USA v. Cedrick Durham, Jr.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-10779
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CEDRICK DURHAM, JR.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 8:22-cr-00170-TPB-MRM-1
____________________
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2 Opinion of the Court 23-10779
Before R OSENBAUM , BRASHER , and ABUDU, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Cedric Durham, Jr., appeals his sentence of 48 months of im-
prisonment for possession of a firearm and ammunition after a fel-
ony conviction, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Durham was
involved in a shooting outside of a bowling alley in Tampa, Florida,
during which he exchanged gunfire with other individuals and suf-
fered a gunshot wound to his right leg. Based on that conduct, the
district court applied a four-level guideline enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing a firearm in connection
with another felony offense. Durham maintains that the enhance-
ment does not apply because his conduct was justified by defense
of self and others. After reviewing available surveillance footage of
the incident, the district court applied the enhancement because, in
its view, Durham’s conduct went beyond self-defense. That find-
ing is not clearly erroneous, so we affirm Durham’s sentence.
I.
On March 6, 2022, Durham and a group of friends, including
Jamal Jackson, arrived at Pin Chasers Bowling Alley in Tampa,
Florida, and began walking from the parking lot to the entrance.
On the way, Durham stopped and exchanged words with members
of another group who were standing in the parking lot, while Jack-
son attempted to pull Durham away. Durham then followed the
rest of his group toward the front entrance to the bowling alley.
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23-10779 Opinion of the Court 3
Surveillance footage shows that, as Durham’s group ap-
proached the door, individuals in the other group fired shots to-
ward the bowling alley’s front entrance. Durham’s group scat-
tered, some running inside for shelter and others taking cover out-
side. Durham retreated inside the bowling alley, firing shots back
toward the parking lot with the firearm he had in his possession as
he entered. After passing the check-in counter inside, Durham re-
turned to the front doors with his gun drawn and continued shoot-
ing into the parking lot, moving in and out of the front vestibule as
he fired.
Police recovered more than 30 spent rounds of 9mm ammu-
nition at the front entrance. These rounds were forensically linked
to Durham’s gun, which was equipped with a high-capacity maga-
zine. Durham, Jackson, and one of their friends all sustained gun-
shot wounds.
II.
Durham was charged with and pled guilty to one count of
possession of a firearm and ammunition after having been con-
victed of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
Durham’s presentence investigation report (“PSR”) calcu-
lated a total offense level of 21, which included a four-level increase
for using a firearm or ammunition “in connection with another fel-
ony offense” under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). According to the
PSR, “[s]urveillance video recordings show that after retreating
into the bowling alley, the defendant returned to the entrance sev-
eral times and shot at least 32 rounds into the parking lot.” That
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4 Opinion of the Court 23-10779
conduct, the PSR stated, could be “considered a number of felony
offenses, including Aggravated Assault with a Firearm and Shoot-
ing Into [a Building] or Throwing Deadly Missiles.”
Durham objected to the § 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement, con-
tending that he had been the “victim of an attempted murder” and
had “returned fire in an attempt to defend himself and his friends.”
He also filed a sentencing memorandum, arguing that he was the
victim of an “unprovoked attack” and that he was justified in using
deadly force under Fla. Stat. § 776.012(2). In response, the proba-
tion officer maintained that the enhancement was appropriate be-
cause surveillance video showed that “after retreating into the rel-
ative safety of the bowling alley, where the perpetrator(s) did not
follow, the defendant returned to the entrance several times and
shot at least 32 rounds into the parking lot” in a “reckless exchange
of gunfire.”
At sentencing, Durham maintained that he lacked the crim-
inal intent necessary for aggravated assault or shooting into a build-
ing and that his conduct was justified by defense of self and others.
The government responded that Durham had “already retreated”
and was “no longer in danger” when he chose to reengage and “dis-
charge[] 30 rounds.”1
1 The parties also disputed whether Durham, during the initial verbal alterca-
tion in the parking lot, lifted his shirt to display the firearm in his possession.
The district court indicated that this dispute did not matter to its decision.
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23-10779 Opinion of the Court 5
The district court viewed the available surveillance videos of
the incident—two videos of the parking lot from different angles,
and one video from inside the bowling alley looking toward the
front entrance—with some explanatory comments by the parties.
Durham personally stated that, after he went inside, he returned to
the front vestibule and continued shooting because his girlfriend
and her best friend, who was shot, were still outside. Defense
counsel likewise emphasized that Durham not only was protecting
himself, but also “was trying to protect against his friends being
shot who were still stuck outside in the open and still being shot
at.”
The district court overruled Durham’s objection, finding
that he was “not engaging in self-defense after he came back into
the bowling alley,” which the court described as a “breaking point.”
Although it “happened very quickly,” the court stated, at that point
he had “stopped at being on defense and go[ne] on offense.” The
court applied the § 2K2.1(b)(6) enhancement and calculated a
guideline range of 41 to 51 months based on a total offense level of
21 and a criminal history category of II.
Ultimately, the district court sentenced Durham to a within-
guideline sentence of 48 months. The court explained that, while
“there was a self-defense aspect” to Durham’s conduct and he had
accepted responsibility, he had “just got out of prison for a gun”
conviction and was “not allowed to have a gun at all, even for self-
defense.” Durham appeals.
III.
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6 Opinion of the Court 23-10779
“We review the district court’s factual findings at sentencing
under the clearly erroneous standard, while its application of law
to those facts is subject to de novo review.” United States v. Jones, 32
F.3d 1512, 1517 (11th Cir. 1994). “A factual finding is clearly erro-
neous when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing
court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm con-
viction that a mistake has been committed.” Morrissette-Brown v.
