United States v. Trimm

1
20-2264
United States v. Trimm
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 1
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 2
3
August Term 2020 4
5
(Argued: May 21, 2021 Decided: June 2, 2021) 6
7
No. 20-2264 8
9
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 10
11
U NITED S TATES OF AMERICA 12
13
Appellant 14
15
-v.- 16
17
H ILLARY TRIMM 18
19
Defendant-Appellee 20
21
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 22
23
Before: L IVINGSTON, Chief Judge, JACOBS , and MENASHI, Circuit Judges. 24
25
Pursuant to a plea agreement, Defendant-Appellee Hillary Trimm 26
(“Trimm”) assisted the Government in securing the conviction of her co- 27
conspirator. Trimm’s plea agreement vested in the Government sole discretion 28
to determine whether and how to credit Trimm’s cooperation including, inter alia, 29
whether to move pursuant to either or both U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 and/or 18 U.S.C. 30
§ 3553(e). After evaluating Trimm’s assistance via its established internal 31
processes, the Government decided to make a motion under § 5K1.1 but not under 32
§ 3553(e). The district court held that the Government’s refusal to make the latter 33

-- 1 of 26 --

2
motion was both for an unconstitutional reason and in bad faith. We hold both 1
conclusions were in error. The Government’s refusal to make a § 3553(e) motion 2
based on its valuation of Trimm’s cooperation was not an unconstitutional act. 3
Section 3553(e) gives the Government a power, not a duty, to permit a district court 4
to depart from a mandatory minimum based on a defendant’s substantial 5
assistance. Absent some other showing of unconstitutionality, it is not 6
unconstitutional for the government to conclude that a defendant’s assistance is 7
worthy of a § 5K1.1 motion but no more based on its internal assessment of the 8
costs and benefits of a further departure. We also hold that the Government did 9
not act in bad faith. Where an agreement reserves to the Government the sole 10
discretion to determine whether and how to value the cooperation of the 11
defendant, the Government need not express dissatisfaction with the defendant’s 12
assistance to conclude that a § 5K1.1 motion but not a § 3553(e) motion is 13
appropriate based on the Government’s good faith valuation of the defendant’s 14
cooperation. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is vacated and the 15
case is remanded for resentencing with instructions that the case be reassigned. 16
17
F OR A PPELLANT: PAUL D. S ILVER (Lisa M. Fletcher, on the 18
brief), Assistant United States Attorney for 19
the Northern District of New York, Albany, 20
NY 21
22
F OR D EFENDANT-A PPELLEE : G EORGE F. H ILDEBRANDT, Syracuse, NY 23
24
PER C URIAM : 25
This case underscores that the authority of a district court, pursuant to 18 26
U.S.C. § 3553(e), to impose a sentence below a statutory minimum to take account 27
of a defendant’s substantial assistance is limited – that this is an authority 28
contingent by statute on Government motion and that the Government, absent 29
breach of a contractual obligation, has “a power, not a duty, to file a motion when 30

-- 2 of 26 --

3
a defendant has substantially assisted.”1 Wade v. United States, 504 U.S. 181, 185 1
(1992). The United States appeals from the June 30, 2020 judgment of the District 2
Court for the Northern District of New York (Hurd, J.) sentencing Defendant- 3
Appellee Hillary Trimm (“Trimm”) principally to imprisonment for sixty months 4
after her plea of guilty, pursuant to a plea agreement, to a one-count information 5
charging a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251. Trimm pleaded guilty to conspiring with 6
Stacey J. LaPorte, Jr. (“LaPorte”) to use a minor female to engage in sexually 7
explicit conduct for the purpose of producing visual depictions of such conduct.2 8
The applicable statutory minimum term for this offense is fifteen years. The 9
district court sentenced Trimm below this term after ordering the Government to 10
1 The full text of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) is as follows:
Limited Authority to Impose a Sentence Below a Statutory Minimum.–
Upon motion of the Government, the court shall have the authority to
impose a sentence below a level established by statute as a minimum
sentence so as to reflect a defendant’s substantial assistance in the
investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an
offense. Such sentence shall be imposed in accordance with the guidelines
and policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to
section 994 of title 28, United States Code.
2 At her change of plea hearing, Trimm admitted to entering into an agreement
with LaPorte regarding the sexual abuse of Trimm’s infant daughter, who was not yet
one year old at the time. Trimm admitted to taking videos of herself performing sexual
acts with her daughter and sending them to LaPorte via the application Kik Messenger.
LaPorte also abused the infant sexually, with Trimm’s assistance.

