United States of America v. Keith J.d. Offord

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Argued October 3, 2019
Decided October 15, 2019
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
AMY C. BARRETT, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
No. 18-3285
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
KEITH J.D. OFFORD,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Central District of Illinois.
No. 16-30068-001
Sue E. Myerscough,
Judge.
O R D E R
Shortly after he was pulled over for speeding, Keith Offord was arrested for
identity fraud. Before trial, Offord moved to suppress all evidence from the traffic stop,
arguing that the state trooper violated the Fourth Amendment by prolonging the stop
to await a drug-sniffing dog without reasonable suspicion that drug-related criminal
activity was afoot. The district court denied Offord’s motion. Because the use of the
drug dog did not unreasonably prolong the stop, we affirm the district court’s
judgment.
I. Background
Around midnight on August 20, 2015, Offord was driving a rental car north on
Interstate 55 from St. Louis to Chicago with his passenger, Constance Howay. Illinois
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

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State Trooper Christopher Parmley clocked Offord’s speed at 15 miles per hour over the
posted speed limit and initiated a traffic stop, activating a dashboard camera that
recorded audio and visual footage of the encounter.
Once Offord pulled over, Parmley approached the car and told Offord he had
stopped him for speeding. Parmley asked where they were coming from and noted a
large amount of merchandise in the backseat. Offord told Parmley that they had been in
St. Louis, and that they were “in and out.”
Parmley then requested identification from the car’s occupants. Offord provided
a valid driver’s license and a car rental agreement in his name, but Howay had no
identification, so Parmley requested that she follow him to his squad car, where he
entered her identifying information into his computer. While the computer processed
Howay’s information, Parmley asked about her relationship with Offord and their trip
to St. Louis. The check returned an outstanding warrant for Howay for failure to appear
in court following an arrest for possession of a controlled substance or paraphernalia.
Parmley continued to question Howay while he performed a check on Offord, which
revealed that he had a prior arrest for a “weapon offense” and a conviction for
“fraud/theft.”
For the next two minutes, Parmley questioned Howay about her arrest warrant.
He also radioed for a canine unit. Howay contested the validity of the warrant, insisting
she had an upcoming court date and had paid a fine in relation to her controlled
substance arrest. Parmley radioed her information to the dispatcher, who informed him
that the warrant was valid, and that Howay was “wanted, armed, and dangerous.” The
dispatcher also confirmed that Parmley was within the geographic bounds of the
warrant and broadcasted an alert to officers in the area to provide backup. Parmley and
Howay exited the squad car; he then placed Howay in handcuffs, patted her down, and
put her back in the squad car.
Parmley returned to Offord (who was still in the rental car), spoke with him
about Howay’s arrest, and told him to “hang out” until Parmley knew whether he
could release Howay on bond. Then, responding to the alert by dispatch, Trooper
Jefferson arrived as backup, and Parmley briefed him on the situation. One minute
later, the drug dog arrived with its handler, Officer Cleveland. Parmley began writing
Offord’s speeding ticket.
At Parmley’s request, Jefferson removed Offord from the car and had him close
the windows for the drug-sniff test. Parmley then asked Offord to confirm his address
so he could complete the speeding ticket. Parmley summarized the situation to
Cleveland, and, while the dog conducted a sniff test, Parmley finished writing the

