United States of America v. Keycie A. Street

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 18‐1209
U NITED STATES OF A MERICA ,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
KEYCIE A. STREET,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 2:15‐CR‐228‐PP‐3 — Pamela Pepper, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED OCTOBER 25, 2018 — D ECIDED MARCH 1, 2019
____________________
Before R OVNER , HAMILTON, and B ARRETT , Circuit Judges.
HAMILTON , Circuit Judge. On October 24, 2015, law
enforcement officers in Pewaukee, Wisconsin were searching
for two African‐American men who moments before had
committed an armed robbery. The robbers had been tracked
to the parking lot of a nearby Walmart store. An officer
stopped and questioned appellant Keycie Street, the only
African‐American man in the crowded Walmart. Street was
not arrested then, but during the stop, he provided

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2 No. 18‐1209
identifying information that helped lead to his later arrest for
the robbery.
Street contends that the stop violated his Fourth Amend‐
ment rights because he was stopped based on just a hunch
and his race and sex. We disagree. The officers stopped Street
based on much more information than his race and sex. They
did not carry out a dragnet that used racial profiling. Rather,
the police had the combination of Street being where he was,
when he was there, and one of a handful of African‐American
men on the scene, thus fitting the description of the men who
had committed an armed robbery just minutes before. That
information gave the officers a reasonable suspicion that
Street may have just been involved with an armed robbery,
thus authorizing the stop. See generally Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1 (1968); United States v. Arthur, 764 F.3d 92, 97–98 (1st Cir.
2014) (affirming denial of motion to suppress results of Terry
stop in similar robbery case). We conclude by addressing a
procedural issue that arose from the district court’s reference
of Street’s motion to suppress to a magistrate judge for a re‐
port and recommendation under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b). The mag‐
istrate judge recommended denying the motion. The govern‐
ment did not need to file its own objection to the recommen‐
dation to argue that the motion to suppress should also be de‐
nied on another theory that the magistrate judge had rejected.
We affirm Street’s conviction.
I. Facts and Procedural History
A. The Robbery
On October 24, 2015, a cellular telephone store in
Pewaukee, Wisconsin was robbed at gunpoint by two
African‐American men wearing black hooded sweatshirts.

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No. 18‐1209 3
During the robbery, the lone store employee managed to
press a silent alarm. Before police arrived, the robbers stole
more than thirty cellular telephones and fled in a white sport
utility vehicle. One of the telephones they stole was equipped
with an active GPS tracking device. Officers began tracking
the GPS signal. Approximately five minutes after law
enforcement learned of the robbery, the signal indicated the
stolen telephone had stopped at a nearby Walmart.
Officers from several jurisdictions began arriving at the
Walmart. The first officers to arrive spotted a white SUV
parked awkwardly to the side of the store. The officers saw,
between the SUV and the store entrance, three African‐
American men walking together toward the entrance. One
was wearing a red parka or raincoat. When the officers
approached, one of the men who was not wearing red took off
running. Both officers chased him on foot. The fleeing man,
later identified as Demonte Oliver, was apprehended quickly.
But by the time the officers returned with Oliver, the other
two men had disappeared. The officers then focused on
finding those two men as quickly as possible.
After arresting Oliver, officers approached the abandoned
SUV. In plain view, they saw the stolen cellular telephones,
the cash drawer from the store, and a handgun. In other
words, the officers knew they were in the right place. One of‐
ficer speculated over the radio that one of the men he had seen
might have entered the Walmart store to try to evade police.
That officer also told Deputies Niles and Knipfer of the
Waukesha County Sheriff’s Department of this possibility af‐
ter they arrived on the scene.