-- 3 of 26 --

4
make a § 3553(e) motion and charging that its refusal to do so voluntarily was both 1
unconstitutional and in bad faith, on the theory that by withholding the motion, 2
the Government was purposefully and unduly constraining the court’s sentencing 3
discretion. 4
This is the Government’s second sentencing appeal in this case. The first 5
time around the district court also directed the United States to move pursuant to 6
§ 3553(e), so that the court could sentence Trimm below the statutory minimum. 7
When the Government declined to do so, stating that its valuation of Trimm’s 8
substantial assistance did not support a motion pursuant to § 3553(e), the district 9
court nevertheless sentenced Trimm to a term of imprisonment of ninety months, 10
deeming the § 3553(e) motion to have been made without finding that the 11
Government had either acted in bad faith or with an unconstitutional motive. We 12
vacated that judgment and remanded for resentencing. We do so again now, and 13
remand with the direction that Trimm be sentenced before a new district court 14
judge. 15
BACKGROUND 16
Trimm entered her guilty plea on May 11, 2017, pursuant to a written plea 17
agreement with an addendum reflecting the terms of her agreement to cooperate 18

-- 4 of 26 --

5
with the United States Attorney’s Office for the Northern District of New York. 1
In the addendum, the United States Attorney’s Office agreed, in relevant part, as 2
follows: 3
At or before sentencing, the United States Attorney’s Office will 4
advise the Court of the nature and extent of the cooperation and 5
assistance provided by the defendant pursuant to this Addendum to 6
the Plea Agreement. If the United States Attorney’s Office 7
determines, in its sole discretion, that the defendant has provided 8
“substantial assistance” in the investigation or prosecution of one or 9
more other persons who have committed offenses, it may, in its sole 10
discretion, credit the defendant in one or more of the following ways: 11
(i) move for a downward departure pursuant to either or both 12
U.S.S.G. §5K1.1 and/or 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) . . . . 13
14
App’x at 40. The addendum explicitly provides that the United States Attorney’s 15
Office “does not promise or guarantee that it will make such motion(s) for 16
departure . . . . Whether and how to credit any proffered cooperation and 17
assistance is within the sole discretion of the United States Attorney’s Office.” 18
App’x at 41. The agreement further notes that in the event of a Government 19
motion for departure based on the defendant’s substantial assistance, “the final 20
decision as to how much, if any, reduction in sentence is warranted because of that 21
assistance rests solely with the sentencing Court, subject to any statutory minimum 22
penalty, which will limit the extent of any departure in the event the United States 23

-- 5 of 26 --

6
Attorney’s Office, in its sole discretion, declines to make a motion for a downward 1
departure under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e).” App’x at 42 (emphasis added). 2
At the plea hearing before the district court, the Government indicated that 3
based on the parties’ sentencing stipulations as to base offense level and 4
adjustments, Trimm’s offense level was over 43, the highest level in the United 5
States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”). Even at Criminal 6
History Category I, the Government advised, the Guidelines in such a case yield a 7
Guidelines range of life, which is over the statutory maximum for the offense to 8
which Trimm was pleading guilty. Trimm’s actual Guidelines sentence, the 9
Government said, would thus be 360 months (thirty years), the statutory 10
maximum. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a). As to the statutory minimum, the district 11
court specifically advised Trimm that she also faced a mandatory minimum of 12
fifteen years, saying, “Just to be clear, as of now, this circumstance may change, 13
but at the time I sentence you as of right now, you are facing a minimum of fifteen 14
years prison which means that I cannot, even if I was so inclined, give you any less 15
than fifteen years.” App’x at 65. 16
It is undisputed that Trimm provided substantial assistance to the 17
Government in its prosecution of LaPorte, described by the Government as a 18

