23-cv-11092 ACE-SAGINAW PAVING COMPANY v. Operating Engineers Local 324 Pension Fund

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 25a0209p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
23-cv-11092
ACE-SAGINAW PAVING COMPANY,
Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,
v.
OPERATING ENGINEERS LOCAL 324 PENSION FUND,
Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
23-cv-11096
TRUSTEES OF THE OPERATING ENGINEERS LOCAL 324
PENSION FUND,
Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v.
EDWARD C. LEVY COMPANY, dba Ace-Saginaw Paving
Co.,
Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
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No. 24-1288
No. 24-1305
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
Nos. 2:23-cv-11092; 2:23-cv-11096—George Caram Steeh III, District Judge.
Argued: December 12, 2024
Decided and Filed: August 6, 2025
Before: BATCHELDER, MOORE, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.
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_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: David J. Selwocki, ASHERKELLY, PLLC, Southfield, Michigan, for the Trustees
of the Operating Engineers Local 324 Pension Fund. Kevin M. Williams, LAW OFFICE OF
KEVIN WILLIAMS, Louisville, Kentucky, for Ace-Saginaw Company. ON BRIEF: David J.
Selwocki, Jacquelyne M. Zolynsky, ASHERKELLY, PLLC, Southfield, Michigan, for the
Trustees of the Operating Engineers Local 324 Pension Fund. Kevin M. Williams, LAW
OFFICE OF KEVIN WILLIAMS, Louisville, Kentucky, Paul E. Robinson, SULLIVAN &
LEAVITT, P.C., Northville, Michigan, for Ace-Saginaw Company.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. This case is about pension funds, actuaries, and the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA). But we can analogize it to a chat about a
basketball game. Imagine asking a professional oddsmaker to give his best estimate of how
many points the Louisville Cardinals will give up in their next game. And assume there are no
extenuating circumstances. Last season, the Cardinals allowed 70 points on average, and they
never surrendered more than 93.1 The oddsmaker predicts 100—what a seemingly odd forecast.
But then he adds, “by the way, I think there’s a 77–95% chance the Cardinals will give up fewer
points than that.” Now the oddsmaker is just rude; perhaps he doesn’t think so poorly of the
Cardinals’ chances, but he certainly didn’t give his best estimate when he predicted 100 points
for the other team.
In the current dispute, ERISA told an actuary to give his best estimate of the withdrawal
liability of Ace-Saginaw Paving Company (Ace). Instead, he gave an estimate that he believed
would overcount Ace’s withdrawal liability 77–95% of the time. Because he did not give his
best estimate, we affirm the district court and hold that his estimate violated 29 U.S.C.
§ 1393(a)(1).
12024-25 Louisville Cardinals Team Stats, https://perma.cc/8D3Z-GQWD. The Cardinals gave up the 93
points to their archrival, the Kentucky Wildcats. Id.

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I.
A.
The Operating Engineers Local 324 Pension Fund (the Fund) is a multiemployer pension
fund, meaning it manages pension payments for multiple employers who pool their funds. The
Fund, like other pension funds, needs to make two key predictions: how much it will owe
pensioners in the future, and how much employers need to contribute to satisfy these obligations.
Pension funds do not collect from employers the exact amounts that they forecast needing
to pay out in future years; if a fund expects to pay a given worker $1 million during his or her
retirement, it does not collect $1 million from the employer. This is because of the time value of
money: a dollar received today almost certainly has more present value than a dollar received ten
years from now because the earlier dollar can earn interest in the interim. United Mine Workers
of Am. 1974 Pension Plan v. Energy W. Mining Co., 39 F.4th 730, 735 n.3 (D.C. Cir. 2022). So
instead, the fund collects a smaller amount from the employer and invests it, forecasting that
investment returns will make up the difference between what the employer contributed and what
the fund will pay pensioners. See Masters, Mates & Pilots Pension Plan v. USX Corp., 900 F.2d
727, 733 (4th Cir. 1990).
It is the job of the fund’s actuary to calculate what each employer needs to contribute
according to ERISA’s guardrails. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1082–84. Imagine a fund that will owe $100
million to its pensioners 20 years from now. If things go according to plan, the fund will collect
from employers a little bit each year for the next 20 years, and the sum of these amounts (plus
the investment returns) will equal $100 million. To calculate this, the fund (through its actuary)
needs to predict its investments’ rate of return. This rate of return is incorporated into the
“minimum funding interest rate,” which helps determine the minimum amount the employers
must contribute each year to cover the fund’s future benefits to pensioners.
Of course, it’s impossible to predict investment returns with complete accuracy. So, if by
year 15 it appears that the fund will overshoot its goal because the return has been better than
predicted, the fund can adjust and tell employers to pay smaller contributions during the
remaining five years. If the return has been worse than expected, the fund can tell employers to

