Technology in Ariscale, LLC v. Razer USA Ltd.

N OTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
RAZER USA LTD.,
Defendant-Appellee
______________________
2024-1657
______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of California in No. 8:22-cv-02310-JWH-
ADS, Judge John W. Holcomb.
______________________
Decided: January 6, 2026
______________________
BRIAN F ITZGERALD, Broadview IP Law, PC, Irvine, CA,
argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by
MENSHER SINGH SANGHERA .
CHRISTOPHER K AO, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman
LLP, San Francisco, CA, argued for defendant-appellee.
Also represented by BROCK STEVEN W EBER .
______________________
Before P ROST , REYNA, and CUNNINGHAM , Circuit Judges.
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 2
CUNNINGHAM , Circuit Judge.
Technology in Ariscale, LLC (“Ariscale”) appeals the
judgment of the United States District Court for the Cen-
tral District of California determining that claims 1 and 14
of U.S. Patent No. 8,139,652 are invalid under 35 U.S.C.
§ 101. See J.A. 24–25; Tech. in Ariscale, LLC. v. Razer
USA, Ltd., No. 8:22-cv-02310-JWH-ADS, 2024 WL
1548636, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2024) (“MJOP Decision”);
see also Tech. in Ariscale, LLC v. Razer USA, Ltd.,
703 F. Supp. 3d 1153, 1163 (C.D. Cal. 2023) (“MTD Deci-
sion”). For the following reasons, we affirm the district
court’s judgment of invalidity.
Because the parties are familiar with the general back-
ground facts of this case, we do not repeat them here. For
purposes of appeal, claim 1 is representative of claim 14,
see Appellant’s Br. 4; Appellee’s Br. 6–7, and recites:
1. A computer-implemented method for decoding a
transmission signal, the method comprising:
receiving, using a computer processor, the
transmission signal, which is formed by re-
peating symbols including downlink frame
prefix information, encoding repeated sym-
bols to form encoding blocks, and interleav-
ing the encoding blocks;
deinterleaving, using a computer proces-
sor, the received transmission signal;
combining, using a computer processor,
symbols at the same positions of deinter-
leaved encoding blocks among the repeated
symbols in the deinterleaved transmission
signal; and
decoding, using a computer processor, the
combined symbols.
’652 patent col. 7 ll. 49–63.
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 3
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
I. D ISCUSSION
“We review the district court’s ultimate patent-eligibil-
ity conclusion de novo.” PersonalWeb Techs. LLC v. Google
LLC, 8 F.4th 1310, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2021). “We apply the
procedural law of the regional circuit, here the Ninth Cir-
cuit,” which reviews orders granting Rule 12(b) and 12(c)
motions de novo. Id. at 1314; see also ASARCO, LLC v. Un-
ion Pac. R. Co., 765 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2014); Fleming
v. Pickard, 581 F.3d 922, 925 (9th Cir. 2009).
To determine whether a patent claim is invalid under
35 U.S.C. § 101, we apply the two-step framework set forth
by the Supreme Court in Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Pro-
metheus Lab’ys, Inc., 566 U.S. 66, 77–80 (2012) and Alice
Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208, 217 (2014).
At step one, we determine whether the claim at issue is
“directed to” a patent-ineligible concept. Alice, 573 U.S.
at 217; accord Mayo, 566 U.S. at 77. At step two, we “con-
sider the elements of each claim both individually and ‘as
an ordered combination’ to determine whether the addi-
tional elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a
patent-eligible application.” Alice, 573 U.S. at 217 (quoting
Mayo, 566 U.S. at 78–79). The Supreme Court has de-
scribed the step two analysis “as a search for an ‘inventive
concept.’” Id. at 217 (quoting Mayo, 566 U.S. at 72–73).
On appeal, Ariscale challenges the district court’s pa-
tent eligibility analysis under both steps of the Alice/Mayo
test. Appellant’s Br. 17–42.
A.
We begin with Ariscale’s challenge to the district
court’s analysis under Alice/Mayo step one. See Appel-
lant’s Br. 18–30.
As an initial matter, we reject Ariscale’s argument that
the district court erred by characterizing claim 1 of the ’652
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 4
patent as being “directed to receiving, manipulating, and
decoding data.” MTD Decision at 1160; see Appellant’s
Br. 18–27. Ariscale argues that claim 1 is more appropri-
ately described as “combining and decoding repeatedly
transmitted [downlink frame prefix (“DFP”)] information.”
Appellant’s Br. 20–21; Oral Arg. 2:50–3:17,
https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/oral-arguments/24-1657_08
072025.mp3. We disagree.