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4 No. 18‐1209
B. The Stop of Defendant Street
While only one suspect was in custody, officers worked
with Walmart staff to conduct a controlled evacuation of the
store to try to locate the other suspects. To control the evacu‐
ation, the officers blocked all but one exit. While the prepara‐
tions were still underway, the officers organizing the evacua‐
tion learned that a second man (later identified as the getaway
driver for the robbery) had been arrested in a nearby marsh.
The officers continued to prepare a controlled evacuation and
search of the store. At that time, they could not be sure
whether the two arrested men were actually the two robbers,
nor did they know whether the two robbers had worked with
a getaway driver. Also, the officers had not yet located the
third man whom officers had first seen in the trio walking
away from the abandoned SUV.1
The officers then ordered all shoppers and employees to
exit the Walmart store. Deputy Niles was outside the store
and spotted Keycie Street in the crowd leaving through the
single unlocked exit. Street’s clothing did not match the de‐
scription of the suspect(s) they were looking for, but he was
the only African‐American man among the crowd who was
not a Walmart employee. Deputy Niles suggested to his lieu‐
tenant that they stop people leaving the store for brief ques‐
tioning before they lost the opportunity. He specifically
pointed out Street as someone who should be interviewed be‐
cause he partially matched the description of the suspects and
was the only person in the crowd who did. The lieutenant
agreed and told Deputy Knipfer to stop and identify Street.
1 The man in the red jacket turned out to have been a Walmart em‐
ployee, but the officers did not know that at the time.

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No. 18‐1209 5
Deputy Knipfer was aware that the man they were looking for
was described as possibly wearing red or dark clothing, but
he also knew there was “the possibility that [a suspect] could
have obtained different clothing while inside the store.”
Deputy Knipfer approached Street and told him the offic‐
ers were investigating a robbery and wanted to rule him out
as a suspect. Street was cooperative. He gave the deputy his
full name, date of birth, and home address. The deputy used
that information to check for outstanding warrants. Street also
told the deputy that friends had dropped him off at the store
to buy a video game, which he was carrying in a Walmart bag,
and that his friends would be back to pick him up soon. After
finding no outstanding warrants, Deputy Knipfer told Street
he was free to leave. Deputy Knipfer then went inside the
store to help with the ongoing search. Knipfer testified that
his entire exchange with Street took approximately ten to fif‐
teen minutes.
Not long after the stop of Street, officers reviewed record‐
ings from Walmart security cameras. They confirmed that
three African‐American men had exited the white SUV when
it arrived. One of the men appeared to be Keycie Street. Offic‐
ers went back to the parking lot to search for Street but could
not find him. Officers then used the identifying information
Deputy Knipfer obtained from the stop to obtain photographs
of Street from the Illinois Department of Transportation and
from an internal law enforcement database.
The two men who had been arrested outside the Walmart,
Demonte Oliver and Romero Eddmonds, admitted their in‐
volvement in the robbery. They also told detectives that a
third man they knew as “Lil Key” and “Little One” was also
a part of the robbery but that they did not know his real name.

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6 No. 18‐1209
Oliver identified Keycie Street from his Department of Trans‐
portation photograph. Eddmonds separately identified Street
in the photograph from the law enforcement database. An ar‐
rest warrant was issued for Street, who soon surrendered.
Street’s DNA matched DNA on a bottle that officers recovered
from the abandoned SUV.
C. District Court Proceedings
Street was indicted for Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C.
§ 1951. He moved to suppress the identifying information he
had given to Deputy Knipfer and the additional evidence the
police had obtained by using that information, including the
DNA evidence and the identifications by Oliver and Edd‐
monds. The district judge referred the motion to suppress to
Magistrate Judge Jones, who held an evidentiary hearing to
prepare a report and recommendation. Street argued that
Deputy Knipfer had stopped him based on only a hunch,
without the reasonable suspicion required by the Fourth
Amendment. Street pointed out that his clothing did not
match the suspects’ and that he was not acting suspiciously as
he left the store. He also argued that because the police al‐
ready had two suspects in custody, they had no reason to be‐
lieve there was a third suspect involved in the robbery and
thus had no reason to continue the investigation when they
stopped him. Street contended that the officers stopped him
only because his race and sex matched the description of the
suspects, which he argued was not enough to justify an inves‐
tigatory stop.
The magistrate judge agreed that the officers did not have
reasonable suspicion to stop Street because the stop was
based on only a “hunch” that if a third person had been in‐
volved in the robbery, he would also have been an African‐