Mobile Infirmary Med. Ctr., 506 F.3d 1317, 1319 (11th Cir. 2007) (quo-
tation marks omitted). So long as the district court’s view of the
evidence is “plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety,”
it “cannot be clearly erroneous.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City,
N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985).
In gun-possession cases, a four-level guideline enhancement
applies if the defendant “used or possessed any firearm in connec-
tion with another felony offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B). The
phrase “another felony offense” includes state offenses punishable
by imprisonment for a term of more than one year, regardless of
whether the defendant was charged with that offense. United States
v. Smith, 480 F.3d 1277, 1280 (11th Cir. 2007); see U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1,
cmt. n.14. The government bears the burden of establishing by a
preponderance of the evidence the facts necessary to support the
sentencing enhancement. Smith, 480 F.3d at 1280.
In Durham’s view, whether the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhance-
ment applies depends on whether he was acting in defense of self
or others. Durham maintains that his actions “were reasonable and
justified to protect himself and his friends who were still outside,”
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23-10779 Opinion of the Court 7
and that there is “insufficient proof” that his actions exceeded the
bounds of self-defense. He asserts that our review is de novo, not
for clear error, because the court’s findings were based on video
evidence and not “the credibility of the witnesses,” and because the
court’s ruling “involve[d] the application of the facts to the law.”
The government, in response, does not dispute that the enhance-
ment would not apply if Durham had acted entirely in self-defense,
but it contends that the court’s contrary finding is supported by the
record.
The doctrine of self-defense “is an affirmative defense that
has the effect of legally excusing the defendant from an act that
would otherwise be a criminal offense.” Mosansky v. State, 33 So.
3d 756, 758 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010). “A person may use deadly force
in self-defense if he or she reasonably believes such force is neces-
sary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm.” Rasley v.
State, 878 So. 2d 473, 476 (Fla. 1st DCA 2004); see Fla. Stat.
§ 776.032(1).2 But a “defendant who is engaged in unlawful activity
2 Section 776.032(1) states,
A person is justified in using or threatening to use deadly force
if he or she reasonably believes that using or threatening to use
such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great
bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the
imminent commission of a forcible felony. A person who uses
or threatens to use deadly force in accordance with this sub-
section does not have a duty to retreat and has the right to
stand his or her ground if the person using or threatening to
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8 Opinion of the Court 23-10779
. . . has a duty to retreat and must use all reasonable means in his
power, consistent with his own safety, before his use of deadly
force will be justified.” Jimenez v. State, 353 So. 3d 1286, 1288 (Fla.
2d DCA 2023). It is undisputed that Durham was engaged in un-
lawful activity—possession of a firearm as a convicted felon—and
so had a duty to retreat.
Durham has not shown that the district court erred in apply-
ing the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement. For starters, our review of
the court’s finding that Durham’s conduct went beyond self-de-
fense is for clear error because, under Florida law, “[t]he question
of self-defense is one of fact.” Dias v. State, 812 So. 2d 487, 491 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 2002). The mere fact that the court based its finding
on video evidence rather than witness credibility does not mean
we may exercise de novo review. See Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574 (ex-
plaining that clear-error review applies “even when the district
court’s findings do not rest on credibility determinations, but are
based instead on physical or documentary evidence or inferences
from other facts”). So we may not reverse the court’s findings as
to self-defense so long as they were “plausible in light of the record
viewed in its entirety.” Id.
use the deadly force is not engaged in a criminal activity and is
in a place where he or she has a right to be.
Durham agreed below that the second sentence of this paragraph—the “stand
your ground” component—did not apply because he was unlawfully pos-
sessing a firearm when the events occurred.
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23-10779 Opinion of the Court 9
And here, based on the entire record, we are not left with a
definite and firm conviction that the district court made a mistake
in finding that Durham’s conduct at the bowling alley was not fully
justified by self-defense. See Morrissette-Brown, 506 F.3d at 1319.
The surveillance videos show that Durham, after firing several
shots and retreating to the relative safety of the bowling alley, re-
turned to the front entrance and reengaged in a gun fight, ulti-
mately firing more than 30 rounds. Even assuming his initial use
of deadly force was justified by self-defense, this evidence is “sus-
ceptible of the view that the defendant could have extricated him-
self from the situation without [further] using deadly force” by
staying inside the shelter of the bowling alley, as Jackson had. Dias,
812 So. 2d at 491; see also Jimenez, 353 So. 3d at 1288. Thus, the
district court reasonably determined that Durham’s reengagement
and continued use of deadly force was not justified.
Durham maintains that he reengaged to protect his friends
who had taken cover outside. But the issue is not whether Durham
personally “believed that [others] w[ere] in danger.” Reimel v. State,
532 So. 2d 16, 18 (Fla. 5th DCA 1988). Rather, the self-defense in-
quiry “concerns a reasonably prudent person’s state of mind.” Id.
So the court was not required to accept Durham’s testimony that
it was necessary for him to reengage to protect his friends outside
the front entrance. Plus, both the video evidence and Durham’s
statements at sentencing indicate that Durham was the target, not
his group as a whole. So by choosing to reengage in a gunfight at
the front entrance, Durham may well have actually increased the
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10 Opinion of the Court 23-10779
danger for the people outside, as well as for others who may have
been in the parking lot but not involved in the shooting.
For these reasons, the district court offered a plausible view
based on the evidence that Durham’s reengagement and use of
deadly force after reaching the relative safety of the bowling alley
was not justified by the doctrine of self-defense. While the evi-
dence may support a contrary view, that is not enough to render
the court’s finding clearly erroneous. See Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574.
And Durham does not otherwise contend on appeal that the
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement was inappropriate even if his con-
duct lacked justification, or that his sentence is unreasonable. Ac-
cordingly, we affirm Durham’s sentence.
AFFIRMED.
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