The district court’s characterization accurately reflects
that claim 1 covers “[a] computer-implemented method for
decoding a transmission signal” that comprises steps in-
cluding “receiving,” “deinterleaving,” “combining,” and “de-
coding” the information in the transmission signal. ’652
patent col. 7 ll. 49–63. Ariscale’s description of the claimed
functions is not meaningfully different from that of the dis-
trict court and does not suggest that the district court over-
generalized the claim. The primary difference between the
two characterizations is that Ariscale frames claim 1 as fo-
cusing on DFP information. The claim language, however,
does not limit the combining and decoding of information
to DFP information. See, e.g., id. col. 7 ll. 49–63 (covering
a method for decoding a transmission signal that “is formed
by repeating symbols including [DFP] information” (em-
phasis added)). Moreover, even if the claim were “limited
to [the] particular content” of decoding a transmission sig-
nal of DFP information, this would “not change its charac-
ter as information” or otherwise make it less abstract.
Elec. Power Grp., LLC v. Alstom S.A., 830 F.3d 1350, 1353
(Fed. Cir. 2016); see also Affinity Labs of Texas, LLC
v. DIRECTV, LLC, 838 F.3d 1253, 1259 (Fed. Cir. 2016)
(“[M]erely limiting the field of use of the abstract idea to a
particular existing technological environment does not ren-
der the claims any less abstract.”). Therefore, we agree
with the district court’s characterization of claim 1.
We also agree with the district court that claim 1 is di-
rected to the abstract idea of “receiving, manipulating, and
decoding data.” MTD Decision at 1160. We have
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 5
previously held that such functions fall within the realm of
abstract ideas. See, e.g., Hawk Tech. Sys., LLC v. Castle
Retail, LLC, 60 F.4th 1349, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2023) (“[E]ncod-
ing and decoding image data and converting formats, in-
cluding when data is received from one medium and sent
along through another, are by themselves abstract ideas.”
(cleaned up and citation omitted)); RecogniCorp, LLC
v. Nintendo Co., 855 F.3d 1322, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (con-
cluding the claims were directed to the abstract idea of “en-
coding and decoding image data”); Digitech Image Techs.,
LLC v. Elecs. for Imaging, Inc., 758 F.3d 1344, 1351
(Fed. Cir. 2014) (concluding a claimed method was directed
to the abstract idea of “gathering and combining data”).
The claim language also fails to disclose “specific means or
method[s]” for the recited functions and instead “merely in-
vokes generic processes and machinery.” Two-Way Media
Ltd. v. Comcast Cable Commc’ns, LLC, 874 F.3d 1329,
1337 (Fed. Cir. 2017); see Oral Arg. 1:28–42 (Ariscale
agreeing that the claims do not require a specialized com-
puter). Moreover, the claimed methods “can be performed
in the human mind or using a pencil and paper—a telltale
sign of abstraction.” PersonalWeb, 8 F.4th at 1316 (cleaned
up and citation omitted); see, e.g., ’652 patent col. 7,
ll. 49–63, col. 6 ll. 23–40; id. Fig. 3. We conclude that claim
1 is directed to the abstract idea of receiving, manipulating,
and decoding data.
Ariscale argues claim 1 is “directed to an improvement
in wireless communication technology.” Appellant’s Br. 19;
see id. at 18–27; see Customedia Techs., LLC v. Dish Net-
work Corp., 951 F.3d 1359, 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“To be a
patent-eligible improvement to computer functionality, we
have required the claims to be directed to an improvement
in the functionality of the computer or network platform
itself.”). Ariscale argues claim 1 is directed to “improving
reception performance for repeatedly transmitted [DFP]
information,” such as providing improved bit error rates
and signal-to-noise ratios. Appellant’s Br. 21. In support,
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 6
Ariscale points to portions of the specification which indi-
cate that the goal of the patented invention is to “improve
reception performance” by combining, averaging and de-
coding the DFP information. Appellant’s Br. 20–21 (quot-
ing ’652 patent col. 1 ll. 27–34; id. col. 2 ll. 40–48; id. Fig.
5).
The advantage disclosed by the specification is linked
to implementation of a separate scheme, involving combin-
ing and decoding, for the DFP information as compared to
the rest of the signal. ’652 patent col. 2 ll. 40–48. But claim
1 does not cover separate reception schemes for the DFP
information as compared to other portions of the transmis-
sion signal and instead discloses that all recited functions
of claim 1 are performed on a “transmission signal, which
is formed by repeating symbols including [DFP] infor-
mation.” Id. col. 7 ll. 51–53 (emphasis added). The recep-
tion performance benefits described in the specification are
therefore not tied to the claims at issue. See, e.g., Am. Axle
& Mfg., Inc. v. Neapco Holdings LLC, 967 F.3d 1285, 1293
(Fed. Cir. 2020) (“[F]eatures that are not claimed are irrel-
evant as to step 1 or step 2 of the [Alice/Mayo] analysis.”);
ChargePoint, Inc. v. SemaConnect, Inc., 920 F.3d 759, 769
(Fed. Cir. 2019) (“[A]ny reliance on the specification in the
§ 101 analysis must always yield to the claim lan-
guage. . . . [T]he specification cannot be used to import de-
tails from the specification if those details are not
claimed.”). The district court did not err by determining
that claim 1 of the ’652 patent is directed to an abstract
idea.