-- 6 of 26 --

7
“dangerous serial sex offender.” United States v. Trimm, 450 F. Supp. 3d 195, 203 1
(N.D.N.Y. 2020). Trimm, along with another of LaPorte’s co-conspirators, 2
MacKenzie L. Bailey (“Bailey”), testified at LaPorte’s trial. Trimm’s testimony 3
related to Count Two, regarding the exploitation of her daughter. Bailey testified 4
regarding LaPorte’s exploitation of three additional children, as well as his on-line 5
child pornography activities. LaPorte was convicted on each of the six counts 6
with which he was charged and was sentenced principally to ninety-five years’ 7
imprisonment. 8
As to Trimm, the Probation Department prepared a Presentence 9
Investigation Report in connection with her contemplated sentencing and 10
concluded that Trimm’s offense level was, indeed, 43 and that the Guidelines 11
would thus yield an imprisonment range of life. Trimm’s actual imprisonment 12
range thus became the statutory maximum of thirty years for her offense of 13
conviction. Before Trimm was sentenced for the first time, the Government 14
advised that while it intended to move at the sentencing hearing pursuant to 15
U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1 for a downward departure from Trimm’s applicable Guidelines 16
range based on her substantial assistance in LaPorte’s prosecution, it did not 17
intend to move pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) for a sentence below the fifteen- 18

-- 7 of 26 --

8
year mandatory minimum. In a letter to the court, the United States specified 1
that it “intend[ed] to move for a departure of 5 levels, from a Total Offense Level 2
of 42,” which represented the “closest Guidelines level” to 43 (Trimm’s actual 3
offense level) “that allows for a 30-year sentence.” App’x at 71. A five-level 4
downward departure from that starting point yielded a sentencing range of 210 to 5
262 months. The Government recommended a term of imprisonment of 210 6
months, the bottom of that range. 7
Trimm moved for the district court to compel the Government to make a 8
motion pursuant to § 3553(e). The Government, in response, explained that 9
pursuant to its procedures for determining whether to make a § 5K1.1 motion for 10
a downward departure; the extent of any recommended departure; and whether 11
to move pursuant to § 3553(e), the recommendation in Trimm’s case was subject 12
to multiple levels of review (including by the United States Attorney) at which 13
consistent considerations were applied. As explained at Trimm’s first 14
sentencing, the Government’s § 5K1.1 motion, beginning at level 42, called for 15
more than a twelve-year reduction from Trimm’s Guidelines sentence and that in 16
the Government’s view this reduction was sufficient to “generously account[] for 17
[Trimm’s] substantial assistance” without “oversell[ing] [her] usefulness to the 18

-- 8 of 26 --

9
government.” 3 App’x at 97. The district court nevertheless determined that 1
Trimm was entitled to a ten-level departure. Beginning with an offense level of 2
40 instead of 42 and Criminal History Category I, the district court determined that 3
the applicable Guidelines range was 97 to 121 months. The court then “deemed” 4
a § 3553(e) motion to have been made, notwithstanding that the Government had 5
made no such motion, and that the court had made no determination that the 6
Government had acted for an unconstitutional motive or in bad faith. The district 7
court sentenced Trimm principally to a term of imprisonment of ninety months. 8
The Government appealed and, as already noted, we vacated and remanded 9
the judgment, observing as follows: 10
The district court here purported simply to “deem” the government 11
to have made a motion that it had expressly declined to make, 12
apparently because the court believed that a sentence below the 13
statutory minimum was appropriate. But the district court did not 14
find unconstitutional motive or bad faith. . . . Accordingly, it was 15
without authority to sentence Trimm below the statutory minimum 16
of 15 years’ imprisonment. 17
18
United States v. Trimm, 756 F. App’x 109, 110 (2019). 19
3 The Government noted, specifically, that even without Trimm’s cooperation, it
had charged “and was prepared to and did try Mr. LaPorte for multiple other charges”
pursuant to which he was “accountable for [a] lifetime sentence” and would most likely
have received one, even without regard to Count Two, the focus of Trimm’s testimony.
App’x at 98.

