Tonia Broadnax v. SSF Imported Auto Parts LLC, et al.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-10685
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
TONIA BROADNAX,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SSF IMPORTED AUTO PARTS LLC,
JOHN DOE,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
D.C. Docket No. 1:21-cv-00295-MLB
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2 Opinion of the Court 23-10685
____________________
Before R OSENBAUM , J ILL PRYOR , and L AGOA , Circuit Judges.
L AGOA , Circuit Judge:
Tonia Broadnax appeals the district court’s order granting
SSF Imported Auto Parts LLC’s motion for summary judgment on
her premises liability negligence claim against SSF. On appeal,
Broadnax argues that the grant of summary judgment was im-
proper because there are genuine issues of material fact as to
whether SSF breached its duty to keep its premises safe for
Broadnax. For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Broadnax was an independent contract driver for Cannon
Delivery Services, Inc., a third-party delivery company. As part of
Broadnax’s job, she picked up automobile parts from SSF’s ware-
house in Norcross, Georgia, for Cannon. On December 21, 2016,
Broadnax arrived at around 7:00 a.m. to SSF’s warehouse to pick
up a delivery. After picking up the delivery, Broadnax slipped and
fell on a metal ramp as she was exiting the warehouse, causing her
to suffer injuries.
Broadnax subsequently filed a complaint against SSF in
Georgia state court in December 2018, alleging a premises liability
negligence claim. Broadnax eventually voluntarily dismissed this
complaint without prejudice on June 25, 2020.
Then, on December 18, 2020, Broadnax filed a renewed
complaint and jury demand in Georgia state court. In her renewed
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23-10685 Opinion of the Court 3
complaint, Broadnax alleged that the metal ramp she slipped on
was “covered with black ice, just outside the building,” and consti-
tuted a hazardous condition.
SSF removed the renewed action to federal court on the ba-
sis of diversity jurisdiction. Broadnax sought to remand the action
to state court, but the district court denied her motion.
Broadnax then filed an amended complaint and jury de-
mand. Broadnax again asserted that she slipped on black ice on the
metal ramp. She alleged that the ramp “was not treated with rock
salt, or sand or any other substance to reduce, eliminate or prevent
ice accumulation.” She claimed that SSF: was on notice that in-
vitees would be utilizing the ramp that caused her fall; was aware
of prior instances where ice accumulation made the ramp unsafe
under certain weather conditions; was aware, via actual or con-
structive notice, that the ramp was slippery; and knew the condi-
tion of the ramp constituted a hazardous condition. Broadnax al-
leged that SSF owed a legal duty under Georgia law of reasonable
care to invitees to inspect and keep the premises in a safe condition
and that SSF failed to inspect the premises for and remedy the black
ice accumulation that caused her fall. She also alleged that SSF
failed to warn her of the black ice accumulation and that SSF had
superior knowledge and actual or constructive knowledge of the
hazardous condition. And Broadnax alleged that SSF had employ-
ees in the area where she was injured immediately before and after
her fall.
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4 Opinion of the Court 23-10685
The case proceeded to the discovery phase, and Broadnax
was deposed. Broadnax testified to the following during her depo-
sition. On the morning of the incident, Broadnax arrived at SSF’s
warehouse at around 7:00 a.m. and parked between the ramp and
a warehouse door. Broadnax stated that the weather was cold and
that she noticed ice on her car’s windshield that morning.
Broadnax walked up the stairs, entered the warehouse, and pro-
ceeded to retrieve the items that she was scheduled to deliver later
that day.
Broadnax then began to depart the premises, carrying the
items. As she was walking down the ramp, her feet slipped, but she
could not say with specificity where her feet were located on the
ramp when she fell. Broadnax then fell directly backwards onto the
ramp. Broadnax did not see anything on the ramp while she was
laying on the ground. When she put her hands on the ramp, she
stated that she “felt cold” and “felt ice.” But Broadnax did not have
any water on her hands nor on any part of her body following the
fall. Nor was she sure if there was any ice on her clothing or body
following the fall. While Broadnax “felt the ice,” she “did not see
any ice” on the ramp. She stated that she felt “thin” “ice chips” on
the ramp and that her whole hand was cold. But she then stated
that she did not know how thick the ice was.