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contribute more. In this latter scenario, when the fund anticipates running out of money, the
portion of its benefits that the employers have failed to cover is called the fund’s unfunded
vested benefits (UVBs). 29 U.S.C. § 1393(c). The fund’s actuary periodically reassesses the
minimum funding rate to ensure the fund stays on track and avoids accumulating UVBs.
Because pension funds do not have a defined end date, they accrue pension obligations and
receive contributions continuously. By ensuring that the actuary’s estimates are consistently
assessed and updated, the fund should have enough money on hand to cover its pension
obligations as they come due and not have to deal with UVBs.
B.
Against that background, we now turn to the issue before us. This case is about what
happens when an employer wants to “withdraw,” or exit, from a fund. ERISA requires a
withdrawing employer to be assessed its share of any accumulated UVBs upfront.2 See
29 U.S.C. § 1391(b). The statute requires the fund’s actuary to compute the employer’s
“withdrawal liability.” That is the sum an employer must pay today that will, together with the
investment return on that sum, equal the employer’s share of the fund’s UVBs. See 29 U.S.C.
§ 1381(b)(1) (defining an employer’s withdrawal liability as its “allocable amount of unfunded
vested plan benefits”). Withdrawal liability must be calculated “by a plan actuary . . . on the
basis of . . . actuarial assumptions and methods which, in the aggregate, are reasonable (taking
into account the experience of the plan and reasonable expectations) and which, in combination,
offer the actuary’s best estimate of anticipated experience under the plan.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 1393(a)(1).
The sole dispute in this case regards an actuary’s prediction of this investment return,
which the parties have called the withdrawal interest rate.3 This is “arguably the most important
assumption” in the withdrawal liability calculation. Concrete Pipe & Prod. of Cal., Inc. v.
Constr. Laborers Pension Tr. for S. Cal., 508 U.S. 602, 633 (1993). “A small adjustment in the
2Though the sum is calculated upfront, an employer can pay it to the Fund in quarterly payments over 20
years. See 29 U.S.C. § 1399(c).
3Some cases refer to this rate as a discount rate rather than an interest rate. See, e.g., Energy West, 39 F.4th
at 738.

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interest rate assumption can lead to a major change in the withdrawal liability calculation.” Bd.
of Trs., Mich. United Food & Com. Workers Union v. Eberhard Foods, Inc., 831 F.2d 1258,
1260 (6th Cir. 1987).
We consider this actuarial prediction as it applied to one employer that partially withdrew
from the Fund in December 2018, Ace-Saginaw Paving Company. Ace believed it should owe
$6,297,833, based on its calculation incorporating a 7.75% withdrawal interest rate, the same as
the Fund’s minimum funding interest rate. But the Fund’s actuary, Jonathan Feldman, told Ace
it owed $16,386,924, based on a calculation using a 2.27% withdrawal interest rate, a rate
calculated by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) to approximate the return of a
certain set of annuities. See Sofco Erectors, Inc. v. Trs. of Ohio Operating Eng’rs Pension Fund,
15 F.4th 407, 419 (6th Cir. 2021). The calculated contribution amounts are so different because
a 7.75% annual growth rate is more than three times a 2.27% growth rate. A higher interest rate
assumption means fewer dollars are needed upfront to account for the Fund’s UVBs because,
presumably, there will be a greater sum of investment returns to cover the difference.
Ace sued the Fund over this discrepancy between the two contribution amounts. The
parties entered arbitration, which ERISA requires. 29 U.S.C. § 1401(a)(1). The arbitrator
concluded that Feldman’s 2.27% interest rate assumption violated § 1393(a)(1) by not offering
the actuary’s best estimate of anticipated experience under the plan. The arbitrator ordered the
Fund to recalculate Ace’s withdrawal liability using a withdrawal interest rate that complies with
§ 1393(a)(1). The district court agreed with the findings of the arbitrator and granted summary
judgment to Ace on whether the Fund violated § 1393(a)(1). Ace-Saginaw, Paving Co. v.
Operating Eng’rs’ Loc. 324 Pension Fund, No. 23-CV-11092, 2024 WL 1223532, at *7 (E.D.
Mich. Mar. 20, 2024). Ace asked the district court to change the arbitrator’s remedy; it wanted
the court to order the Fund to recalculate its withdrawal liability using the Fund’s minimum
funding interest rate, 7.75%. The district court rejected this request and affirmed the arbitrator’s
remedy.
The Fund appeals the finding that it illegally calculated Ace’s withdrawal liability, and
Ace appeals the arbitrator’s choice of remedy. Ace also asks this court to grant it costs and