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No. 18‐1209 7
American man. The magistrate judge recommended the mo‐
tion to suppress be denied, though, on the ground that the
evidence used to prosecute Street was too attenuated from the
constitutional violation to justify suppression and that the
stop was made in good faith. 2
Street then filed an objection to the magistrate judge’s rec‐
ommendation. The government did not file its own objection,
but its response to Street’s objection argued that the stop was
legal. District Judge Pepper adopted the magistrate judge’s
recommendation. The government then asked the district
judge to reconsider whether the officers had reasonable sus‐
picion to stop Street. The judge denied that motion. Street
then entered a guilty plea on the condition that he could re‐
voke the plea if he successfully appealed the denial of his mo‐
tion to suppress.
II. Analysis
Street argues on appeal that the district court erred by ap‐
plying the attenuation doctrine to deny his motion to sup‐
press. He also argues that the government waived the argu‐
ment that the stop was constitutional because it did not file its
own objection to the magistrate judge’s recommendation. We
explain first why the stop of Street was based on reasonable
suspicion and thus constitutional, without reaching the atten‐
uation theory. We then explain briefly why the government
did not need to file its own objection to the magistrate judge’s
recommendation in its favor.
2 The magistrate judge also found in the alternative that the evidence
should not be suppressed because the discovery of Street’s identity was
inevitable. The government has not pressed this rationale on appeal, so
we do not consider it.

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8 No. 18‐1209
A. The Terry Stop of Defendant Street
The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches
and seizures. If Deputy Knipfer had constitutional authority
to stop and question Street, it was on the strength of Terry v.
Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). While this stop was peaceful and co‐
operative, it was not consensual. An investigative stop under
Terry imposes a substantial intrusion on a person’s liberty and
dignity. Terry stops cannot be made lightly. “[W]henever a po‐
lice officer accosts an individual and restrains his freedom to
walk away, he has ‘seized’ that person. * * * It is a serious in‐
trusion upon the sanctity of the person, which may inflict
great indignity and arouse strong resentment, and it is not to
be undertaken lightly.” Id. at 16−17; see also United States v.
Lopez, 907 F.3d 472, 478 (7th Cir. 2018) (“With the authority to
stop comes the authority to require the subject to submit to
the stop, and to use reasonable force to make him submit.”).
To seize a person for a brief investigatory Terry stop, an
officer must “have reasonable suspicion based on articulable
facts that a crime is about to be or has been committed.”
United States v. Carlisle, 614 F.3d 750, 754 (7th Cir. 2010). Rea‐
sonable suspicion requires “more than a hunch but less than
probable cause.” United States v. Williams, 731 F.3d 678, 683
(7th Cir. 2013), quoting Jewett v. Anders, 521 F.3d 818, 823 (7th
Cir. 2008). The suspicion “must be based on specific, articula‐
ble facts which, judged in light of the officers’ experience,
would justify the intrusion.” United States v. Marrocco, 578
F.3d 627, 633 (7th Cir. 2009); see also Terry, 392 U.S. at 21 (“in
justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be
able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken to‐
gether with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably
warrant that intrusion”).