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ticket. Thirteen minutes after Offord came to a stop, the dog alerted to the presence of
drugs in the car.
A later search of the vehicle uncovered heroin residue in Howay’s purse and
evidence of identity fraud—$30,000 worth of new clothing, smartphones, watches, and
gift cards, alongside receipts with customer names different from Offord’s and
Howay’s. Offord was arrested for identity theft.
Before trial, Offord moved to suppress all evidence from the traffic stop, arguing
that, without reasonable suspicion of drug activity, Parmley prolonged the stop beyond
the time necessary to issue a speeding ticket. After a hearing, the district court denied
the motion, concluding that Parmley did not unreasonably prolong the stop. The court
found that Offord had been lawfully seized and that, given Howay’s outstanding
warrant, Parmley was reasonably efficient in his investigation. A jury later found
Offord guilty of bank fraud and three counts of aggravated identity theft. He was
sentenced to 144 months in prison.
II. Analysis
On appeal, Offord argues that the evidence obtained from the traffic stop should
have been suppressed because Parmley unconstitutionally prolonged the stop to wait
for a drug-sniffing dog to arrive without any reasonable suspicion of criminal drug
activity by Offord. This court reviews the district court’s factual findings for clear error
and questions of law de novo. United States v. Rodriguez-Escalera, 884 F.3d 661, 667
(7th Cir. 2018).
Offord argues that the traffic stop was prolonged beyond the time necessary to
issue a speeding ticket. A dog sniff during a lawful stop does not violate the Fourth
Amendment, even without reasonable suspicion of drugs, unless the sniff prolongs the
stop beyond the time reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose of the stop.
United States v. Lewis, 920 F.3d 483, 491 (7th Cir. 2019) (citing Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S.
405, 410 (2005); Rodriguez v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1612 (2015)). But, “[b]ecause
traffic stops are ‘especially fraught with danger to police officers,’ an officer may also
take ‘certain negligibly burdensome precautions in order to complete his mission
safely.’” United States v. Stewart, 902 F.3d 664, 672 (7th Cir. 2018) (quoting Rodriguez,
135 S. Ct. at 1616). An officer may demand identification and information from
passengers and can order passengers to get out of the car during the stop.
See United States v. Muriel, 418 F.3d 720, 726 (7th Cir. 2005).

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Given the circumstances, Parmley was efficient and diligent in his investigation
of Offord’s speeding violation and Howay’s outstanding warrant, and thus he did not
unreasonably prolong the stop. During the first few minutes of the encounter, Parmley
took actions ordinary to a traffic stop. He told Offord he had been pulled over for
speeding, asked about where Offord and Howay were coming from, requested
identification and the car-rental agreement, and brought Howay back to his squad car
to run her information when she failed to produce any identification. See Rodriguez,
135 S. Ct. at 1615; see also United States v. Childs, 277 F.3d 947, 949 (7th Cir. 2002).
The revelation of Howay’s outstanding arrest warrant and the dispatcher’s
warning that she might be “armed and dangerous” transformed the encounter from a
routine traffic stop into one that necessitated additional investigation. A passenger of a
stopped vehicle is “subject to the [officer’s] control and direction until” officers can
assure their own safety. Childs, 277 F.3d at 949. Parmley spent the next seven minutes
investigating the warrant, checking Offord’s identification and criminal history, and
arresting Howay, actions permissibly within the scope of the traffic stop.
See United States v. Sanford, 806 F.3d 954, 956 (7th Cir. 2015); see also United States v.
Martin, 422 F. 3d 597, 602 (7th Cir. 2005). Offord contends that Parmley impermissibly
lengthened the stop by asking Howay questions unrelated to the speeding violation.
But an officer may make unrelated inquiries to occupants of a lawfully seized vehicle so
long as they do not prolong the stop. United States v. Walton, 827 F.3d 682, 687 (7th Cir.
2016) (citing Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 333 (2009)). Parmley acted prudently,
asking questions while he performed criminal checks and looked up Offord’s driver’s
license.
Offord argues that, even if everything Parmley did up until the point he arrested
Howay was permissible, Parmley impermissibly lengthened the stop after Howay’s
arrest—when she no longer presented a danger to officer safety. Offord contends that
Parmley’s direction to “hang out” after Parmley informed him of Howay’s warrant
proves the stop was needlessly prolonged. Instead, Offord argues, Parmley should have
immediately given Offord a speeding citation and sent him on his way. But Offord’s
attempt to parse the timeline in such a way is unpersuasive, and we decline to dictate
the order in which a police officer must conduct tasks incident to a traffic stop. In the
four minutes that passed from Howay’s arrest to the drug dog alert, Parmley did not
expand the scope of the stop. Parmley had not yet worked on the speeding citation
because he had just processed Howay’s outstanding arrest warrant, and Trooper
Jefferson had arrived on scene and required briefing. Once Parmley briefed Jefferson,
Cleveland arrived with the drug dog and Parmley updated him. While the other
officers conducted the sniff test, Parmley obtained Offord’s current address to complete

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the speeding ticket. The sniff test lasted 14 seconds and was over before Parmley gave
the ticket to Offord—this all happened within minutes of Howay’s arrest.
Because we have concluded that the traffic stop was not unreasonably
prolonged, it is unnecessary to decide whether Parmley independently had reason to
suspect drug activity and order the canine sniff.
We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

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