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attorneys’ fees for defending this appeal. Ace’s argument for that award relies on Federal Rule
of Appellate Procedure 38 and 29 U.S.C. § 1451(e), one of ERISA’s fee-shifting provisions.
II.
In the type of arbitration that ERISA mandates, an actuary’s determination of withdrawal
liability receives deference unless the challenging party shows by a preponderance of the
evidence “that the actuarial assumptions and methods used in the determination were, in the
aggregate, unreasonable (taking into account the experience of the plan and reasonable
expectations), or the plan’s actuary made a significant error in applying the actuarial assumptions
or methods.” Sofco, 15 F.4th at 416–17 (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1401(a)(3)(B)).
Because we review a grant of summary judgment de novo, we are essentially reviewing
the arbitrator’s decision. Energy West, 39 F.4th at 737. We review the arbitrator’s legal findings
de novo. Sofco, 15 F.4th at 420 (“What is acceptable under ERISA and controlling Supreme
Court caselaw is a question of law.”). As to the arbitrator’s factual findings, ERISA directs us to
presume that “findings of fact made by the arbitrator [are] correct” unless the challenging party
can rebut them by a “clear preponderance of the evidence.” 29 U.S.C. § 1401(c). We have
interpreted this standard to provide for “clear error” review, “which means that we will only
disturb the arbitrator’s findings if, after reviewing the entire record, we are left with the definite
and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Sherwin-Williams Co. v. N.Y. State
Teamsters Conf. Pension Ret. Fund, 158 F.3d 387, 393 (6th Cir. 1998).
III.
The Fund has not established by a “clear preponderance of the evidence” that a
withdrawal liability calculation premised on a 2.27% interest rate was the actuary’s best
estimate. The arbitrator found that Feldman chose the PBGC discount rate even though he
recognized and acknowledged that it was not his best estimate for the fund’s future performance.
We agree. Based on an analysis of Feldman’s testimony and two letters he sent to the Fund’s
trustees, we conclude that Feldman violated § 1393(a)(1) by assuming an interest rate that was
untethered from his expectations for the fund’s performance and driven by concerns
inappropriate for his actuarial role.

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Section 1393 “establishes a two-part test for actuarial assumptions: (1) they must be
reasonable; and (2) they must be the actuary’s best estimate.” Sofco, 15 F.4th at 421 (quoting
Rhoades, McKee & Boer v. United States, 43 F.3d 1071, 1073 (6th Cir. 1995)).
For the reasonability test, we ask whether a reasonable actuary, if he or she accounted for
the experience and reasonable expectations of the Fund, see 29 U.S.C. § 1393(a)(1), would have
found “the combination of methods and assumptions employed in the calculation” to be
“acceptable,” Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 635. “In practical terms it is a burden to show
something about standard actuarial practice, not about the accuracy of a predictive calculation.”
Id. A single expert witness testified at the arbitration hearing, Dr. Ethan Kra. Based on his
analysis of the Fund, Dr. Kra testified that it was reasonable and within standard actuarial
practice for Feldman to calculate Ace’s withdrawal liability using the PBGC interest rate.4 Since
we are not actuaries, we hesitate to disagree with Dr. Kra based solely on our own analysis of the
Fund or the argument of Ace’s counsel. See Vinson & Elkins v. C.I.R., 7 F.3d 1235, 1238 (5th
Cir. 1993) (“Congress intended to give actuaries some leeway and freedom from second-
guessing.”); Combs v. Classic Coal Corp., 931 F.2d 96, 100 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (ERISA’s
reasonableness test “permits the actuary wide latitude in determining withdrawal liability.”).
So, we turn to the best-estimate test. “An actuarial determination that violates ERISA by
not being based on the actuary’s best estimate is unreasonable, hence reversible.” Chicago Truck
Drivers Union (Indep.) Pension Fund v. CPC Logistics, Inc., 698 F.3d 346, 357 (7th Cir. 2012).
The best-estimate test is procedural in that we do not assess whether the actuary made “the most
accurate predictive calculation.” Sofco, 15 F.4th at 421 (cleaned up). Instead, the actuary’s
chosen assumptions and methods will pass this test so long as they, in combination, “offer the
actuary’s best estimate of anticipated experience under the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1393(a)(1).
One way a withdrawal liability calculation can fail the best-estimate test is if “the chosen
assumptions” represent “the dictates of plan administrators or sponsors” instead of “the actuary’s
4Dr. Kra also testified that the PBGC rate would be much more likely to approximate the Fund’s
investment return over the next twenty years than the 7.75% minimum funding interest rate would and that he was
not sure that he would have approved such a high rate. In other words, according to Dr. Kra, if anything it was the
high minimum funding rate that was inaccurate, not the low withdrawal interest rate.