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No. 18‐1209 9
To determine whether a Terry stop was reasonable, we
“must consider the totality of circumstances known to the of‐
ficer at the time of the stop.” United States v. Quinn, 83 F.3d
917, 921 (7th Cir. 1996). If the stop was unreasonable under
this standard, “unless one of various exceptions applies, ex‐
clusion will run not only to the unconstitutionally obtained
evidence, but also to the fruits of that evidence—the so‐called
fruit of the poisonous tree.” United States v. Conrad, 673 F.3d
728, 732 (7th Cir. 2012).
The district court held that the officers lacked reasonable
suspicion to stop Street and thus violated the Fourth Amend‐
ment. However, the district court denied the motion to sup‐
press on the grounds that the attenuation doctrine applied.
That doctrine allows a court to deny a motion to suppress
when the causal connection between the constitutional viola‐
tion and the evidence obtained is remote or suppression
would not serve the interest protected by the constitutional
guarantee. Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586, 593 (2006) (viola‐
tion of knock‐and‐announce rule in executing search warrant
did not require suppression of evidence seized); United States
v. Carter, 573 F.3d 418, 422 (7th Cir. 2009) (“the exclusionary
rule should not apply when the causal connection between il‐
legal police conduct and the procurement of evidence is
‘so attenuated as to dissipate the taint’ of the illegal action”),
quoting United States v. Fazio, 914 F.2d 950, 957 (7th Cir. 1990).
On appeal, Street argues that the district court erred by
applying the attenuation doctrine. The government contends
the doctrine should apply but need not be relied upon be‐
cause the officers had reasonable suspicion to make the stop
in the first place. “When reviewing a district court’s decision
on a motion to suppress, we review findings of historical fact

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10 No. 18‐1209
for clear error and conclusions of law (as well as mixed ques‐
tions of law and fact, such as determinations of reasonable
suspicion) de novo.” United States v. Ruiz, 785 F.3d 1134, 1140–
41 (7th Cir. 2015); Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699
(1996).
Street contends the officers stopped him solely because his
race and sex matched those of the two robbers. He argues that
Deputy Knipfer stopped him on the mere hunch that, if a
third person had been involved, he would also have been an
African‐American man. Street’s general point about race and
sex is well taken, but we conclude it does not apply to his case.
The record does not support his attempt to have us view this
stop in such isolation.
When considering whether an officer had reasonable sus‐
picion for a Terry stop, we “look at the totality of the circum‐
stances of each case to see whether the detaining officer has a
‘particularized and objective basis’ for suspecting legal
wrongdoing.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002).
This approach recognizes that officers may “draw on their
own experience and specialized training to make inferences
from and deductions about the cumulative information avail‐
able to them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’” Id.,
quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 (1981).
Terry does not authorize broad dragnets, but it also does
not require perfection or precision. Without more, a descrip‐
tion that applies to large numbers of people will not justify
the seizure of a particular individual. See, e.g., United States v.
Turner, 699 A.2d 1125, 1128–29 (D.C. 1997). This is especially
true where the description is based primarily on race and sex,
as important and helpful as those factors can be in describing
a suspect. See, e.g., United States v. Foster, 891 F.3d 93, 105 (3d

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No. 18‐1209 11
Cir. 2018) (vague descriptions, including race and sex, “with‐
out more, are not enough to support reasonable suspicion”);
Brown v. City of Oneonta, 221 F.3d 329, 333–34 (2d Cir. 2000)
(“a description of race and gender alone will rarely provide
reasonable suspicion justifying a police search or seizure”);
United States v. Montero‐Camargo, 208 F.3d 1122, 1134 n.21 (9th
Cir. 2000) (en banc) (acknowledging importance of “the use of
racial or ethnic appearance as one factor relevant to reasona‐
ble suspicion or probable cause when a particular suspect has
been identified as having a specific racial or ethnic appear‐
ance”). The totality of circumstances, however, may provide
additional and reasonable limits, particularly with respect to
place and time, so as to allow a stop based on a fairly general
description.
Here, the totality of the circumstances shows reasonable
suspicion for stopping Street to investigate him. The police
were searching for suspects who had committed an armed
robbery only minutes before. They had more general descrip‐
tions than was ideal. That’s not unusual when events unfold
so quickly. But a lack of better, more detailed descriptions
does not mean officers must disregard the limited information
they do have. See, e.g., Foster, 891 F.3d at 104–06 (affirming
denial of motion to suppress; armed robbery suspect was de‐
scribed only as black man fleeing on foot, and police had rea‐
sonable suspicion to stop the only black man on foot in vicin‐
ity); United States v. Arthur, 764 F.3d 92, 97–98 (1st Cir. 2014)
(affirming denial of motion to suppress; armed robbery of cell
phone store by two black men who fled on foot led to seizure
of two black men walking away from robbed store); Turner,
699 A.2d at 1128–30 (reversing grant of motion to suppress;
description of suspect as black male wearing black jacket and
blue jeans was sufficient to stop nearby suspect even though