-- 9 of 26 --

10
On remand, Trimm moved once again to compel the Government to make 1
a § 3553(e) motion. The district court granted the motion, concluding first that 2
the Government had acted with an unconstitutional motive to limit the court’s 3
sentencing discretion in declining to make the motion and, second, that it had 4
acted in bad faith. As to unconstitutional motive, the district court affirmed that 5
the Government’s refusal to file a § 3553(e) motion was designed “to reduce this 6
Court’s discretion to depart from the Government’s notion of the appropriate total 7
sentence.” Trimm, 450 F. Supp. 3d at 209. The district court observed that the 8
Government “has not alleged that Trimm committed perjury at any point, was 9
found to be incredible by any judge, offered sham information, actively misled the 10
Government, or compromised investigative efforts.” Id. at 213. Nor has she 11
committed any further crimes, the court noted, “which might bear a rational 12
relationship to the Government’s legitimate interests in deterring crime.” Id. 13
The district court concluded that there was thus “a fundamental defect in the 14
Government’s position” and that “it cannot be said that the Government 15
conducted a rational assessment of the cost and benefit that would flow from 16
moving under § 3553(e) here.” Id. at 213–14. 17

-- 10 of 26 --

11
As to its conclusion that the Government had acted in bad faith, the court 1
acknowledged that “without question, the Cooperation Agreement does not 2
expressly obligate the Government to file a substantial assistance motion.” Id. at 3
216. At the same time, it said, the Government “has never once alleged that 4
Trimm did not in fact substantially assist or that she somehow breached either the 5
Plea or Cooperation Agreements.” Id. at 217. The court characterized the 6
Government’s failure to move pursuant to § 3553(e) as “arbitrary,” insisting that 7
the Government had “offered no reason for its decision to withhold the motion.” 8
Id. at 217, 221. The court concluded that “the only reason the Government did 9
not make a § 3553(e) motion was to prevent the Court from sentencing Trimm 10
below the 15 year mandatory minimum. That is not a proper reason. That is a 11
violation of the Cooperation Agreement. That is bad faith.” Id. at 229. 12
The Government moved for reconsideration, which was denied. The 13
Government then filed a § 3553(e) motion under protest, noting that “there is no 14
legal or factual basis for these court orders.” App’x at 244. The district court 15
responded by again reiterating its determination that the Government had acted 16
with an unconstitutional motive and in bad faith. The court added that “because 17
of the Government’s unconstitutional motive and bad faith, in addition to and 18

-- 11 of 26 --

12
separate from the ‘compelled motion,’” it again “deemed” the United States to 1
have made the § 3553(e) motion. App’x at 248–49. 2
Before the second sentencing proceeding, the Government filed a sentencing 3
memorandum which again described the value of Trimm’s cooperation, 4
comparing it to the value of the cooperation provided by Bailey and noting, again, 5
that Trimm’s testimony was unnecessary to prove five of the six counts charged 6
against LaPorte. The Government again recommended a sentence of 210 months, 7
noting that this recommendation comported with its goals “of avoiding sentencing 8
disparity and treating all cooperating defendants fairly by assessing their 9
cooperation through a consistent set of policies and procedures employed in every 10
case across the Northern District of New York.” App’x at 255. It observed that 11
it had recommended a six-level departure for Bailey and that a ten-level departure, 12
which the district court had previously granted to Trimm, “oversells the value of 13
Trimm’s cooperation, and leads to unwarranted sentencing disparity” as 14
compared to Bailey. App’x at 255. The Government noted that it was “aware 15
of no metric by which Trimm’s assistance to the Government was more valuable 16
than Bailey’s.” App’x at 257. 17

-- 12 of 26 --

13
In addition, the Government noted that in the earlier sentencing proceeding, 1
the district court had departed by ten levels and then granted a motion for a 2
further sentencing reduction based on reasons other than Trimm’s cooperation, 3
including her age, the fact that she has three children, and her mental health 4
treatment. The Government explained that this was error pursuant to this 5
Court’s decision in United States v. Richardson, 521 F.3d 149, 159 (2d Cir. 2008) 6
(noting that “the maximum permissible extent of [a § 3553(e)] departure below the 7
statutory minimum may be based only on substantial assistance to the government 8
and on no other mitigating circumstances”).4 9
Trimm was resentenced on June 25, 2020. The district court concluded that 10
the Government’s failure to raise Richardson in the earlier appeal resulted in its 11
waiver of the argument that the court was constrained to follow it in resentencing 12
Trimm. Starting again at an offense level of 40, the court reduced Trimm’s level 13
to 35 based on evidence of Trimm’s efforts at rehabilitation in prison, as well as 14
various § 3553(a) factors.5 It again determined that Trimm was deserving of a 15
4 Trimm’s sentencing memorandum, in contrast, focused largely on Trimm’s
rehabilitative efforts in prison. Trimm argued that the district court could impose a
sentence below the ninety-month sentence it had previously imposed, and requested a
sentence of seventy-two months.
5 Trimm concedes on appeal that the district court procedurally erred in applying

