United States of America v. Alexander Sylvester

Honorable Paul S. Diamond, United States District Judge for the Eastern District*
of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 09-2863
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
ALEXANDER SYLVESTER,
Appellant
____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 08-cr-00248-001)
District Judge: John E. Jones, III
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Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
January 28, 2010
Before: FUENTES and FISHER, Circuit Judges, and DIAMOND, District Judge.*
(Filed: February 17, 2010)
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OPINION OF THE COURT
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FISHER, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Alexander Sylvester of one count of possession of a prohibited
object by a prison inmate in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1791(a)(2). The District Court
sentenced him to sixty months in prison. He appeals both his conviction and his sentence.
We will affirm the former, vacate the latter, and remand to the District Court for
resentencing.
I.
We write exclusively for the parties, who are familiar with the factual context and
legal history of this case. Therefore, we will set forth only those facts necessary to our
analysis.
Sylvester was charged in June 2008 with one count of possession of a prohibited
object by a prison inmate in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1791(a)(2). A two-day trial ensued.
At trial, the government presented evidence that Sylvester, while serving a sentence in
federal prison for unrelated charges, triggered a metal detector alarm at the entrance to the
prison cafeteria. He refused to submit to a pat-down by prison officials and fled from the
cafeteria to another area of the prison compound. While fleeing, Sylvester threw an
object to the ground. Prison officials later identified that object as a homemade knife, or
a “shank.” Sylvester did not testify at trial, but the defense called several witnesses.
Among those witnesses were two of Sylvester’s co-inmates, one of whom testified that it
was he, not Sylvester, who had thrown the object, and another of whom testified that the

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The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction1
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742.
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object Sylvester had thrown was a can of chewing tobacco. The jury returned a guilty
verdict and the District Court thereafter sentenced Sylvester to sixty months in prison.
Sylvester has timely appealed his conviction and sentence.1
II.
Sylvester attacks his conviction on the grounds that the prosecutor’s statements
during closing argument violated his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination
and that the District Court erroneously refused to instruct the jury on his theory of the
case. Sylvester also challenges his sentence on the ground that the District Court wrongly
classified him as a career offender under the United States Sentencing Guidelines. We
address each of these issues in turn.
A. Statements During Closing Argument
Sylvester argues that the District Court erred in denying his motion for a mistrial
based on the prosecutor’s statements during closing argument. “We review a district
court’s decision to deny a motion for mistrial predicated on the grounds that the
prosecutor made improper remarks in a closing argument for abuse of discretion.” United
States v. Wood, 486 F.3d 781, 786 (3d Cir. 2007) (citation omitted).
In Griffin v. California, the Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment bars the
prosecution from commenting, directly or indirectly, on a defendant’s silence. 380 U.S.

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609, 615 (1965). “Otherwise, the defendant is penalized by the court for exercising his
constitutional right not to incriminate himself.” United States v. Isaac, 134 F.3d 199, 206
(3d Cir. 1998) (citing Griffin, 380 U.S. at 614). A comment “is directed to a defendant’s
silence when the language used was manifestly intended or was of such character that the
jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a comment on the failure of the accused
to testify.” United States v. Brennan, 326 F.3d 176, 187 (3d Cir. 2003) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). “Statements regarding the absence of facts in the
record, however, need not be taken as comment on a defendant’s failure to testify.” Id.
(internal quotation marks, alterations and citations omitted). Furthermore, “when the
defendant uses his Griffin protection as a sword, rather than a shield, the prosecution may
respond appropriately.” Isaac, 134 F.3d at 206 (citing United States v. Robinson, 485
U.S. 25, 32 (1988)). In determining whether a prosecutor has impermissibly commented
on a defendant’s right against self-incrimination, “we must examine the challenged
prosecutorial remark in its trial context.” Lesko v. Lehman, 925 F.2d 1527, 1544 (3d Cir.
1991) (citations omitted).
During closing argument, the prosecutor stated in relevant part as follows:
So what [Sylvester] does, if his claim is being it is this, what he does,
he runs. He is told to stop. Rules violation. He flees. Told to stop. Rules
violation. He’s told to get on the ground. Told to stop. Rules violation.
He breaks all of these rules for a can of chewing tobacco. Do you really
think, using your common sense, that he goes through all that bother, all
that trouble of fleeing those officers, of refusing to obey their commands
because of a can of chewing tobacco, Copenhagen?