Additionally, Broadnax was the first person to walk down
the warehouse’s ramp that day. And she did not know the last time
an SSF employee was in the area where she fell.
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23-10685 Opinion of the Court 5
After completing discovery, SSF moved for summary judg-
ment. SSF argued that Broadnax could not show that SSF had ac-
tual knowledge of the hazard that allegedly caused her accident be-
cause no evidence demonstrated that SSF had actual knowledge of
ice on the ramp. SSF also argued that Broadnax could not show
that SSF had constructive knowledge of the hazard because: (1) she
did not see ice on the ramp after her fall and there was no SSF em-
ployee in the area that could have easily seen the ice; and (2) no
evidence showed that the alleged ice was present for a length of
time sufficient for knowledge of it to be imputed to SSF. SSF fur-
ther argued that Broadnax could not identity what caused her to
fall, as her testimony was speculation and conjecture. Finally, SSF
argued that it did not breach a duty owed to Broadnax regarding
naturally accumulating ice in winter weather and that she had
equal knowledge of the hazard.1
SSF also attached a statement of undisputed material facts to
its motion. Of relevance here, SSF stated that: (1) Broadnax did not
know the last time an SSF employee was in the area where the fall
occurred nor the last time the ramp was inspected; (2) she was the
first person to walk down the ramp that day; (3) she could not say
with specificity where her feet were located on the ramp when she
fell; (4) she had no water on her hands or any part of her body
1 SSF also argued that Broadnax was required to indemnify SSF because no
evidence showed agreement between the parties in its motion. The district
court, however, rejected this argument in granting summary judgment, and
the issue is not relevant to this appeal.
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6 Opinion of the Court 23-10685
following the fall; (5) she did not see ice on the ramp after the fall
and “simply felt the cold ramp after [the] fall”; (6) she did not know
how thin the ice was or how long it was on the ramp; and (7) she
was aware that the weather was cold the morning of the accident
and “aware of icy conditions and had noticed ice on her car.”
Broadnax opposed SSF’s motion, arguing that SSF had supe-
rior knowledge of the hazardous condition and that there was a
genuine issue of material fact as to whether SSF breached its duty
to her when it failed to adhere to its own policy and procedures,
e.g., its internal policies and procedures for daily inspections of its
premises and its Inclement Weather Policy that mandated ramps
to be “winterized” by using de-icing solutions. Additionally, she
argued for the first time that the ramp had an “inappropriate
pitch/slope.” She also provided a response to SSF’s statement of
facts and her own statement of undisputed material facts. In this
response, Broadnax argued that she “did not have notice of any ‘icy
conditions’ at the SSF facility,” as her testimony was that “she no-
ticed ice on her windshield as she entered her car when she left
home, nothing more.” However, she did not respond to any of the
other allegations from SSF’s statement of material facts.
On February 17, 2023, the district court granted summary
judgment in favor of SSF. The district court began by noting that
Broadnax had only responded to one of SSF’s allegations from its
statement of undisputed material facts. As such, the court stated it
would deem all the other allegations in SSF’s statement of material
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23-10685 Opinion of the Court 7
facts admitted pursuant to Northern District of Georgia Civil Local
Rule 56 if supported by the record.
Turning to SSF’s arguments, the district court found that
summary judgment was appropriate because Broadnax could not
identify what caused her fall. The court explained that Broadnax
had alleged that she slipped on black ice in her complaint but that
“[b]y the time of summary judgment, it was just an ‘icy ramp.’”
Further, Broadnax admitted she did not see any ice on the ramp
after she fell, could not specify where her feet were on the ramp
when she fell nor how thick the ice was, and had no water on her
hands or body after she fell. Instead, the court stated that “[s]he
merely felt the cold ramp.” But, the district court explained, Geor-
gia law required more, as “no one, not even after the fact, wit-
nessed ice on the ramp.” As such, the court found that SSF was
entitled to summary judgment on this argument. Further, in a
footnote, the court noted that it had “discovered” a portion of
Broadnax’s deposition “in which she claimed to have ‘felt the ice,’
like ‘thin chipped.’” But the court explained that Broadnax had
failed to raise this testimony in her response brief and statement of
facts and declined to consider it. The court also reasoned that even
if it considered this evidence, it still found SSF entitled to summary
judgment based on constructive knowledge.