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12 No. 18‐1209
description also resulted in stop of second suspect who fit de‐
scription: “we have routinely held that an imperfect descrip‐
tion, coupled with close spatial and temporal proximity be‐
tween the reported crime and seizure, justifies a Terry stop”);
4 Wayne R. LaFave, Search & Seizure § 9.5(h) at 760 (5th ed.
2018) (“But it cannot be said that there must always be several
points of comparison … the most important consideration is
whether the description is sufficiently unique to permit a rea‐
sonable degree of selectivity from the group of all potential
suspects.”).
The analysis in Arthur is especially helpful. In Arthur, two
armed African‐American men described as wearing dark,
heavy clothing robbed a telephone store and fled on foot. 764
F.3d at 96. An officer patrolling the area was informed only of
this general description of the robbers. He drove down the
street where the men were last seen and turned onto an adja‐
cent street. He saw two African‐American men walking in a
direction that led away from the robbery. The two men were
only an eighth of a mile from the store. They were the only
pedestrians the officer had seen, and he spotted them approx‐
imately five minutes after the police were dispatched to the
scene. The officer approached the men with his hand on his
gun holster, told them he was investigating an armed robbery,
and ordered them to show him their hands. Id. at 97. That
amounted to a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. After
being charged with the robbery, one of the men moved to sup‐
press the evidence against him, claiming the officer lacked
reasonable suspicion to make the stop. The district court de‐
nied the motion.
The First Circuit affirmed, noting that the officer “had re‐
ceived a reliable, though generic, description of the number

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No. 18‐1209 13
of suspects and their race, gender, clothing, and approximate
location, as well as information about the direction in which
they were heading.” 764 F.3d at 97. The First Circuit empha‐
sized: “Ubiquitous or vague physical descriptions or general
locations, without more, are not enough to support reasona‐
ble suspicion.” Id. at 99. Considering the totality of the circum‐
stances, however, the court found not only that the stop was
proper but that “a failure to stop the men and question them
briefly would have verged on a dereliction of duty.” Id. at 98.
Here, as in Arthur, the order to stop Street was based on
reasonable suspicion that went well beyond race and sex. As
in Arthur, the officers had only limited physical descriptions
of the suspects, but timing, location, and reliable information
about the suspects’ movements made it reasonable to stop
Street. The officers knew the men who robbed the store were
armed and had been described as African‐American. They
knew that the GPS in one stolen telephone had led them hot
on the robbers’ heels to the Walmart parking lot, where they
found the abandoned getaway car with the stolen goods, cash,
and a gun. The first officers on the scene saw three African‐
American men walking away from that vehicle, and one of the
men ran in response to the police. See District of Columbia v.
Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 587 (2018) (unprovoked flight upon no‐
ticing the police is certainly suggestive of wrongdoing and
can be treated as suspicious behavior), quoting Illinois v.
Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124–25 (2000).
The magistrate judge and district judge focused on the fact
that when Street was stopped, two men had already been
taken into custody. Street argues that the officers could only
speculate about whether a third person had been involved in
the robbery, let alone whether a third person would also have