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Or do you really think, using your common sense, he is fleeing
because he knows this is a serious violation. He knows he is going to get
jammed up if this is found on him. That is why he ran out and gave it a toss
and off it went.
Judge Jones told you at the start of this trial that anything that I
would say or defense says in the opening statement or closing arguments is
not evidence. The only person that you’ve heard say that Mr. Sylvester
panicked with the can of chewing tobacco was Mr. Becker [Sylvester’s
counsel]. That was Mr. Becker’s theory. No witness took the stand and
said he panicked.
It’s a credibility issue. Five prison guards, they all testified
consistent. We have inmates who go out there as far as 2045, 2050, and
their stories are just entirely inconsistent with each other as far as where the
object was thrown and where it was dropped.
(App. 263 (emphasis added).)
After the prosecution finished its closing argument, Sylvester’s counsel moved the
District Court at sidebar for a mistrial, arguing that the prosecutor had implicitly, and
impermissibly, commented on Sylvester’s election not to testify because, in his view, no
one but Sylvester could have testified about whether Sylvester had in fact panicked. The
District Court denied the motion, concluding that the prosecutor’s statement, taken in
context, plainly referred only to the witnesses who had actually testified at trial and could
not be interpreted as an allusion to Sylvester’s silence.
Sylvester paints only the italicized portion of the above excerpt of the prosecutor’s
closing argument as an infringement of his Fifth Amendment right against self-
incrimination. Taking that remark in context, however, we are far from persuaded that it
could be reasonably construed as a reference to Sylvester’s silence at trial. Cf. United

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States v. Price, 13 F.3d 711, 721 (3d Cir. 1994). Rather, we agree with the District Court
that the remark was most reasonably understood as a reference to the absence of
testimony that Sylvester panicked by those witnesses who actually took the stand.
Even assuming that Sylvester’s characterization of the prosecutor’s statement is
correct, we still see no evidence of misconduct. Sylvester’s counsel told the jury during
his opening statement that when prison officials ordered Sylvester “to go through [the
metal detector] again[,] . . . it went off again and he panicked.” (App. 79.) Importantly,
that statement invited the prosecutor’s statement about the lack of testimony regarding
Sylvester’s purportedly panicked state, as there was no testimony presented by either side
suggesting that Sylvester had panicked when ordered to submit to a pat-down. In other
words, the context of the remark shows that it was directed toward rebutting Sylvester’s
theory of the case. Under these circumstances, the prosecutor’s statement did not
constitute misconduct. Cf. Brennan, 326 F.3d at 188 (prosecutor’s statement “was
permissible argument regarding what evidence was, and was not, in the record”); Isaac,
134 F.3d at 206-07 (no Fifth Amendment violation where the prosecutor stated in closing
argument that “[the defendant] captained that boat from Jamaica, and the only people who
would know that [the defendant] captained that boat from Jamaica are [the defendant],
Conrad Brown, Irvin Reid, and that fourth individual in Jamaica. Those are the only
people”); United States v. Balter, 91 F.3d 427, 441 (3d Cir. 1996) (prosecutor’s statement
exposing weaknesses in the defense’s theory was not impermissible).

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Because the prosecutor committed no misconduct, we perceive no abuse of
discretion in the District Court’s denial of Sylvester’s motion for a mistrial. See Wood,
486 F.3d at 786 (“To find that the court abused its discretion in failing to order a mistrial
for prosecutorial misconduct, we must first be convinced that the prosecution did in fact
misconduct itself.” (quotation omitted)).
B. Jury Instructions
Sylvester argues that he is entitled to a new trial because of the District Court’s
refusal to read his proposed jury instruction.
“We review a district court’s decisions regarding jury instructions for abuse of
discretion.” United States v. Hoffecker, 530 F.3d 137, 167 (3d Cir. 2008) (citation
omitted). “We reverse ‘a district court’s denial to charge a specific jury instruction only
when the requested instruction was correct, not substantially covered by the instructions
given, and was so consequential that the refusal to give the instruction was prejudicial to
the defendant.’” United States v. Leahy, 445 F.3d 634, 651 (3d Cir. 2006) (quoting
United States v. Phillips, 959 F.2d 1187, 1191 (3d Cir. 1992)). In determining whether
reversal is warranted, we read the jury instructions as a whole, United States v. Flores,
454 F.3d 149, 157 (3d Cir. 2006), bearing in mind that “the trial judge retains discretion
to determine the language of the jury charge. . . . So long as the court conveys the
required meaning, the particular words used are irrelevant.” Id. at 161 (citation omitted).
Moreover, while “a defendant is entitled to a jury instruction on a theory of defense