-- 13 of 26 --

14
ten-level downward departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. Section 5K1.1 and 18 U.S.C. § 1
3553(e), resulting in an offense level of 25. Concluding that the Guidelines range 2
was now 57 to 71 months, the district court imposed a 60-month term of 3
imprisonment. This appeal followed. 4
DISCUSSION 5
The Government argues that the district court erred in disregarding the 6
statutory mandatory minimum in this case by both: (1) compelling the 7
Government to move pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) to permit it to sentence 8
Trimm without regard to this minimum; and (2) “deeming” such a motion to have 9
been made. We agree. To be sure, “federal district courts have authority to 10
review a prosecutor’s refusal to file a substantial-assistance motion and to grant a 11
remedy if they find that the refusal was based on an unconstitutional motive.” 12
Wade, 504 U.S. at 185–86. In addition, in the context of a plea agreement in which 13
the Government, as here, has promised to file a § 3553(e) motion in its sole 14
discretion, based on its assessment of a defendant’s cooperation, the district court 15
may review “whether the prosecutor has made its determination in good faith” 16
and provide an appropriate remedy where this is not the case. United States v. 17
this variance before turning to the § 5K1.1 departure.

-- 14 of 26 --

15
Rexach 896 F.2d 710, 714 (2d Cir. 1990) (quoting United States v. Rexach, 713 F. Supp. 1
126, 128 (S.D.N.Y. 1989)). Here, however, the district court had no basis in the 2
record for its determination that either of these circumstances applied. 6 3
Accordingly, the district court erred in compelling the § 3553(e) motion, in 4
“deeming” the motion made, and otherwise in concluding that the Government 5
acted improperly. 6
A. Unconstitutional Motive 7
We first address the district court’s determination that the Government 8
acted pursuant to an unconstitutional motive. In Wade, the Supreme Court held 9
that federal district courts have the authority to grant a remedy if they find that a 10
prosecutor’s refusal to file a substantial-assistance motion was based on an 11
unconstitutional motive – because of a defendant’s race or religion, for example, 12
or where the refusal to move “was not rationally related to any legitimate 13
6 We review the district court’s judgment de novo. While we review questions of
fact for clear error, the district court here noted that the government’s decision was not
based on invidious considerations and the record contains no factual findings supporting
a conclusion that the Government acted for an impermissible motive or in bad faith under
settled law. Thus, while questions of impermissible prosecutorial conduct in sentencing
involve issues of both law and fact in the abstract, the instant case primarily calls on us
to “expound on the law” and to “develop[] auxiliary legal principles of use in other
cases.” U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n ex rel. CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Village at Lakeridge, LLC,
138 S. Ct. 960, 967 (2018). We thus conclude our review here is de novo.

-- 15 of 26 --

16
Government end.” 504 U.S. at 186. But Wade also affirmed that a defendant 1
must make a “substantial threshold showing” even to obtain discovery or require 2
a hearing on the issue of improper motive, and “generalized allegations” of such 3
a motive do not entitle a defendant to relief. Id. (internal quotation marks 4
omitted). 5
As the district court observed, “[t]here is no suggestion” here that the 6
Government’s decision not to make a § 3553(e) motion was based on invidious 7
considerations. Trimm, 450 F. Supp. 3d at 211. Rather, the court concluded that 8
“the Government’s refusal to move under § 3553(e) was not rationally related to 9
any legitimate Government end,” but was, in fact, directed at limiting the court’s 10
sentencing discretion. Id. at 214. As the Eighth Circuit recognized in United 11
States v. Moeller, however, “[t]he government’s refusal to file a § 3553(e) or § 5K1.1 12
motion always has the effect of limiting the sentencing court’s discretion.” 383 13
F.3d 710, 713 (8th Cir. 2004). And the only evidence of impermissible motive cited 14
by the district court is the mere fact that the Government’s valuation of Trimm’s 15
concededly substantial cooperation nevertheless resulted in a recommendation 16
above the mandatory minimum. 17