The district court next addressed Broadnax’s argument
about the “inappropriate pitch/slope” of the ramp. The court
found that, to the extent she was citing the slope as the cause of her
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8 Opinion of the Court 23-10685
injury, she could not do so, as she did not allege the slope as the
cause of her injury in her complaint.
The court then addressed SSF’s duty and knowledge argu-
ments. The court explained that, even in the case of naturally oc-
curring hazards, it must assess whether SSF had notice of the al-
leged hazard. The court noted that Broadnax had not alleged ac-
tual knowledge of the hazard, so it only considered whether SSF
had constructive knowledge. The court explained that Broadnax
had only alleged constructive knowledge under an ”inspection pro-
cedure theory” and that, because there was no evidence of prior
incidences or of SSF’s employees being in the immediate area, it
would only assess constructive knowledge under a reasonable in-
spection theory. But, the court further explained, it “need not de-
cide whether there was a reasonable inspection procedure because
there is no evidence the ice could have been discovered during any
such inspection.” The court again found that the undisputed evi-
dence showed that Broadnax did not see any ice on the ramp after
she fell and could not specify where her feet were located on the
ramp when she fell nor how thick the ice was. As a result, the court
could not conclude that a reasonable inspection procedure would
have prevented the accident. Finally, the court found that because
SSF lacked actual or constructive knowledge of the alleged hazard,
Broadnax could not show that SSF had superior knowledge to her.
Accordingly, the district court granted SSF’s motion for
summary judgment. This appeal ensued.
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23-10685 Opinion of the Court 9
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review de novo a district court's grant of summary judg-
ment, viewing all facts and reasonable inferences in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party.” Jurich v. Compass Marine, Inc.,
764 F.3d 1302, 1304 (11th Cir. 2014). “Summary judgment is ap-
propriate where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Id. “An issue of fact is ‘material’ if, under the applicable substantive
law, it might affect the outcome of the case.” Hickson Corp. v. N.
Crossarm Co., 357 F.3d 1256, 1259 (11th Cir. 2004). And “[a]n issue
of fact is ‘genuine’ if the record taken as a whole could lead a ra-
tional trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party.” Id. at 1260.
III. ANALYSIS
On appeal, Broadnax argues that the district court erred in
granting summary judgment because there are genuine issues of
material fact as to whether SSF breached its duty to keep its prem-
ises safe for Broadnax. Broadnax asserts that genuine issues of fact
remain as to: (1) the faulty and noncompliant set-up of the ramp;
(2) SSF’s failure to follow internal protocols for maintaining written
evidence for its daily safety inspections of its premises; (3) SSF’s fail-
ure to follows its Inclement Weather Policy, which specifically ap-
plied to conditions that created the alleged hazard that injured
Broadnax; (4) SSF’s failure to utilize supplies and resources onsite
to “de-ice” or “winterize” its entryways and ramps as required by
its internal policies and procedures; and (5) SSF’s liability for lead-
ing Broadnax through a bay door to use a ramp for egress when
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10 Opinion of the Court 23-10685
SSF knew or should have known it failed to follow internal proce-
dures to ensure the directed route was safe to traverse.
Under Georgia law,2 “[t]he threshold point of inquiry in a
slip and fall case is the existence of a hazardous condition on the
premises.” El Ranchero Mexican Rest., No. 10, Inc. v. Hiner, 728 S.E.2d
761, 763 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012) (quoting Flagstar Enters. v. Burch, 600
S.E.2d 834, 856 (Ga. Ct. App. 2004)). Thus, “proof of a fall, without
more, does not give rise to liability on the part of a proprietor.”