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own judgment.” Rhoades, 43 F.3d at 1075. In short, the “estimate” must be the “actuary’s.” 29
U.S.C. § 1393(a)(1).
A calculation can also fail this test if the interest rate is not “based on the unique
characteristics of the plan.” Sofco, 15 F.4th at 422 (quoting Eberhard, 831 F.2d at 1263). “[A]n
actuary must choose a rate that reflects ‘anticipated experience under the plan’. . . . A fund’s
determination is not insulated from review when an actuary uses otherwise reasonable
assumptions to estimate the wrong thing.” Sofco, 15 F.4th at 423 (quoting § 1393(a)(1)). Thus,
in Sofco we rejected a fund’s calculation of withdrawal liability that applied a standard, fixed
formula that “was not tailored to the unique characteristics of the plan.” Sofco, 15 F.4th at 421
(quotation omitted).
These two provisos cover the phrases “actuary’s . . . estimate” and “anticipated
experience under the plan” in the statute. But a fund can also violate § 1393(a)(1) if its
assumptions and methods do not offer the actuary’s “best” estimate. See Fischer v. United
States, 603 U.S. 480, 486 (2024) (“We must give effect, if possible, to every clause and word of
the statute.” (cleaned up)). This is still a procedural test—we do not inquire into whether the
actuary’s assumptions and methods in fact lead to the most accurate calculation of withdrawal
liability. Rather, we ask whether the actuary thought his assumptions and methods would do so.
Vinson & Elkins, 7 F.3d at 1238 (“The statute refers to the actuary’s best estimate, not that of a
court or of outside experts.”). An actuary fails this test if he chooses an interest rate that he does
not believe will lead to the most accurate withdrawal liability calculation.
That is what Feldman did. The arbitrator correctly concluded that Feldman based his
estimate on factors that have nothing to do with accurately calculating withdrawal liability. The
arbitrator pointed to two key pieces of evidence that guided his decision, and they guide ours as
well: Feldman’s 2012 letter to the Fund’s trustees justifying his change from a withdrawal
interest rate matching the minimum funding rate to one matching the PBGC interest rate, and his
2019 letter to the trustees affirming that decision.
In 2012, the newly hired Feldman conducted his first annual assessment of the Fund. The
Fund had used a 7.75% interest rate assumption for both the minimum funding and withdrawal

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liability calculations. While Feldman believed this assumption was still appropriate for
minimum funding, he asserted that it would be more appropriate to use the PBGC rate, which at
the time was about 4%, for withdrawal liability.
Feldman outlined his reasons for making this change in a letter to the Fund’s trustees
dated March 9, 2012. It would have been appropriate for him to have made this change if he
believed a 4% rate of return best estimated the amount that a withdrawing employer needed to
contribute to cover its share of the Fund’s UVBs as they came due. But the reasons listed in the
letter show that Feldman had something else in mind: discouraging employers from leaving the
plan. Feldman told the trustees that the plan was underfunded—70% of current-year employer
contributions went to covering previously accrued benefits and only 30% went to covering
current-year benefits. He then wrote:
It is vital that the Plan retain as many employers as possible to maintain its
contribution base.
To put this last point in another perspective, for each dollar that is not received
from a withdrawing employer, the remaining employers will collectively need to
contribute an additional $0.70 to help pay off the Plans[’] unfunded liabilities.
Once an employer has withdrawn and been assessed, the Plan cannot go after
additional money from that employer—there are no second chances.
Note that since the Plan is a construction industry plan, construction industry
employers that withdraw from the Plan and do not continue covered operations
within the jurisdiction of the Plan will not have to pay withdrawal liability.
We do understand that this change may make it more difficult to get new
employers to participate in the Plan. However, given the current decline in the
construction industry, the outlook for attracting new employers is already dim
. . . . As actuaries to the Plan, our primary responsibility is the well-being of the
Plan and its participants. . .
R. 14-8, PageID 1128.
This letter reflects a misunderstanding of the role that § 1393 gives an actuary.
Calculating withdrawal liability is an objective task, which explains why Congress gave the job
to actuaries, who are “trained professionals subject to regulatory standards” and “not, like the
trustees, vulnerable to suggestions of bias or its appearance.” Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 632.

