Icharts LLC v. Tableau Software, LLC

N OTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
ICHARTS LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC,
Defendant-Appellee
______________________
2025-1302
______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of California in No. 3:24-cv-03157-WHA,
Judge William H. Alsup.
______________________
Decided: August 10, 2026
______________________
WILLIAM R. HUBBARD , Womble Bond Dickinson (US)
LLP, Baltimore, MD, argued for plaintiff-appellant. Also
represented by J ULIE G IARDINA, BARRY J. HERMAN;
CHRISTIAN E. MAMMEN, San Francisco, CA; F ABIO E.
MARINO, Sunnyvale, CA.
RYAN T YZ, Tyz Law Group PC, San Francisco, CA, ar-
gued for defendant-appellee. Also represented by S EAN
APPLE, ERIN J ONES , C IARA N. MCHALE , U DIT SOOD.
______________________
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 1 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 1 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 2
Before M OORE, Chief Judge, L OURIE and R EYNA, Circuit
Judges.
REYNA, Circuit Judge.
iCharts LLC appeals the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California’s grant of Tableau
Software, LLC’s motion for judgment on the pleadings of
patent ineligibility under 35 U.S.C. § 101. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
I.
Appellant iCharts LLC (“iCharts”) owns U.S. Patent
Nos. 8,271,892 (“’892 patent”), 8,520,000 (“’000 patent”),
and 9,712,595 (“’595 patent”) (collectively, the “Asserted
Patents”). The ’892 patent claims priority to a 2008 provi-
sional application. J.A. 79, 1:7–9. The ’000 and ’595 pa-
tents claim priority to a 2008 provisional application and
are continuations-in-part of the ’892 patent. J.A. 146,
1:7–13; J.A. 213, 1:7–17. The Asserted Patents relate to
systems and methods for creating, sharing, and embedding
“interactive charts,” which are charts that respond to user
input, such as by zooming in on a portion of the chart, pro-
ducing animations, or playing video/audio content. The As-
serted Patents’ specifications disclose an advance over pre-
existing interactive charts: a “self-contained” interactive
chart, which is a chart that retains its interactivity even
when shared on a separate website. The Asserted Patents’
specifications describe retaining interactivity using Adobe
Flash technology:
The interactive charts that are downloaded are
self-contained flash files that can exist independ-
ent of the web portal. The user only requires Adobe
Reader (containing Adobe flash player) to execute
the code in the flash file. Any electronic document
that can play flash can show the interactive charts.
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 2 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 2 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 3
J.A. 83, 10:7–11; J.A. 149, 8:47–51; J.A. 216, 8:60–65.
In the proceedings below, the district court treated
claim 1 of each patent as representative. Claim 1 of the
’892 patent recites:
1. A computer system comprising:
a data module configured to store data;
a chart template module configured to store chart
templates;
a generation module configured to generate an in-
teractive chart on a generation interface,
wherein the generation interface is configured to
enable a user to generate the interactive chart from
data stored in the data module and a template from
the chart template module;
a sharing module configured to enable a user to
publish or embed the interactive chart as a self-
contained and independent electronic document,
wherein the self-contained and independent inter-
active chart, when opened in a program in the ab-
sence of the generation interface and the chart
template module, enables a user to a) render the
chart, b) obtain input from a user and c) rerender
the chart using the input as a parameter thereby
enabling the interactive chart to retain interactiv-
ity when published or embedded.
J.A. 87, 18:32–52.
Claim 1 of the ’595 patent recites:
1. A system for creating interactive charts, the sys-
tem comprising:
memory that stores a chart template;
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 3 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 3 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 4
a processor, wherein the processor executes in-
structions stored in the memory, causing the pro-
cessor to:
generate a user interface on a first website,
receive chart data via the user interface,
receive a selection of the chart template via the
user interface, and
generate an interactive chart including the chart
data and the chart template; and
a network interface that, in response to generation
of the interactive chart, transmits the interactive
chart to a second website for display without the
execution of the instructions stored in the memory
to generate the user interface of the first website,
wherein the second website receives an input from
a second user and updates the interactive chart af-
ter the second website receives the input.
J.A. 221, 18:41–59.