Emory Univ. v. Smith, 581 S.E.2d 405, 406 (Ga. Ct. App. 2003) (quot-
ing Christensen v. Overseas Partners Cap., Inc., 549 S.E.2d 784, 785
(Ga. Ct. App. 2001)). Rather, “[t]he true basis of a proprietor's lia-
bility for personal injury to an invitee is the proprietor's superior
knowledge of a condition that may expose the invitees to an unrea-
sonable risk of harm,” and “[r]ecovery is allowed only when the pro-
prietor had knowledge and the invitee did not.” Id. (quoting Chris-
tensen, 549 S.E.2d at 785–86). Further, “[w]here the plaintiff does
not know of a cause or cannot prove the cause, there can be no
recovery because an essential element of negligence cannot be
proven.” El Ranchero, 728 F.3d at 763 (quoting Flagstar, 600 S.E.2d
at 856). And “[a] mere possibility of causation is not enough and
when the matter remains one of pure speculation or conjecture, it
is appropriate for the court to grant summary judgment to the de-
fendant.” Id. (quoting Flagstar, 600 S.E.2d at 856); see, e.g., Hudson
v. J.H. Harvey Co., 536 S.E.2d 172, 173 (Ga. Ct. App. 200) (affirming
2 We apply Georgia’s substantive law in this diversity action. Newcomb v.
Spring Creek Cooler Inc, 926 F.3d 709, 713 (11th Cir. 2019).
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23-10685 Opinion of the Court 11
the grant of summary judgment for defendant because the plaintiff
had not presented evidence of how she slipped and because “spec-
ulation cannot establish causation”).
For example, in Veazey v. F.W. Woolworth Co., 382 S.E.2d 411
(Ga. Ct. App. 1989), a plaintiff slipped and fell in the defendant’s
store and brought a premises liability action against the defendant.
Id. at 411. The plaintiff had entered the store on a rainy day and
walked across an entrance lobby to the top of a stairway. Id. The
plaintiff then paused, placed her hand on the railing, and slipped.
Id. The plaintiff did not know what caused her to fall but assumed
it was because of an accumulation of rainwater on the floor. Id.
But the plaintiff did not see any rainwater on the floor before or
after she fell. Id. The trial court granted summary judgment for
defendant, and the Georgia appellate court affirmed. Id. The court
reasoned that the plaintiff had failed to prove how or why she
slipped. Id.
Similarly, in Futch v. Super Disc. Mkts., Inc., 526 S.E.2d 401
(Ga. Ct. App. 1999), the plaintiff slipped and fell while shopping in
the defendant’s grocery store. Id. at 403. During the plaintiff’s dep-
osition, she admitted that she was not sure what caused her fall but
claimed to have seen two puddles of liquid on the floor in the area
of the fall after the incident. Id. at 403–04. But other than those
puddles, the plaintiff did not see anything else in the area. Id. The
trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant,
and the Georgia appellate court affirmed. Id. at 404–05. In doing
so, the court explained that “the mere presence of two undisturbed
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12 Opinion of the Court 23-10685
puddles near the area of [plaintiff’s] fall” did not raise a genuine is-
sue of fact as to whether she might have slipped in a different pud-
dle of liquid, particularly when she testified that she saw no liquid
on the floor where she fell nor noticed any liquid on her hands or
clothes. Id. at 405.
And, in Taylor v. Thunderbird Lanes, LLC, 748 S.E.2d 308 (Ga.
Ct. App. 2013), the plaintiff fell when she approached the foul line
of a bowling alley lane to bowl her first ball and landed nearly four
feet past the foul line. Id. at 310. After she fell, the plaintiff’s son
came to her aid and noticed there was a significant amount of oil
in the lane where she fell. Id. But when being deposed, the plaintiff
testified that “she did not know why she fell” and “did not see any
oil in the approach area before the foul line” but that “she believed
that there must have been oil in the approach area, which caused
her to slip.” Id. But neither the plaintiff’s son nor daughter-in-law
noticed any oil on the “approach” side of the foul line, and the
daughter-in-law had bowled without incident only moments be-
fore the fall. Id. at 311. The trial court granted the defendant’s
motion for summary judgment on the plaintiff’s premises liability
claim, and the Georgia appellate court affirmed because the plain-
tiff failed to create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the
oil caused her to slip and fall. Id. at 311–12.
Here, the district court found that the cause of Broadnax’s
fall was pure “speculation or conjecture.” The court explained that
the evidence showed Broadnax did not see any ice nor was she wet
after the fall and that “[o]ther than the ramp being cold and the
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23-10685 Opinion of the Court 13
weather, [she] present[ed] no evidence for her ice theory.” And,
the court explained, “no one, not even after the fact, witnessed ice
on the ramp.” And, in granting summary judgment, the court re-
lied on Hudson, in which the Georgia appellate court affirmed the
grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant on the plain-
tiff’s premises liability claim because, despite assuming she slipped
on water in the defendant’s supermarket on a rainy day, she did not
see or feel any water after she fell nor noticed any water on her
clothes. 536 S.E.2d at 173.