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14 No. 18‐1209
been an African‐American man. We respectfully disagree
with the premise of this logic. At the time Street was stopped,
the officers could not be certain the two men they had arrested
were actually the two robbers. Nor could they be sure that
only two men were involved in the robbery. There was also
good reason to look for the third African‐American man who
had walked away from the getaway car.
To be clear, officers are not permitted to stop a person
based solely on his race and sex. See Whren v. United States,
517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996) (“the Constitution prohibits selective
enforcement of the law based on considerations such as
race”); Brown, 221 F.3d at 334 (“a description of race and gen‐
der alone will rarely provide reasonable suspicion justifying
a police search or seizure”); United States v. Swindle, 407 F.3d
562, 569–70 (2d Cir. 2005) (“race, when considered by itself
and sometimes even in tandem with other factors, does not
generate reasonable suspicion for a stop”); Montero‐Camargo,
208 F.3d at 1134 n.21 (9th Cir. 2000) (“a stop based solely on
the fact that the racial or ethnic appearance of an individual
matches the racial or ethnic description of a specific suspect
would not be justified”). But race and sex are basic and com‐
mon elements of descriptions of people. We do not expect of‐
ficers to ignore such defining features. See United States v.
Morrison, 254 F.3d 679, 682 (7th Cir. 2001) (“When police are
searching for a bank robber described as a black male, it is
reasonable for them to be looking for a black man.”).
Street was the only African‐American man in the crowd
leaving the Walmart during the evacuation. His clothing did
not fit the description from the robbery, but the officers could
reasonably think the third man had had a chance to change
clothes in the store. Under all of these circumstances—hot

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No. 18‐1209 15
pursuit of fleeing armed robbers to the Walmart, the general
descriptions of the robbers, the first officers’ observation of
the three men seeming to walk away from the getaway car,
and the fact that Street seemed to be the only man leaving the
Walmart who fit the general descriptions—the officers had
specific, articulable reasons that made it reasonable to stop
Street to investigate.
If the officers had arbitrarily stopped Street on the basis of
his race and sex, as Street contends, this would be a very dif‐
ferent case. It would be a mistake to read this decision as say‐
ing such a vague description of the robbers would be enough
to justify a Terry stop of any African‐American man the police
encountered. But Street was in the right place at the right time,
as far as the police were concerned. They had reason to be
looking—there and then—for another African‐American
man, and Street was the only African‐American man in the
crowd leaving the store.
Street also argues that the stop was unreasonable because
Deputy Knipfer did not himself have reasonable suspicion to
make the stop and nothing indicates that Deputy Knipfer
knew he was looking for a third suspect. Because the record
does not show Knipfer had reasonable suspicion to make the
stop, Street reasons, the stop was based on nothing more than
a hunch. The collective knowledge doctrine refutes this argu‐
ment.
When more than one police officer is involved in the
reasonable‐suspicion analysis, courts consider their collective
knowledge. “The collective knowledge doctrine permits an
officer to stop, search, or arrest a suspect at the direction of
another officer … even if the officer himself does not have
firsthand knowledge of facts that amount to the necessary

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16 No. 18‐1209
level of suspicion to permit the given action.” United States v.
Williams, 627 F.3d 247, 252–53 (7th Cir. 2010) (Constitution
permits officers to stop a person based on “wanted” bulletins
issued by other law enforcement agencies even if officer
making stop lacks personal knowledge of basis), citing
Hensley, 469 U.S. at 232.
To rely on collective knowledge to support a stop, we have
interpreted Hensley to require that “(1) the officer taking the
action must act in objective reliance on the information re‐
ceived, (2) the officer providing the information—or the
agency for which he works—must have facts supporting the
level of suspicion required, and (3) the stop must be no more
intrusive than would have been permissible for the officer re‐
questing it.” Id.; see also United States v. Wheeler, 800 F.2d 100,
103 (7th Cir. 1986) (establishing three‐part collective
knowledge test based on Hensley, 469 U.S. 221), overruled on
other grounds by United States v. Sblendorio, 830 F.2d 1382 (7th
Cir. 1987).
Here, all three elements were satisfied. First, Deputy
Knipfer relied on his fellow officers when he stopped Street to
identify him. See Doran v. Eckold, 409 F.3d 958, 965 (8th Cir.
2005) (noting “settled principle that law enforcement officers
may rely on information provided by others in the law en‐
forcement community, so long as the reliance is reasonable”),
citing Hensley, 469 U.S. at 232. Next, as discussed above, the
officers Knipfer was working with had articulable reasons to
stop Street. Finally, the stop was no more intrusive than one
the requesting officers could have conducted. Deputy Knipfer
asked Street only for his name, address, date of birth, and his
reason for being at Walmart before running a warrant check
and letting him go.