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When calculating withdrawal liability, it is not the actuary’s role to enact a “policy proposal” to
discourage employers from withdrawing. Cf. Sofco, 15 F.4th at 422.
The letter openly reveals that Feldman changed the interest rate for policy reasons. He
weighed the benefit that fewer employers would withdraw against the cost that the plan would
become less attractive to prospective employers. He concluded that changing the withdrawal
interest rate was worth the risk because there were fewer and fewer potential participants, i.e.,
employers entering the construction industry.5 This is the same policy tradeoff that dogged the
trustees and actuary in CPC Logistics, leading the trustees to choose an interest rate assumption
that did not lend itself to the actuary’s best estimate of withdrawal liability. See 698 F.3d at 355–
57. The only difference here is that Feldman apparently took the initiative himself to factor
those considerations into his assumptions. Cf. Vinson & Elkins, 7 F.3d at 1238 (explaining that a
goal of the best-estimate test is to ensure that the “assumptions truly came from the plan actuary”
and were not “chosen by plan management for tax planning or cash flow purposes”). In sum,
Feldman appears to have changed the interest rate assumption to make it unattractive for
employers to leave the Fund, not to create a more accurate appraisal of withdrawal liability.
The Fund argues on appeal that it was fine for Feldman to prioritize the Fund’s remaining
employers over its withdrawing ones—the goal of ERISA, the Fund argues, is to protect funds
and pensioners, not withdrawing employers. Even assuming that is so, the Fund falls into the
fallacy of presuming that Congress intended to pursue a statute’s objectives to every possible
extent. Rodriguez v. United States, 480 U.S. 522, 525–26 (1987) (per curiam). The Fund also
fails to recognize that withdrawal liability, on its own, makes it harder for employers to
withdraw. “Congress established employer withdrawal liability both to provide a disincentive to
withdrawals and to mitigate their effect by requiring a withdrawing employer to pay its fair
share of a pension plan’s unfunded vested benefits liabilities.” Eberhard, 831 F.2d at 1259
5The letter also appears to incorporate the fact that some withdrawing employers may not have to pay
withdrawal liability, thus decreasing the potential assets of the Fund. See 29 U.S.C. § 1383(b). Crediting Feldman
that this factor affects the amount that a withdrawing employer needs to pay to cover its share of the Fund’s UVBs,
one wonders whether this should affect the minimum funding equation, too. Indeed, this question lurks throughout
the case—if the Fund is in such danger of underfunding that it became appropriate to cut the withdrawal interest rate
by more than two-thirds, then why was it not appropriate to likewise decrease the minimum funding interest rate and
thereby increase the ongoing employer contributions?

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(emphasis added); see also Sofco, 15 F.4th at 415–16 (same). The Fund does not present
evidence that Congress did more than require a withdrawing employer to pay its fair share of the
Fund’s UVBs. As we explain below, Feldman required withdrawing employers (such as Ace) to
pay far more than their “fair share.”
Feldman’s 2019 letter to the trustees furthers our skepticism that withdrawal liability
calculated with the PBGC rate was his best estimate. Feldman wrote this letter for the plan year
in which Ace partially withdrew from the Fund. He noted that the Fund had become even more
underfunded than it was in 2011. And he gave two new justifications for using the PBGC rate as
the withdrawal interest rate.
First, Feldman wrote that the Actuarial Standards of Practice allowed actuaries to use the
PBGC rate to calculate withdrawal liability for any plan. We rejected this argument in Sofco
because that actuarial practice contradicts ERISA’s directive to base withdrawal liability
calculations on the anticipated experience of the plan. Sofco, 15 F.4th at 423 (“ERISA does not
yield to the Actuarial Standards of Practice; the standards must succumb to the statutory
requirements.”).
Second, Feldman explained that “[t]here is a transfer of risk from employers who
withdraw from the Plan to those employers who remain in the plan . . . . [E]ven when
determining the present value of vested benefits using PBGC interest rates, there is still some
transfer of risk.” R. 14-8, PageID 1133. Using anything higher than the PBGC rate, Feldman
argued, would “result[] in a transfer of an unreasonable amount of investment risk from
withdrawing employers to the Plans[’] continuing employers[.]” Id. In his testimony at
arbitration, Feldman elaborated on why this transfer of risk was a problem that called for using
the PBGC interest rate. He explained that an employer who withdraws is not subject to the
ongoing risk of the plan’s future performance because the withdrawn employer’s liability is fixed
regardless of future events—if Feldman’s assumptions proved to be too optimistic, the
withdrawing employer could not be compelled to pay any extra to compensate. Remaining
employers, on the other hand, would have to cover the shortfall—they are exposed to the risk.