Claim 1 of the ’000 patent recites:
1. A computer-implemented method comprising:
receiving a selection, on a first website, of at least
one interactive chart from a plurality of interactive
charts; and
displaying, in response to the selection the at least
one interactive chart embedded in a chart box on a
second website, wherein the chart box is a web
widget,
wherein the at least one interactive chart is gener-
ated on a generation interface configured to allow
a user to generate the interactive chart with a
chart template from a chart template store,
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 4 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 4 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 5
wherein the at least one interactive chart, when
displayed on the second website in the absence of
the generation interface, enables a user to a) ren-
der the chart, b) obtain input from a user and c)
rerender the chart using the input thereby ena-
bling the interactive chart to retain interactivity,
wherein the selection is made by dragging and
dropping the at least one interactive chart from the
plurality of charts into a chart box folder connected
to the chart box such that retrieve code for data
feed displays the at least one interactive chart on
the first website, and
wherein the at least one interactive chart is auto-
matically displayed on the second website using a
data feed from the first website to the second web-
site upon the dragging and dropping selection.
J.A. 154, 18:24–49.
II.
iCharts sued appellee Tableau Software, LLC (“Tab-
leau”) in the United States District Court for the Western
District of Texas, alleging infringement of the Asserted Pa-
tents. The case was then transferred to the United States
District Court for the Northern District of California.
Tableau thereafter moved for judgment on the plead-
ings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule
12(c), arguing that the Asserted Patents were directed to
patent ineligible subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. The
district court granted Tableau’s motion.
At step 1 of the eligibility determination, the district
court determined that the representative claims were di-
rected to an abstract idea. For claim 1 of the ’892 patent,
the district court determined the abstract idea was “gener-
ating and sharing self-contained, interactive charts on
computers.” J.A. 8. For claims 1 of the ’595 and
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 5 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 5 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 6
’000 patents, the district court determined that the ab-
stract idea was “generating and sharing self-contained, in-
teractive charts . . . across websites.” J.A. 15; see also
J.A. 19.
At step two, the district court determined that the rep-
resentative claims of the Asserted Patents failed to recite
an inventive concept. Additionally, the district court re-
jected iCharts’ position that the inventive concept for
claim 1 of the ’892 patent was an unconventional use of
Adobe Flash. See J.A. 13–14. The district court first stated
that on the intrinsic record, no plausible inference could be
drawn except that Adobe Flash was “a conventional tool
conventionally applied.” J.A. 13. The district court then
stated that even assuming unconventionality, the claim
language “does not limit this claim to using Adobe Flash or
to any mechanism by which its ideas are accomplished.”
J.A. 14. Thus, according to the district court, because the
claim failed to recite any mechanism to accomplish its de-
sired result, such “failure [was] fatal” at step two. Id.
iCharts timely appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
D ISCUSSION
This court reviews a district court’s judgment on the
pleadings under regional circuit law, here the Ninth Cir-
cuit. Smart Sys. Innovations, LLC v. Chi. Transit Auth.,
873 F.3d 1364, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2017). The Ninth Circuit
reviews de novo an order granting a Rule 12(c) motion for
judgment on the pleadings. Fleming v. Pickard, 581 F.3d
922, 925 (9th Cir. 2009). The court “must accept all factual
allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in
the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Id.
“Judgment on the pleadings is properly granted when
there is no issue of material fact in dispute, and the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. Pa-
tent eligibility under § 101 is ultimately a question of law
that may involve underlying factual findings. Contour IP
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 6 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 6 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 7
Holding LLC v. GoPro, Inc., 113 F.4th 1373, 1378 (Fed. Cir.
2024).
Section 101 of the Patent Act states, “[w]hoever invents
or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manu-
facture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject
to the conditions and requirements of this title.” 35 U.S.C.
§ 101. The Supreme Court has determined that certain ex-
ceptions to the requirements of § 101 exist such that
“[l]aws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas
are not patentable.” Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l,
573 U.S. 208, 216 (2014) (citation omitted). The patenta-
bility exception for abstract ideas, at issue in this case, em-
bodies “the longstanding rule that [a]n idea of itself is not
patentable.” Id. at 218 (citation modified).
