Joanna M. Perkin; Amy L. Gish v. Jackson Public Schools

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 21a0027n.06
No. 20-1332
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
JOANNA M. PERKIN; AMY L. GISH,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
JACKSON PUBLIC SCHOOLS,
Defendant-Appellee.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
Before: SILER, GIBBONS, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Joanna Perkin and Amy Gish (plaintiffs) sued Jackson
Public Schools under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Jackson violated their Fourteenth
Amendment rights under the Due Process Clause. The district court granted summary judgment
to Jackson. We affirm.
Plaintiffs are teachers who worked at the Fourth Street Learning Center—a middle school
that provides early intervention to students with behavioral or academic challenges. The Center
provides specialized resources for these students and expressly bars the students themselves from
engaging in “threatening behavior” toward a staff member. Yet plaintiffs allege that the Center
presented a tempestuous environment for students and teacher alike. Each plaintiff alleges that
students threatened her, and Gish claims that students purposely bumped into her and threw coins,
food, and pencils at her, and verbally threatened to assault her. Plaintiffs allege that they repeatedly

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No. 20-1332, Perkin, et al. v. Jackson Public Sch.
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asked Jackson to provide better security, but that Jackson ignored their complaints. Each plaintiff
eventually chose to leave the Center and the employ of Jackson Public Schools.
Perkin and Gish thereafter brought this suit against Jackson, claiming under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 that Jackson violated their rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. The district court granted summary judgment to Jackson, holding that plaintiffs had
neither alleged nor presented evidence that Jackson had violated their constitutional rights. We
review that decision de novo. See Fox v. Amazon.com, Inc., 930 F.3d 415, 421 (6th Cir. 2019).
Plaintiffs’ briefing leaves unclear what Due Process right, exactly, they claim Jackson
violated. They do argue more generally, however, that Jackson ignored their complaints about
conditions at the Center and that their claim arises “under the state created danger doctrine[.]” But
the Due Process Clause does not guarantee a right to a safe workplace. See Collins v. City of
Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 117 (1992). And Jackson “has no constitutional duty to protect
individuals who are not in its custody”—which obviously they were not. Jane Doe v. Jackson
Loc. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 954 F.3d 925, 932 (6th Cir. 2020). Plaintiffs therefore have not
identified any right whose violation could support a claim under § 1983.
Plaintiffs offer (in many different formulations) just one counterargument: that Jackson’s
“deliberate indifference” to the plight of the teachers at the Center was so bad as to “shock the
contemporary conscience.” Id. at 933 (internal quotations omitted). Regrettable as the alleged
conditions at the Center might have been, however, they are not analogous to having one’s stomach
forcibly pumped. See Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 172 (1952). We therefore agree with
the district court that plaintiffs have not shown any entitlement to proceed with their § 1983 claim.
The district court’s judgment is affirmed.

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