-- 16 of 26 --

17
This is a far cry from the threshold showing required by Wade. And the 1
district court’s conclusion stems from a misapprehension as to the scope of the 2
prosecutor’s discretion in evaluating whether to make a § 3553(e) motion. The 3
district court incorrectly asserted that “the prosecutor’s role” in deciding whether 4
to move pursuant to § 3553(e) “is limited to determining if a defendant provided 5
substantial assistance,” and not how to value that cooperation. Trimm, 450 F. 6
Supp. 3d at 214. But prosecutors evaluate both the “quantity and quality” of a 7
defendant’s cooperation. Moeller, 383 F.3d at 713. As Wade observes, a 8
prosecutorial decision not to move pursuant to § 3553(e) even when a cooperator 9
has provided substantial assistance is not enough to suggest improper motive or 10
even the “failure to acknowledge or appreciate [the cooperator’s] help.” 504 U.S. 11
at 187. Instead, a decision not to move may stem simply from the rational 12
assessment of costs and benefits – the very sort of assessment that the Northern 13
District says it undertakes across the run of cases in order to “avoid[] sentencing 14
disparity and treat[] all cooperating defendants fairly by assessing their 15
cooperation” through standardized procedures. App’x at 255; see also United 16
States v. Motley, 587 F.3d 1153, 1160 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (rejecting contention that “it is 17

-- 17 of 26 --

18
necessarily irrational for the government to refuse to file under § 3553(e) once it 1
finds that a defendant has provided substantial assistance”). 2
Trimm also argues that evidence of impermissible motive can be found in 3
the Government’s selection of offense level 42, as opposed to 40, as the starting 4
point from which it calculated the five-level departure that the Government 5
believed to be merited by Trimm’s cooperation. We disagree. Trimm’s 6
Guidelines offense level was 43, pursuant to which her Guidelines sentence would 7
have been life. Her Guidelines sentence thus became the thirty-year maximum 8
penalty for her offense. The Government selected offense level 42 as the starting 9
point for its five-level departure because this is the level “closest” to level 43 that 10
incorporates a thirty-year sentence. Trimm cites no authority, much less any 11
binding authority, that suggests any error in this approach. See United States v. 12
Diaz, 546 F.3d 566, 568 (8th Cir. 2008) (noting that the Guidelines “do not mandate 13
a particular approach for calculating a substantial-assistance downward 14
departure” because the sentencing court, in its discretionary authority, “may, as 15
here, depart by levels” but “it also may depart by months”). Indeed, the 16
disagreement between the Government and the district court as to the starting 17
point for the downward departure fails to evidence improper motive at all, much 18

-- 18 of 26 --

19
less to the substantial degree required by Wade as the threshold for further inquiry. 1
See Wade, 504 U.S. at 186; see also United States v. Pamperin, 456 F.3d 822, 825 (8th 2
Cir. 2006) (noting that a threshold showing “requires more than the presentation 3
of evidence of substantial assistance and general allegations of improper motive,” 4
given presumption that prosecutors have properly discharged their duties absent 5
clear evidence to the contrary). 6
Moreover, Trimm's argument is premised on the Government’s supposed 7
deviation from its policy and practice of making a § 3553(e) motion if the departure 8
it recommends reduces the Guidelines range below the mandatory minimum. In 9
this case, the five-level reduction from offense level 42 did not bring the range 10
below the minimum, but the district court’s approach, beginning from level 40, 11
did. Trimm suggests that the Government’s failure to follow the district court’s 12
lead and re-apply its policy represents an improper deviation from that policy. 13
But she identifies no wording in the plea agreement promising uniform 14
application of internal policies and procedures nor any support for her allegation 15
that the Northern District departed from its own practices in failing to follow suit 16
with the district court. In a proper case, deviation from consistent policy could 17