To determine whether patent claims are directed to pa-
tent ineligible subject matter, the Supreme Court has de-
veloped a two-step test commonly known as the “Alice” test.
Under Alice step one, we consider whether the claims at
issue are directed to, in this case, an abstract idea. Id. at
217. If the claims are not directed to an abstract idea, the
Alice inquiry ends. Id. If we conclude that the claims are
directed to patent ineligible subject matter, the inquiry
continues to Alice step two, where we ask whether the
claims recite something “significantly more” than the ab-
stract idea itself. Id. at 217–18. Specifically, the court
must determine “whether the claim elements, individually
and as an ordered combination, contain an inventive con-
cept, which is more than merely implementing an abstract
idea using well-understood, routine, and conventional ac-
tivities previously known to the industry.” Chewy, Inc. v.
Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 94 F.4th 1354, 1365 (Fed. Cir.
2024) (citation modified).
On appeal, iCharts generally argues the eligibility of
the representative claims of the ’892, ’595, and ’000 patents
together. See Appellant Br. 14–43. For that reason, we
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 7 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 7 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 8
analyze the representative claims together unless other-
wise noted.
I.
At step one of Alice, iCharts argues that the repre-
sentative claims of the Asserted Patents are non-abstract
because they are directed towards an improvement in com-
puter functionality, i.e., the creation of a “self-contained in-
teractive chart.” Appellant Br. 18–23. For the ’892 patent,
iCharts argues that this patent claims a “system that pro-
duces a ‘self-contained and independent interactive chart’
that allows the user to interact with the chart after it has
been shared, such as through the Internet.” Appellant
Br. 21 (quoting J.A. 87, 18:46–47). For the ’595 and
’000 patents, iCharts argues that they “describe the crea-
tion of interactive charts using a web portal for publication
and distribution on a second webpage.” Appellant Br. 22.
But even accepting iChart’s position that the Asserted Pa-
tents are directed to the idea of generating a self-contained,
interactive chart, this idea, as reflected in the representa-
tive claims of the Asserted Patents, is still abstract. As “re-
flected repeatedly in our cases,” claims can be “abstract”
under step one when they lack the “specificity required to
transform a claim from one claiming only a result to one
claiming a way of achieving it.” See SAP Am., Inc. v. In-
vestPic, LLC, 898 F.3d 1161, 1167–68 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (col-
lecting cases). The claim itself “must identify ‘how’ that
functional result is achieved by limiting the claim scope to
structures specified at some level of concreteness, in the
case of a product claim, or to concrete action, in the case of
a method claim.” Am. Axle & Mfg., Inc. v. Neapco Holdings
LLC, 967 F.3d 1285, 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
Here, the representative claims of the Asserted Patents
recite a system or method for sharing a self-contained, in-
teractive chart. Claim 1 of the ’892 patent recites “a com-
puter system comprising:” (1) “a data module configured to
store data;” (2) “a chart template module configured to
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 8 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 8 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 9
store chart templates;” (3) “a generation module configured
to generate an interactive chart on a generation interface,”
and (4) “a sharing module configured to enable a user to
publish or embed the interactive chart as a self-contained
and independent electronic document . . . .” J.A. 87,
18:32–52. Claims 1 of the ’000 and ’595 patents recite, re-
spectively, a method and a system for sharing interactive
charts from a first website to a second website. See
J.A. 154, 18:24–49; J.A. 221, 18:41–59. These charts can
be independently “rerender[ed]” or “update[d]” on the sec-
ond website without input from the first website. J.A. 154,
18:34–40; J.A. 221, 18:52–59. However, there is nothing in
the representative claims showing how to “generate,” “re-
render,” or “update” a self-contained, interactive chart.
The claims are thus directed to “only a result” as opposed
to a “way of achieving it.” See SAP Am., 898 F.3d at
1167–68. Accordingly, the representative claims of the As-
serted Patents are directed to the underlying idea itself,
i.e., generating and sharing self-contained, interactive
charts on computers or across websites.
iCharts argues that “generating and sharing self-con-
tained, interactive charts on computers” or “across web-
sites” is an “extremely narrow and specific concept” that
escapes abstractness at step one. See Appellant Br. 33–34.