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Feldman’s solution was to choose an interest rate that gave the remaining employers a
lower chance of getting stuck having to pay extra in the future: the PBGC rate of 2.27%.
It’s important to understand how Feldman arrived at this rate. Feldman was not an
employee of the Fund. He was an outside consultant employed by a firm called Horizon
Actuarial Services. In 2018, Horizon compiled a survey of asset managers to project how well
the Fund’s portfolio would perform ten and twenty years into the future. The 2019 letter and
Feldman’s testimony suggest that he trusted Horizon’s estimates, adopted them as his own, and
thought they were meaningful in both the minimum funding and withdrawal liability contexts.
Indeed, the arbitrator concluded that Feldman “simply looked at the Horizon survey” and
“selected the PBGC rates” because of what he saw in it. R. 14-8, PageID 1159.
The 2019 letter reveals that Feldman focused on a statistic from the survey estimating the
likelihood of the Fund’s investments exceeding a given level of annual return over the next
twenty years. For the minimum funding rate, 7.75%, the average survey respondent thought that
the Fund’s investments had a 45% chance of exceeding that rate of return. This meant there was
a 55% chance of performing worse than 7.75%. To put this in context, if we assume that a given
actuary thinks that a survey is perfectly accurate and that it encompasses every factor he wants to
consider, then the actuary would pick the rate with a 50% chance—an equal likelihood of
overestimating as underestimating the employer’s withdrawal liability.
But Feldman chose the PBGC rate of 2.27%. The Horizon survey had a statistic for
achieving 2.3% annual returns over a twenty-year time horizon. According to the survey, a
conservative portfolio manager would predict exceeding a 2.3% annual return 77% of the time
and an optimistic manager would predict exceeding that rate of return 95% of the time. By
adopting the findings of this survey, Feldman recognized and acknowledged that Ace would pay
more than its share of withdrawal liability between 77% and 95% of the time. Like the
arbitrator, we cannot conclude Feldman gave his best estimate of Ace’s withdrawal liability
when he believed that this estimate would cause Ace to overpay 77–95% of the time.
The Fund characterizes the 77–95% range as reflecting a higher degree of certainty rather
than a higher likelihood of overpayment—the Fund can be 77–95% sure that the remaining

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employers will not be left with a shortfall. This degree of caution, according to the Fund, was
necessary because of the Fund’s “dire condition.”6 Appellant’s Reply Br. at 22 (“Simply put, an
interest rate with only a 50/50 probability of exceeding the returns creates a probability of loss
that this Fund cannot withstand.”). But Ace bears the risk of inaccurate actuarial estimates, too.
If Feldman errs by overestimating the rate (and thus the performance of the Fund’s investments),
then the Fund will suffer a shortfall and, conversely, if Feldman errs by underestimating the
performance of the Fund’s investments, then Ace will have contributed more than necessary, and
the Fund will not refund the difference. See Combs, 931 F.2d at 102. Both are at risk from the
possibility of the actuary’s misestimate, but—pointing to its “dire condition”—the Fund would
have Ace bear more of that risk.
If the Fund were in such dire straits, one would think this should lead to an increase in the
minimum funding requirement just as it apparently must lead to an increase in withdrawal
liability. No, says the Fund—withdrawal liability is different from minimum funding. “With
minimum funding, the interest rate can change, the asset portfolio can be changed, contributions
can increase . . . . Things can be done over decades, or year-by year, to budget for ongoing
liability. With withdrawal liability, once it is calculated, it cannot be changed regardless of
adverse effects or experiences of the Fund.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 22–23. But this is just
making the same argument in a different way—the Fund believes we should shift the bulk of this
risk to the withdrawing employer, Ace.
It is not the role of the actuary to consider these policy issues. Congress made the
applicable policy choices when it enacted § 1393. In doing so, it removed policy considerations
from the equation by requiring the “apparently unbiased” actuary to calculate withdrawal
liability, and by prohibiting trustees from influencing the assumptions and methods used to do
so. Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S. at 635. The actuary’s fidelity is owed to the statute, not to a
particular party. See CPC Logistics, 698 F.3d at 355 (in the context of withdrawal liability, the
“actuary is a professional, assumed to be neutral and disinterested”). When calculating
withdrawal liability, the role of the actuary is to take into account the anticipated experience of
6Contrary to the Fund’s grousing, Feldman’s 2019 letter to the trustees insisted “there are no concerns that
the Plan will terminate[.]” R. 14-8, PageID 1134.