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No. 18‐1209 17
In sum, the totality of the circumstances known to the of‐
ficers at the time of the stop rose to the level of reasonable
suspicion to conduct a brief investigatory stop of Street. Be‐
cause the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop Street and
identify him, they were entitled to use that information to
pursue the investigation further, leading ultimately to Street’s
arrest and conviction.
B. Objection by Prevailing Party?
Street has also argued on appeal that we should not even
consider the government’s arguments in favor of the Terry
stop because the government waived that contention by fail‐
ing to file its own objection to the magistrate judge’s recom‐
mendation. That recommendation was that the district judge
find the stop unconstitutional but deny the motion to sup‐
press based on attenuation. We disagree with this waiver ar‐
gument. Much as an appellee is free to argue alternative
grounds to support a judgment without filing a cross‐appeal,
the government was free to argue different grounds support‐
ing the same bottom‐line recommendation: denial of the mo‐
tion to suppress.
For certain pretrial matters, including motions to sup‐
press, a district judge may “designate a magistrate judge to
conduct hearings, including evidentiary hearings, and to sub‐
mit to a judge of the court proposed findings of fact and rec‐
ommendations for the disposition, by a judge of the court” of
such matters. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B); Fed. R. Crim. P. 59
(b)(1). The parties may file objections to the magistrate judge’s
proposed findings of fact and recommendation with the dis‐
trict court. Fed. R. Crim. P. 59(b)(2). Failing to object to the
recommendation “in accordance with this rule waives a
party’s right to review.” Id.; see also Video Views, Inc. v. Studio

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18 No. 18‐1209
21, Ltd., 797 F.2d 538, 539 (7th Cir. 1986) (failing to object to
recommendation “waives the right to appeal all issues, both
factual and legal”). In both civil and criminal cases, requiring
a written objection prevents parties from “’sandbagging’ the
district judge by failing to object and then appealing.” Otto v.
Variable Annuity Life Ins. Co., 134 F.3d 841, 854 (7th Cir. 1998),
quoting United States v. Brown, 79 F.3d 1499, 1504 (7th Cir.
1996). This waiver rule is not jurisdictional, though, and we
have recognized exceptions when enforcing it would “defeat
the ends of justice.” Video Views 797 F.2d at 540; see also Brown,
79 F.3d at 1505 (excusing waiver of challenge to recommenda‐
tion to deny substitution of counsel when attorney who de‐
fendant claimed was inadequate had not filed objection).
Rule 59(b)(2)’s operative language—“Failure to object in
accordance with this rule waives a party’s right to review”—
does not prevent a district judge from reviewing a recommen‐
dation on her own initiative. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140,
154 (1985) (“The district judge has jurisdiction over the case at
all times. * * * [W]hile the statute [§ 636(b)] does not require
the judge to review an issue de novo if no objections are filed,
it does not preclude further review by the district judge, sua
sponte or at the request of a party, under a de novo or any other
standard.”); United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 680 (1980)
(“While the district court judge alone acts as the ultimate de‐
cisionmaker, [§ 636(b)(1)(B)] grants the judge the broad dis‐
cretion to accept, reject, or modify the magistrate’s proposed
findings.”); Schur v. L.A. Weight Loss Centers, Inc., 577 F.3d 752,
760 (7th Cir. 2009) (“although the district judge must make an
independent determination of a magistrate judge’s order
upon objection, he is not precluded from reviewing a magis‐
trate judge’s order to which a party did not object”). The dis‐
trict judge was free to consider any issues she wished to.