The representative claims of the Asserted Patents, how-
ever, provide no meaningful limitation to the abstract idea.
Instead, they merely limit the claims to a particular field
of use, here “interactive charts.” Ideas are no less abstract
when limited to a field of use. See, e.g., Intell. Ventures I
LLC v. Cap. One Fin. Corp., 850 F.3d 1332, 1340 (Fed. Cir.
2017) (limiting abstract idea to XML documents “does little
more than restrict the invention’s field of use,” which does
“not render an otherwise abstract concept any less ab-
stract”).
In sum, we hold that the representative claims of the
Asserted Patents are directed to an abstract idea of
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 9 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 9 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 10
“generating and sharing self-contained, interactive charts
on computers” or “across websites.”
II.
Because the Asserted Patents are directed to an ab-
stract idea, we proceed to step two of Alice. At step two, “a
claimed invention’s use of the ineligible concept to which it
is directed cannot supply the inventive concept that ren-
ders the invention ‘significantly more’ than that ineligible
concept.” BSG Tech LLC v. BuySeasons, Inc., 899 F.3d
1281, 1290 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Alice, 573 U.S. at 215,
218). Here, neither the recited components nor steps of the
representative claims do anything more than implement
the abstract idea of “generating and sharing self-contained
charts on computers” or “across websites.” We conclude
that there are no elements in the representative claims, in-
dividually or as an ordered combination, that capture an
inventive concept sufficient to transform the claims into el-
igible subject matter.
iCharts argues that the district court improperly re-
solved factual issues concerning the conventionality of
Adobe Flash when granting Tableau’s Rule 12(c) motion for
judgment on the pleadings. Appellant Br. 37–39. Whether
the district court resolved factual issues concerning Adobe
Flash’s conventionality is not outcome determinative here.
The district court’s step two analysis rests on an independ-
ent basis, which iCharts does not challenge on appeal.
Here, the district court stated that “even surpassing plau-
sibility to assume Adobe Flash was not conventionally
used, the claim language [of claim 1 of the ’892 patent] does
not limit this claim to using Adobe Flash or to any mecha-
nism by which its ideas are accomplished.” J.A. 14. And
like the district court correctly concluded, this failure by
the claims was “fatal” to iChart’s step-two position. See id.
This is because “when a claim directed to an abstract idea
contains no restriction on how the result is accom-
plished . . . [and] [t]he mechanism . . . is not described,
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 10 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 10 of 11 --

ICHARTS LLC v. TABLEAU SOFTWARE, LLC 11
although this is stated to be the essential innovation[,] then
the claim is not patent-eligible.” Intell. Ventures I LLC v.
Symantec Corp., 838 F.3d 1307, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (cita-
tion modified). Thus, because the district court’s step two
analysis is supported by this line of reasoning, we need not
address whether the district court improperly resolved fac-
tual issues concerning the conventionality of Adobe Flash
when granting Tableau’s Rule 12(c) motion for judgment
on the pleadings.
iCharts alternatively argues that the district court
should have treated Tableau’s Rule 12(c) motion for judg-
ment on the pleadings as one for summary judgment be-
cause the district court relied on materials outside of the
pleadings, specifically the parties’ supplemental briefing
requested by the district court. Appellant Br. 52–54. We
disagree. The district court made clear that it rested its
“Alice inquiry . . . [on] the claim language.” J.A. 23–24.
The Asserted Patents were attachments to the complaint.
J.A. 25–222; J.A. 1333; J.A. 1337; J.A. 1340. Thus, the
district court did not improperly look to information out-
side of the pleadings.
In sum, we conclude that at Alice step two, there is
nothing in the representative claims of the Asserted Pa-
tents sufficient to transform them into eligible subject mat-
ter. The claims of the Asserted Patents are thus ineligible
for patent and invalid.
CONCLUSION
We have considered iCharts’ remaining arguments and
find them unpersuasive. For the reasons provided, we af-
firm.
AFFIRMED
Case: 25-1302 Document: 41 Page: 11 Filed: 08/10/2026

-- 11 of 11 --