evaluations is not one affecting disposition of the merits; rather,
it is a collateral procedural condition plainly designed to ensure that SVP proceedings are
initiated only when there is a substantial factual basis for doing so.‟ [Citation.] „After
the petition is filed, rather than demonstrating the existence of the two evaluations, the
People are required to show the more essential fact that the alleged SVP is a person likely
to engage in sexually violent predatory criminal behavior.‟ ” (People v. Scott (2002) 100
Cal.App.4th 1060, 1063.) Thus, once the recommitment petition was filed the People
could not rely on the evaluations, but were required to, and did, show at an adversarial
preliminary hearing that defendant meets the SVP criteria. (§ 6602.) Defendant then
received a jury trial and was found, beyond a reasonable doubt, to be an SVP.
Accordingly, no prejudice warranting relief resulted from utilizing the 2007 protocol to
determine defendant‟s eligibility for recommitment.
Defendant‟s claim he was prejudiced because the results of the evaluations formed
the basis of the experts‟ testimony at trial is unpersuasive. He argues: “There is no way
to say whether the evaluation procedure or criterion would have been the same if the
[Department] had complied with the APA, just as there is no way to say that the
individual evaluations of Mr. McKnight would have been the same if the APA process
had been followed.” But, by the same token, defendant has not shown that the experts‟
evaluations, or their testimony at trial, would have been any different if the APA process
had been followed. Certainly the 2008 OAL determination does not suggest as much, as
it expressly remains silent on “the advisability or the wisdom of the underlying action or

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enactment.” As defendant makes no showing “ „that he was denied a fair trial or
otherwise suffered prejudice,‟ ” reversal is not warranted. (People v. Butler, supra, 68
Cal.App.4th at p. 435, quoting People v. Pompa-Ortiz (1980) 27 Cal.3d 519, 530.)
III. Constitutional Issues
Defendant contends the indeterminate term of commitment prescribed by the
amended SVPA violates the due process clause, the equal protection clause, and the ex
post facto clauses of the federal and state Constitutions. Our Supreme Court recently
addressed identical challenges in People v. McKee, supra, 47 Cal.4th 1172. The Court
concluded that the due process and ex post facto challenges are without merit, and this
court is bound by that holding. (Id. at pp. 1193-1194; Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior
Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)
As to the equal protection challenge, the Court held in People v. McKee, supra, 47
Cal.4th at page 1184 that the state “has not yet carried its burden of demonstrating why
[sexually violent predators], but not any other ex-felons subject to civil commitment,
such as mentally disordered offenders, are subject to indefinite commitment,” and
remanded the case to the trial court to determine whether the People can demonstrate
constitutional justification for indefinite commitments imposed on sexually violent
predators under the Act. We thus remand this case to the trial court for proceedings
consistent with the holding and disposition of McKee.4
4 We grant defendant‟s March 25, 2010 request for judicial notice of the defendant‟s
Supreme Court petition for rehearing in McKee and the Court‟s order denying rehearing.

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DISPOSITION
The cause is remanded to the trial court for proceedings on defendant‟s equal
protection challenge to the SVPA consistent with People v. McKee, supra, 47 Cal.4th
1172. The judgment is in all other respects affirmed.
_________________________
Siggins, J.
We concur:
_________________________
McGuiness, P. J.
_________________________
Pollak, J.

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