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the plan and objectively give his or her best estimate of how much the withdrawing employer
needs to contribute to cover its share of the fund’s UVBs as they come due. Ideally, this estimate
should be one with an equal risk of overestimating as underestimating: 50/50.
Let us be clear about how to tell whether the actuary has given his or her best estimate.
An arbitrator should not ask whether the actuary’s assumptions and methods will produce the
best estimate of an employer’s withdrawal liability. Vinson & Elkins, 7 F.3d at 1238. Instead,
the arbitrator is to ask whether the actuary believes those assumptions and methods will produce
the best estimate. In other words, the question is whether the calculation represents the actuary’s
best estimate of anticipated experience under the plan. If an actuary dismisses his own 50/50
best estimate in favor of a different estimate, then the actuary has violated the best-estimate test.
So too if a fund dismisses the actuary’s best estimate. CPC Logistics, 698 F.3d at 357; Vinson &
Elkins, 7 F.3d at 1238. “[F]actoring in a discount for conservatism,” as the Fund argues we
should allow, “after an actuary has arrived at his or her best estimate of anticipated experience
would be contrary to the statutory mandate.” Sofco, 15 F.4th at 422 (quoting Wachtell, Lipton,
Rosen & Katz v. C.I.R., 26 F.3d 291, 296 (2d Cir. 1994)).
That said, let us be equally clear that an actuary need not accept the results of a third-
party’s estimate, as Feldman did. Feldman could have taken the Horizon survey, adjusted it
reasonably according to his actuarial judgment, and made his own 50/50 estimate that satisfied
the reasonableness and best-estimate tests.
Further, an actuary has no reason to worry when that process results in an interest rate
assumption on the conservative end of the reasonableness spectrum. Courts have upheld the
conservative interest rate assumptions of actuaries who, for example, thought that a fund’s recent
investment success would not continue. See Eberhard, 831 F.2d at 1262–63 (interest rate
assumption based on a belief “that future rates are more likely to approximate long-term rates
than the high rates prevailing during the last decade”); USX, 900 F.2d at 733–34 (same); Vinson
& Elkins, 7 F.3d at 1239–40 (same); Wachtell, 26 F.3d at 296 (to predict future returns for a plan
with only two years of investment data, the actuary dismissed that data as too little to be helpful
and instead relied on long-term market trends). Because the best-estimate test is procedural

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rather than substantive, it does not offend § 1393(a)(1) “when an actuary chooses an assumption
that is within the range of reasonable assumptions, even when the assumption is at the
conservative end of that range, provided the chosen assumption is the actuary’s best estimate of
anticipated plan experience.” Wachtell, 26 F.3d at 296.
In sum, though we recognize that actuaries have wide latitude to choose assumptions and
methods under the reasonableness test, their choices will violate the best-estimate test if they do
not offer (1) the actuary’s estimate, (2) the actuary’s best estimate, and (3) the actuary’s best
estimate of anticipated experience under the plan. We conclude that Feldman failed to give his
best estimate because he chose an interest rate that he determined would lead Ace to pay too
much in withdrawal liability 77–95% of the time.
IV.
Moving to the remedy, Ace cites Sofco for the proposition that we must order the actuary
to recalculate Ace’s withdrawal liability using the minimum funding interest rate, 7.75%.
Indeed, this was the remedy in Sofco. But the Sofco district court ordered this relief without
significant discussion aside from finding the actuary’s original calculation unreasonable. Sofco
Erectors, Inc. v. Trs. of Ohio Operating Eng’rs Pension Fund, No. 2:19-cv-2238, 2020 WL
2541970, at *10 (S.D. Ohio May 19, 2020). And the Sofco appellate panel affirmed the district
court in full without discussing the remedy. Sofco therefore did not create precedent on this
issue. Wright v. Spaulding, 939 F.3d 695, 702 (6th Cir. 2019) (“For a court’s conclusion about
an issue to be part of its holding . . . it must be clear that the court considered the issue and
consciously reached a conclusion about it.”).
Considering the issue as a matter of first impression, we affirm the district court’s
decision to give the Fund another chance to calculate Ace’s withdrawal liability. True, an
actuary’s statutory responsibilities in calculating minimum funding and withdrawal liability are
similar. Compare 29 U.S.C. § 1084(c)(3) with 29 U.S.C. § 1393(a)(1). Consequently, we have
found it reasonable for an actuary to use the same interest rate assumption for calculating
minimum funding and withdrawal liability. Eberhard, 831 F.2d at 1262.