B.
We next turn to Ariscale’s challenge to the district
court’s analysis under step two of the Alice/Mayo test. See
Appellant’s Br. 30–42.
Ariscale argues that claim 1 of the ’652 patent recites
an inventive concept in the ordered combination of steps
claimed. Id. Specifically, Ariscale argues that the claimed
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 7
order of implementing the “combining” step after “deinter-
leaving,” but before “decoding,” makes the claimed method
a patent-eligible ordered combination. Id. at 31–32. We
disagree.
The ’652 patent claims and specification demonstrate
that the advantages associated with the patented inven-
tion are not tied to the particular order of steps dictated in
claim 1. The specification discloses that “the symbol com-
bination and averaging of the present invention may also
be performed before the deinterleaving and decoding.” ’652
patent col. 6 ll. 49–55 (discussing the difference between
the first embodiment and second embodiment of the inven-
tion). The specification links its disclosed performance re-
sults to methods following either ordered combination of
steps. See id. col. 7 ll. 21–39 (explaining that Figs. 5 to 8
demonstrate performance results “according to the first or
the second embodiment of the present invention”). Fur-
thermore, claim 2 of the ’652 patent contains substantively
identical claim language to that of claim 1, except that the
order of the “combining” and “deinterleaving” steps is
switched (and other differences reflecting this switch were
also made). Compare id. col. 7 ll. 49–63, with id. col. 7 l. 64
to col. 8 l. 11. In sum, the claims and specification demon-
strate that the advantages associated with the patented in-
vention do not depend on any specific ordered combination.
To the extent that Ariscale argues that any individual
step of claim 1 provides the inventive concept, we also dis-
agree. See Appellant’s Br. 39–41. The specification dis-
closes that all claimed steps aside from the “combining”
step were used in prior art decoding methods. See ’652 pa-
tent col. 1 l. 43 to col. 2 l. 6 (disclosing the steps of receiving,
deinterleaving, and decoding). With respect to the “com-
bining” step, as alluded to above, claim 1 discloses what
symbols are combined together, but does not explain how
they are combined. See id. col. 7 ll. 58–63. The additional
details described in the specification, see, e.g., id. col. 6
ll. 29–40, but not captured by the claims, cannot serve as
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 8
the basis of an inventive concept. See Intell. Ventures I
LLC v. Symantec Corp., 838 F.3d 1307, 1322 (Fed. Cir.
2016) (“The district court erred in relying on technological
details set forth in the patent’s specification and not set
forth in the claims to find an inventive concept.”). The
claimed “combining” step, by itself, is an abstract idea and
cannot itself provide an inventive concept. See BSG Tech
LLC v. Buyseasons, Inc., 899 F.3d 1281, 1290 (Fed. Cir.
2018) (“[A] claimed invention’s use of the ineligible concept
to which it is directed cannot supply the inventive concept
that renders the invention ‘significantly more’ than that in-
eligible concept.”). Moreover, the specification indicates
that this “combining” step involves basic arithmetic which
can be performed mentally or by hand or other conven-
tional methods. See ’652 patent col. 6 ll. 29–40 (disclosing
the use of “add[ing] and averag[ing] (i.e. multipl[ying] by
½)” and stating that “those skilled in the art may also use
other methods for combining repeated symbols for normal-
ization”). We agree with the district court that claim 1 of
the ’652 patent fails step two of the Alice/Mayo test.
C.
Lastly, we briefly address Ariscale’s argument that the
district court failed to respect the presumption of validity
to which the ’652 patent is entitled. Appellant’s Br. 17–18;
see Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd., 564 U.S. 91, 100 (2011)
(“[Section] 282 establishes a presumption of patent valid-
ity, and it provides that a challenger must overcome that
presumption to prevail on an invalidity defense.”). Nothing
in the district court’s decisions indicates that it failed to
presume the patent was valid or otherwise improperly
placed the burden of proof on Ariscale. Cf. MJOP Decision
at *3 (explaining that “a patent challenger must establish
ineligibility by clear and convincing evidence”). Further-
more, “courts are not required to defer to Patent Office de-
terminations as to eligibility.” Sanderling Mgmt. Ltd.
v. Snap Inc., 65 F.4th 698, 705 (Fed. Cir. 2023). For the
reasons stated, we conclude that the district court did not
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TECHNOLOGY IN ARISCALE, LLC v. RAZER USA LTD. 9
err in determining that the asserted claims are patent in-
eligible.
II. CONCLUSION
We have considered Ariscale’s remaining arguments
and find them unpersuasive. We affirm the district court’s
judgment that claims 1 and 14 of the ’652 patent are inva-
lid under § 101.
AFFIRMED
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