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No. 18‐1209 19
The rule’s waiver language does not distinguish between
the prevailing party and the losing party, and Street quotes
the general language from Video Views to argue that the gov‐
ernment waived its right to review the magistrate judge’s rec‐
ommended finding that the stop violated the Fourth Amend‐
ment. We disagree.
The waiver rules in Rule 59(b)(2) and its civil counterpart,
Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2), seem to come up on appeal only when
the party unhappy with the magistrate judge’s bottom‐line
recommendation has failed to object at all or has objected on
grounds different from those argued on appeal. We have writ‐
ten that this rule applies to “any party” who does not object
to the magistrate judge’s recommendations, but we have
found no precedent from our circuit prohibiting prevailing
parties from arguing on appeal a rationale that the magistrate
judge rejected.
Other circuits that have addressed this issue agree that “a
party, who substantially prevails in a magistrate judgeʹs rec‐
ommendation, does not waive the right to appeal secondary
issues resolved against him by failing to object to the recom‐
mendation,” for such a requirement would frustrate the pur‐
pose of a waiver rule. Vanwinkle v. United States, 645 F.3d 365,
371 (6th Cir. 2011), quoting Souter v. Jones, 395 F.3d 577, 586
(6th Cir. 2005); see also M. v. Falmouth School Depʹt, 847 F.3d
19, 26 (1st Cir. 2017) (prevailing party before magistrate judge
did not waive secondary argument on appeal by failing to ob‐
ject to magistrate judge’s findings when district court was
aware of argument); Cooper v. Taylor, 103 F.3d 366, 373 (4th Cir.
1996) (en banc) (“Although we and the Supreme Court have
long held that the losing party before the district court and
before a magistrate must preserve every claim it intends to

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20 No. 18‐1209
raise on appeal lest it waive those claims … we have consist‐
ently held that the prevailing party in either forum need not
advance on appeal every error it believes was committed by
the magistrate or court in the course of ruling in that party’s
favor.”) (Luttig, J., concurring).
In the absence of more specific language in § 636(b) and
Rule 59(b)(2), we seek guidance from the parallel (and more
frequently litigated) problem of distinguishing between an
appellee’s arguments that require a cross‐appeal and alterna‐
tive arguments for affirming the judgment in the appellee’s
favor.
When a prevailing party raises an alternative argument on
appeal that was unsuccessful before the district court without
a cross‐appeal, the appellate court must consider whether the
argument will produce the same outcome as the district
court’s order. United States v. Terzakis, 854 F.3d 951, 954 (7th
Cir. 2017) (holding appellant was not required to cross‐appeal
or to obtain certificate of appealability to reargue grounds the
district court rejected because the theory was part of the rec‐
ord and did not propose to expand his rights under the judg‐
ment), citing Jennings v. Stephens, 135 S. Ct. 793 (2015); see also
Deposit Guaranty National Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333
(1980) (“A party who receives all that he has sought generally
is not aggrieved by the judgment affording the relief and can‐
not appeal from it.”).
Rule 59(b)(2) differs from the rule for cross‐appeals in that
the objection requirement is not jurisdictional and the district
judge can act sua sponte to review the findings of the magis‐
trate judge. Those differences do not favor a more rigorous
waiver rule, however. The similar rationales for and parallel
applications of the two rules lead us to conclude that Rule

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No. 18‐1209 21
59(b)(2) does not require the prevailing party to object to the
reasoning of the magistrate judge if the recommendation is a
decision in the party’s favor and the prevailing party seeks no
more favorable relief.
The government thus did not waive the right to argue the
stop was legal. Although the magistrate judge recommended
the motion be denied on grounds the government did not be‐
lieve were strongest, the government did not need to object
merely because it would have preferred the alternative rea‐
sons it offered for the ruling in its favor.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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