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But it is also permissible for the two assumptions to diverge. See id.; Energy West, 39
F.4th at 742. That is because some factors unique to withdrawal liability might cause an adjusted
interest rate assumption to result in a more reasonable calculation. See Concrete Pipe, 508 U.S.
at 633 (“[T]he assumptions used by the Plan in its other calculations may be supplemented by
several actuarial assumptions unique to withdrawal liability.” (quotation omitted)). At the same
time, there is a limit to the kinds of adjustments an actuary can make. See id. at 632–33
(Congress’s use of similar statutory language “to describe the actuarial assumptions and methods
to be used in these different contexts tends to check the actuary’s discretion in each of them.”).
Dr. Kra, the expert witness, testified to one such adjustment that our case law has
recognized as striking the right balance. He said that actuaries calculate withdrawal liability on a
different time horizon than minimum funding, and that this factor allows the use of a different
interest rate assumption. We have said as much. See Eberhard, 831 F.2d at 1262. It is
permissible for an actuary to account for different time horizons because, crediting Dr. Kra’s
testimony, doing so enables an actuary to more accurately forecast how much an employer
would need to contribute upfront to pay for its share of its fund’s UVBs as they come due. On
the other hand, it is impermissible to incorporate a differentiating factor that serves a purpose
other than accuracy, like the policy considerations Feldman cited. Doing so arouses skepticism
because “the opportunity for manipulation and bias is particularly great where funds use different
interest rate assumptions for withdrawal liability and minimum funding purposes.” Nat’l Ret.
Fund on Behalf of Legacy Plan of Nat’l Ret. Fund v. Metz Culinary Mgmt., Inc., 946 F.3d 146,
152 (2d Cir. 2020).
So, when the Fund calculates Ace’s withdrawal liability on remand, its actuary may
deviate from the assumptions and methods used to calculate minimum funding for the relevant
plan year. But that discretion is limited to differentiating factors that improve the accuracy of the
withdrawal liability calculation, meaning they provide a more accurate estimate of the amount
that Ace had to contribute as of the time of its partial withdrawal to pay for its share of the
Fund’s UVBs as they come due.

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V.
Finally, Ace seeks an award of attorney’s fees pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 38 and 29 U.S.C. § 1451(e). Ace has limited its request to the cost of litigating this
appeal—it does not ask us for fees covering the cost of the entire dispute. We cannot award fees
under Rule 38 because Ace has not filed a separate sanctions motion, which the rule requires
when an appeals court does not raise the issue on its own. Moreover, this appeal was not
frivolous. See Larry E. Parrish. P.C. v. Bennett, 989 F.3d 452, 457–58 (6th Cir. 2021).
We assess a § 1451(e) request for fees using a five-factor balancing test. The factors are
“(1) The degree of the opposing party's culpability or bad faith; (2) The ability of the opposing
party to satisfy an award of attorney’s fees; (3) Whether an award of fees against the opposing
party would deter others from acting in similar circumstances; (4) Whether the party requesting
fees sought to benefit all participants and beneficiaries of a multiemployer plan or to resolve a
significant legal question; and (5) The relative merits of the parties’ position.” Cent. States, Se.
& Sw. Areas Pension Fund v. 888 Corp., 813 F.2d 760, 767 (6th Cir. 1987).
Our calculus tracks that in Sofco. Like the litigation in Sofco, this appeal “involved
complicated legal questions without clear answers. Each party prevailed on some issues. There
is no evidence of bad faith from either party. . . . And neither parties’ positions were frivolous.”
Sofco 15 F.4th at 433. Further, Ace appealed the district court’s ruling, just as the Fund did.
And neither side has succeeded in its challenge. So, Ace and the Fund share responsibility for
this appeal. As in Sofco, we award no fees.
VI.
We affirm the judgment of the district court and remand for the Fund’s actuary to
recalculate Ace’s withdrawal liability using assumptions and methods that comply with ERISA.

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