-- 19 of 26 --

20
evidence unconstitutional motive. But it is not such motive in itself. And 1
Trimm has failed even to establish a deviation. 2
In sum, every refusal to move pursuant to § 3553(e) has the effect of limiting 3
the district court’s discretion and therefore this fact, standing alone, does not 4
demonstrate an unconstitutional motive. Here, the Government moved 5
pursuant to § 5K1.1 for a departure from the Guidelines and recommended that 6
the district court depart downwards by five levels from thirty years to 210 months, 7
a more than twelve-year reduction from Trimm’s Guidelines sentence based on 8
her cooperation. The Government’s position, as in United States v. Motley, is that 9
Trimm’s assistance “justified such a substantial sentence reduction, but not more. 10
That position is not irrational.” 587 F.3d at 1159–61 (rejecting suggestion “that 11
the government must file a § 3553(e) motion any time it files a § 5K1.1 motion”). 12
Nor did the Government act improperly in comparing Trimm’s cooperation with 13
Bailey’s, or in seeking to treat Trimm similarly to other cooperators in the Northern 14
District. Because the record contains no evidence of an unconstitutional motive, 15
the district court erred in attributing such motive to the Government in this case. 16

-- 20 of 26 --

21
B. Bad Faith 1
We similarly conclude that the district court erred in concluding, without 2
basis in the record, that the Government acted in bad faith in declining to make 3
the § 3553(e) motion. The court’s determination was again premised on its 4
conclusion that “the only reason the Government did not make a § 3553(e) motion 5
was to prevent [the court] from sentencing Trimm below the 15 year mandatory 6
minimum.” Trimm, 450 F. Supp. 3d at 229. But the Government explained that 7
it is the practice in the Northern District to assess cooperation in terms of departure 8
levels, and then to move pursuant to § 3553(e) only when necessary to give effect 9
to its valuation of the cooperation. The Government had no need to do so here 10
because the 210 months that it recommended in order to account for Trimm’s 11
cooperation was higher than the mandatory minimum 180-month term of 12
imprisonment she faced. 13
This practice, as explained by the Government, is wholly consistent with the 14
cooperation agreement in this case, which makes clear that the prosecutors 15
promised neither a § 5K1.1 nor a § 3553(e) motion, and that “[w]hether and how 16
to credit any proffered cooperation and assistance is within the sole discretion of 17
the United States Attorney’s Office.” App’x at 41. Indeed, the addendum 18

-- 21 of 26 --

22
expressly provides that the final decision as to how much of a reduction in 1
sentence is warranted based on cooperation rests with the sentencing court, 2
“subject to any statutory minimum penalty, which will limit the extent of any 3
departure in the event the United States Attorney’s Office, in its sole discretion, 4
declines to make a motion for a downward departure under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e).” 5
App’x at 42. 6
Trimm argues that the district court’s finding of bad faith was nevertheless 7
appropriate because there is no indication that the Government was dissatisfied 8
with her cooperation. Relying on United States v. Knights, 968 F.2d 1483, 1488-89 9
(2d Cir. 1992), she argues, in addition, that the Government acted in bad faith 10
because she provided all the potential cooperation contemplated at the formation 11
of the cooperation agreement – namely, assistance in the investigation and 12
prosecution of LaPorte – yet the Government still declined to make a motion under 13
§ 3553(e). These arguments are unavailing. 14
First, the fact that Trimm upheld her end of the bargain by testifying is not 15
enough to suggest bad faith in the context of an agreement that expressly lays out 16
that such cooperation might – but might not – warrant a § 3553(e) motion. Nor 17
is this case like Knights, where a threshold showing of bad faith was made out. In 18

-- 22 of 26 --

23
Knights, the cooperating defendant “kept his promise and testified” but the 1
Government, in its sole discretion, refused to make any motion whatsoever for a 2
downward departure, principally based on facts known to the Government “at the 3
time it promised to consider making the substantial-assistance motion.” 968 F.2d 4
at 1487-88. Here, in contrast, the Government recognized that Trimm provided 5
substantial assistance and made a § 5K1.1 motion on her behalf. The only 6
disagreement concerns how much of a departure was warranted, not whether the 7
defendant should receive a benefit from cooperation at all. Moreover, the 8
Government could not have known when it entered into the cooperation 9
agreement before LaPorte’s trial how important Trimm’s testimony would 10
actually prove to be, even assuming the prosecutors may have expected Trimm to 11
play a particular role. 12
To be clear, “where a plea agreement provides that the government will file 13
a [§ 3553(e) motion] if it determines that the defendant has provided substantial 14
assistance, a court’s review of the government’s decision not to file [the] motion is 15
more searching” than in the absence of such an agreement. United States v. Roe, 16
445 F.3d 202, 207 (2d Cir. 2006) (alterations in original) (quoting United States v. 17
Leonard, 50 F.3d 1152, 1157 (2d Cir. 1995)). But where, as here, “a cooperation 18

