United States of America v. Jerome G. Hughes

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted June 22, 2020 *
Decided June 22, 2020
Before
KENNETH F. RIPPLE, Circuit Judge
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
No. 19-3232
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
JEROME G. HUGHES,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 07-cr-33-bbc
Barbara B. Crabb,
Judge.
O R D E R
A decade after he was convicted of a cocaine-base (“crack”) offense, Jerome
Hughes moved to reduce his 40-year sentence to 20 years under the First Step Act
of 2018. Pub. L. No. 115-391, tit. IV, § 404, 132 Stat. 5194. The district court granted
Hughes’s request, but not to the extent that he wanted, reducing his term only to
25 years. We affirm.
* We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. FED. R. A PP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

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No. 19-3232 Page 2
At Hughes’s original sentencing hearing, the court miscalculated his guidelines
range and imposed a life sentence. Hughes appealed, and we vacated his sentence and
remanded the case for resentencing based on a range of 360 months to life. United States
v. Taylor, 302 F. App’x. 478, 479–80 (7th Cir. 2008).
On remand, the court sentenced Hughes to 40 years in prison. Central to the
court’s decision was an assessment that the community needed to be protected:
Hughes’s past violence—a long record like the court had “never seen”—included
several batteries and one instance where he had tortured a police informant. For his
part, Hughes acknowledged his past wrongs, expressed remorse and a desire to change
his life, and asked the court for mercy. The court acknowledged Hughes’s comments,
stating that it hoped he would change his ways in the future.
In 2018, Congress passed the First Step Act, which made provisions of the Fair
Sentencing Act of 2010 retroactive for certain defendants convicted of crack-related
offenses. Under the First Step Act, district courts “may ... impose a reduced sentence”
for these defendants as if the Fair Sentencing Act had been in effect at the time of their
offenses. First Step Act § 404(b). The Fair Sentencing Act, in relevant part, modified
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)—the subsection under which Hughes was sentenced—by
reducing its statutory minimum penalties and increasing the amount of crack needed to
trigger those penalties from 5 to 28 grams. See Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L.
No. 111-220, § 2(a)(2), 124 Stat. 2372; Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. 260, 269 (2012).
Had the Fair Sentencing Act been in place, Hughes—whose charged conduct involved
13.21 grams of crack—would have faced a statutory sentencing range of 0 to 30 years
instead of 10 years to life. Compare 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C) (2018), with 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(b)(1)(B)(iii) (2007).
Hughes moved under the First Step Act to reduce his sentence to 20 years.
Stating that his conviction was a “wake up call” that led him to turn his life around, he
pointed to his many accomplishments while in prison—earning a GED, improving his
behavior, and dedicating himself to his children. The government agreed that Hughes
was eligible for a reduction, but stated he should receive a sentence of 30 years—the
new statutory maximum—in light of his “persistent, significant, and violent criminal
history.”
The district court reduced his sentence to 25 years. Though it recognized
Hughes’s “increasing maturity … displayed over the years in which he has been
incarcerated” as well as his “encouraging” reports of progress, the court concluded that
the full reduction could not “be justified” in light of his past violence.

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No. 19-3232 Page 3
Hughes appeals, arguing that the district court abused its discretion by
considering and giving too much weight to his prior criminal history. But when a court
imposes a sentence, “[n]o limitation” is placed on the information it may consider with
respect to a defendant’s “background, character, and conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3661. When
determining whether a reduction is appropriate under the First Step Act, courts may
refer to the statutory framework in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), see United States v. Shaw, 957 F.3d
734, 741–42 (7th Cir. 2020), which allows a defendant’s prior criminal history to be
balanced against evidence of his rehabilitation, see Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476,
490–91 (2011). That is precisely what the district court did here: It concluded that the
reduction Hughes requested could not “be justified in light of his record,” but a partial
reduction was warranted “in recognition of the increasing maturity that he has
displayed over the years in which he has been incarcerated.” This conclusion falls well
within the broad discretion afforded to district courts weighing the § 3553(a) factors.
See United States v. Adams, 879 F.3d 826, 829 (7th Cir. 2018).
Finally, Hughes seems to believe that he deserves a lower sentence because his
career-offender designation at his initial sentencing has been invalidated by intervening
law. This argument is misplaced, however, because any change in the law would not
have affected his sentence, which was based on his alternative (higher)
non-career-offender guidelines calculation. See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b).
AFFIRMED

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