Reviewing the record, we agree with the district court that
the cause of Broadnax’s fall was speculative. On the morning of
the incident, the weather was cold. Broadnax testified that, after
she fell, she “felt cold” on the ramp and asserted that it was ice. But
she did not have any water on her hands or body after the fall, nor
could she remember if there was any ice on her clothing or body.
Broadnax also did not see any ice on the ramp nor was able to say
how thick the alleged ice on the ramp was. And she could not iden-
tify where her feet were located on the ramp when she fell.
On appeal, Broadnax primarily focuses on whether SSF
complied with its own inspection policies and procedures to argue
that SSF had constructive notice of the alleged hazard, although
she briefly claims that the cause of her fall was not speculative be-
cause “she confirmed she felt ice immediately after her fall.” But
Broadnax does not otherwise address the evidence relied on by the
district court. “Evidence of a hazardous condition was required
before [SSF] could be said to have actual or constructive knowledge
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14 Opinion of the Court 23-10685
of it.” See Hudson, 536 S.E. 2d at 173; see also Emory Univ., 581 S.E.2d
at 406. But given the evidence that she saw no ice before or after
the fall,3 Broadnax’s assumption that there was ice on the ramp be-
cause she felt cold metal on a cold morning is mere speculation and
cannot establish causation for her premises liability claim under
Georgia law. See id.; Veazey, 382 S.E.2d at 411; Futch, 526 S.E.2d at
404–95; Taylor, 748 S.E.2d at 311–12.
Broadnax alternatively argues that the ramp she slipped on
had an inappropriate “pitch/slope,” of which SSF had constructive
notice. But, as the district court noted, Broadnax did not allege that
the ramp was too steep in her renewed complaint; she made this
argument for the first time in her response to SSF’s motion for sum-
mary judgment. A plaintiff, however, “may not amend her com-
plaint through argument in a brief opposing summary judgment.”
Gilmour v. Gates, McDonald & Co., 382 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir.
2004); accord White v. Beltram Edge Tool Supply, Inc., 789 F.3d 1188,
3 At one point in Broadnax’s deposition, she testified that she felt “ice chips”
on the ramp. But as the district court noted, Broadnax did not present this
testimony in opposing SSF’s summary judgment motion or in her statement
of material facts; rather, the district court discovered it “[b]y coincidence” and
declined to consider it. Northern District of Georgia Civil Local Rule
56.1(B)(2)(a) provides that the court will deem a movant’s facts as admitted
unless the respondent “directly refutes the movant’s fact with concise re-
sponses supported by specific citations to evidence.” Broadnax failed to re-
spond to SSF’s statement of undisputed facts with this testimony, and we can-
not say the district court abused its discretion in applying its local rules and
not considering this portion of the testimony. Cf. Reese v. Herbert, 527 F.3d
1253, 1268 (11th Cir. 2008).
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23-10685 Opinion of the Court 15
1200 (11th Cir. 2015). Rather, if Broadnax intended to rely on the
ramp’s slope as an issue, the proper course was for her to amend
her complaint in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
15(a).4 We therefore decline to consider Broadnax’s arguments
about the ramp’s slope.
Accordingly, because Broadnax failed to establish causation
for her premises liability claim under Georgia law, we affirm the
district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of SSF.
IV. CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s order grant-
ing summary judgment in favor of SSF.
AFFIRMED.
4 We also reject Broadnax’s argument that her complaint’s allegation of “[t]he
condition of the ramp, at the time of [her] fall, constituted a hazardous condi-
tion” was sufficient to put SSF on notice that she was claiming the ramp’s slope
was a hazard. As the Supreme Court explained in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662
(2009), the pleading standard in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 “does not
require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned,
the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. at 678 (quoting Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). “A pleading that offers ‘labels and
conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will
not do[,]’ [n]or does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid
of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557).
Simply put, Broadnax’s allegation that “[t]he condition of the ramp . . . consti-
tuted a hazardous condition” did not put SSF on notice that Broadnax was
claiming the ramp’s slope constituted a hazardous condition, especially when
coupled with the complaint’s allegation that identified “black ice” on the ramp
as the cause of her fall.
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