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whenever some evidence supports that theory, . . . [t]he district court is not obligated to
use the language the defendant proffers.” United States v. Kapp, 781 F.2d 1008, 1013 (3d
Cir. 1986) (citation omitted).
Here, Sylvester asked the District Court to read a proposed jury instruction stating
his theory of the case. According to that theory, the object that triggered the metal
detector alarm was a can of chewing tobacco rather than a knife, and the knife that prison
officials found on the ground had in fact been discarded by another inmate. Specifically,
Sylvester wanted the Court to tell the jury that “because the prosecutor chose not to
charge the defendant with possession of a prohibited object, tobacco, you will not have
the option of convicting Alexander Sylvester of that crime.” (App. 309-10.) The District
Court agreed that Sylvester could argue his theory of the case to the jury but declined to
read his proposed instruction. The Court reasoned that its other instructions made
sufficiently clear that Sylvester’s guilt vel non hinged on the jury’s finding beyond a
reasonable doubt that Sylvester possessed a weapon, not some other object. We agree
with the District Court’s conclusion.
The District Court told the jurors that they could find Sylvester guilty only if they
found that he had possessed a weapon, and provided a definition of “weapon.” The
negative inference clearly flowing from that instruction was that the jury could not
convict Sylvester if it determined that the object Sylvester possessed was a can of
chewing tobacco, as he argued, or any other object that did not come within the definition

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of a weapon as read by the District Court. By finding Sylvester guilty of violating §
1791(a)(2), the jurors necessarily found beyond a reasonable doubt that Sylvester
possessed a weapon, and that was all they needed to do under the circumstances. Put
another way, even assuming that Sylvester’s proposed instruction was correct, it was
substantially covered by the District Court’s other instructions. Cf. Hoffecker, 530 F.3d at
167; United States v. Weatherly, 525 F.3d 265, 270 (3d Cir. 2008); United States v.
Leahy, 445 F.3d 634, 651-52 (3d Cir. 2006). Accordingly, viewing the jury instructions
in their entirety and in context, we conclude that the District Court did not abuse its
discretion in rejecting Sylvester’s proposed jury instruction.
C. Career Offender Classification at Sentencing
Sylvester claims that the District Court erred in classifying him as a career
offender under § 4B1.1 of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. We exercise plenary
review over a district court’s determination that an offense constitutes a crime of violence
for purposes of determining career offender status under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. See United
States v. Shabazz, 233 F.3d 730, 731 (3d Cir. 2000); United States v. Williams, 176 F.3d
714, 715 (3d Cir. 1999).
Before sentencing, the United States Probation Office prepared a Presentence
Investigation Report, which assigned Sylvester a base offense level of 13 and classified
him as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 based on both the conclusion that
Sylvester’s § 1791(a)(2) conviction was a crime of violence and his two prior felony

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The two prior felony convictions were, respectively, for first-degree robbery and2
manslaughter.
Sylvester’s Guidelines range was initially fifty-one to sixty-three months in3
prison, but because a § 1791(a)(2) conviction imposes a five-year maximum prison
sentence, the upper end of his Guidelines range was reduced to sixty months pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(a).
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convictions for crimes of violence, thus resulting in a total offense level of 17 and a
criminal history category of VI. Based on these calculations, Sylvester’s advisory2
Guidelines range was fifty-one to sixty months in prison. Sylvester objected to his3
classification as a career offender on the ground that his conviction for possession of a
prohibited object did not qualify as a crime of violence. The District Court overruled that
objection and concluded that a § 1791(a)(2) conviction is a crime of violence. The Court
sentenced Sylvester to sixty months in prison.
On appeal, Sylvester renews his argument that a § 1791(a)(2) conviction does not
qualify as a crime of violence. As both parties recognize, in United States v. Polk, 577
F.3d 515 (3d Cir. 2009) – issued less than two months after the District Court sentenced
Sylvester – we held that “a § 1791(a)(2) conviction for possession of a prohibited object
designed to be used as a weapon in prison is not a ‘crime of violence’ for purposes of the
[c]areer [o]ffender Guidelines.” Id. at 520. In light of Polk, the government “concedes
this issue” and asks us to remand for resentencing. (Appellee’s Br. 26.)
Sylvester also argues that he cannot be classified as a career offender based on his
two prior felony convictions because those convictions, he asserts, occurred more than

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fifteen years before his § 1791(a)(2) conviction. He acknowledges, however, that he did
not raise this issue before the District Court. Ordinarily, that omission would limit our
review to the plain error standard. See Polk, 577 F.3d at 517 (“Because Polk did not
object to his designation as a career offender for sentencing purposes in the District
Court, we review for plain error.” (citing Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)). “To grant the relief
requested under this standard, we would need to conclude not only that the District Court
erred in classifying [Sylvester] as a career offender, but that the error was plain, and it
affected adversely ‘substantial rights’ of [Sylvester] as well as the ‘fairness, integrity, or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Id. (quotation omitted). Because we will
remand to the District Court for resentencing in light of Polk, we need not address
Sylvester’s other challenge to his career offender status, as he will be able to raise it in the
District Court on remand.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm Sylvester’s conviction but vacate his
sentence and remand to the District Court for resentencing.

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