-- 23 of 26 --

24
agreement provides for a motion for downward departure on condition the 1
defendant provide substantial assistance to be determined in the discretion of the 2
prosecutor, then ‘the Court’s role is limited to deciding whether the prosecutor has 3
made its determination in good faith. If [so], the prosecutor has not breached the 4
agreement and the Court’s role is at an end.’” Rexach, 896 F.2d at 714 (alteration in 5
original) (quoting Rexach, 713 F. Supp. at 128). 6
The district court clearly disagrees with the Government as to the valuation 7
of Trimm’s cooperation in this case. But this is not a sufficient ground on which 8
to base a finding of bad faith on the Government’s behalf. In United States v. 9
Melendez, the Supreme Court interpreted § 3553(e) and § 5K1.1 to establish a 10
binary motion system, “which permits the Government to authorize a departure 11
from the Guidelines range while withholding from the court the authority to 12
depart below a lower statutory minimum.” 518 U.S. 120, 125 (1996). The 13
existence of such a binary motion system necessarily implies that the Government 14
may in its discretion conclude in good faith that a defendant is entitled to a § 5K1.1 15
motion on the basis of cooperation, but that the value of this cooperation was not 16
so great as to merit a § 3553(e) motion authorizing the district court to sentence 17
below a mandatory minimum. In such circumstances, the sentencing discretion 18

-- 24 of 26 --

25
of the district court is necessarily constrained. But this fact is not enough, 1
standing alone, to support the conclusion that the Government has therefore acted 2
in bad faith. 3
* * * 4
This Court has held that “when circumstances ‘might reasonably cause an 5
objective observer to question [the judge’s] impartiality,’” the Court has the power 6
to remand the case to a different judge. United States v. Steppello, 664 F.3d 359, 367 7
(2d Cir. 2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Pescatore v. Pan Am. World Airways, 8
Inc., 97 F.3d 1, 21 (2d Cir. 1996)). Here, the district court has clearly expressed the 9
view on two separate occasions that a sentence below the mandatory minimum is 10
necessary. In both sentencing proceedings, moreover, the district court failed to 11
apply this Court’s directive in Richardson that a § 3553(e) departure below the 12
statutory minimum “may be based only on substantial assistance to the 13
government and on no other mitigating considerations.” 521 F.3d at 159. And 14
in the second proceeding, the district court sentenced Trimm to 60 months’ 15
imprisonment based in part on her rehabilitative efforts since the last sentencing, 16
even after the Government alerted the court to Richardson and its import for the 17
present case. 18

-- 25 of 26 --

26
Without implying any personal criticism of the district court, we conclude 1
that this is one of those rare cases in which “both for the judge’s sake and the 2
appearance of justice, an assignment to a different judge ‘is salutary and in the 3
public interest.’” United States v. Robin, 553 F.2d 8, 9 (2d Cir. 1977) (first quoting 4
United States v. Schwarz, 500 F.2d 1351, 1352 (2d Cir. 1974); and then quoting United 5
States v. Simon, 393 F.2d 90, 91 (2d Cir 1968)). Concluding that the Robin factors 6
weigh in favor of reassignment, we direct that the case be reassigned on remand.7 7
CONCLUSION 8
We have considered all of the Defendant-Appellee’s remaining arguments 9
and find them to be without merit. Accordingly, we VACATE and REMAND the 10
judgment of the district court for resentencing, directing that the case be 11
reassigned. The mandate shall issue on Monday, June 7, 2021. 12
7 Robin provides in relevant part as follows:
[A]bsent proof of personal bias . . . the principal factors considered by us in
determining whether further proceedings should be conducted before a
different judge are (1) whether the original judge would reasonably be
expected upon remand to have substantial difficulty in putting out of his or
her mind previously-expressed views or findings determined to be
erroneous or based on evidence that must be rejected, (2) whether
reassignment is advisable to preserve the appearance of justice, and (3)
whether reassignment would entail waste and duplication out of
proportion to any gain in preserving the appearance of fairness.
553 F.3d at 10.

-- 26 of 26 --