Craig Canter v. AT&T UMBRELLA BENEFIT PLAN NO. 3 and AT&T SERVICES , INC.

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-1514
C RAIG C ANTER ,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AT&T U MBRELLA BENEFIT PLAN NO. 3
and AT&T S ERVICES , I NC.,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 18 C 7375 — Jorge L. Alonso, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED O CTOBER 27, 2021— DECIDED M AY 11, 2022
____________________
Before M ANION , WOOD, and BRENNAN , Circuit Judges.
WOOD, Circuit Judge. Craig Canter worked as a premises
technician for Illinois Bell Telephone Company, a subsidiary
of AT&T Services, Inc. (AT&T). His job duties included in-
stalling wires, lifting heavy loads, and climbing tall ladders—
sometimes as high as 28 feet tall and up to seven times per

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2 No. 21-1514
day. But after he began to suffer from severe migraines, light-
headedness, and dizziness, Canter concluded that he no
longer could perform that work. He applied for short-term
disability benefits in February 2017 through a plan that AT&T
maintained for this purpose. The plan administrator granted
benefits for a few months, but AT&T terminated them after an
independent medical reviewer concluded that Canter’s med-
ical tests were normal and that his symptoms had improved.
After Canter unsuccessfully appealed this decision using
AT&T’s internal processes, he sued AT&T and the plan. The
district court granted summary judgment in favor of the de-
fendants. We now affirm that judgment, but we reverse the
court’s award of $181 in pro hac vice fees to the defendants, as
we find that pro hac vice fees are not taxable “costs” under 28
U.S.C. § 1920.
I
A
Canter began experiencing migraines and dizziness early
in 2017, and on February 13 of that year he applied for short-
term disability benefits under the AT&T Umbrella Benefit
Plan No. 3 (the Plan). The Plan provides up to 52 weeks of
short-term benefits if Sedgwick Claims Management Services,
Inc., the Plan’s administrator, finds the claimant “disabled by
reason of sickness, pregnancy, or an off-the-job illness or in-
jury that prevents you from performing the duties of your
job” “with or without a reasonable accommodation.” The
Plan further specifies that a claim for disability “must be sup-
ported by objective Medical Evidence,” which “includes, but
is not limited to, results from diagnostic tools and examina-
tions performed in accordance with the generally accepted
principles of the health care profession.” The Plan identifies a

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No. 21-1514 3
failure “to furnish objective Medical Evidence” as a reason to
discontinue those benefits.
Canter supported his disability claim with medical notes
from two physicians (one of whom was Dr. Moriah Bang) at
Advocate Medical Group. Those doctors documented his
complaints of headaches, dizziness, and lower-back pain.
Canter also provided a hospital discharge summary describ-
ing a recent CT scan, which had come back normal. Sedgwick
approved his claim on February 22 for the period of February
13 through March 14, concluding that Canter “is out of work
due to light headedness and headaches” and that it “would
not be safe [for him] to climb, lift or drive” as is required of
premises technicians.
Meanwhile, Dr. Bang referred Canter to Northwest Neu-
rology for additional neurological testing. A doctor at North-
west ordered a head MRI and MRV, which, when performed,
returned normal results. Lisa Jackson, a Certified Nurse Prac-
titioner at Northwest, saw Canter at a follow-up visit on
March 8. She documented that the test results were “unre-
markable” but recommended that Canter return for another
appointment and continue to stay home from work. Sedgwick
received CNP Jackson’s notes from that appointment and de-
cided to extend the benefits by four weeks.
Canter saw CNP Jackson another three times over the next
few months. Each time, Sedgwick extended the benefits. It did
so even though additional medical tests continued to yield
normal results, and Canter began to report improvement in
some of his symptoms. On April 10, CNP Jackson noted that
Canter’s headaches had “nearly resolved” after he began tak-
ing the beta-blocker propranolol, though Canter still com-
plained of lightheadedness upon physical exertion. On May

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4 No. 21-1514
8, she wrote that the headaches had “improved significantly”
though the “lightheadedness is worse.” And on June 5, Canter
reported that his “lightheadedness, headaches, and motiva-
tion to get up and work” had improved after he began receiv-
ing acupuncture and taking an herbal supplement. Sedgwick
requested an update from CNP Jackson on July 10, and she
obliged by submitting the notes from Canter’s July 3 appoint-
ment; those notes reported “significant improvement of his
headaches” and that his “persistent dizziness has resolved.”
On the other hand, the notes indicated that Canter was con-
tinuing to experience dyspnea (breathing difficulties) and
“dizziness with exertion,” and suggested that the dizziness
“could be due to a cardiopulmonary problem.”
After receiving the July 3 update, Sedgwick decided to re-
fer Canter’s case to Dr. Katherine Duvall, an independent re-
viewer who is board certified in occupational medicine. Dr.
Duvall concluded that Canter was not disabled, given the ab-
sence of any abnormalities in his test results or other objective
findings indicating impairment, and the fact that his self-re-
ported symptoms had been improving. Her report states that
she attempted to reach CNP Jackson by phone to speak about
Canter’s condition, but when she was unsuccessful, she sub-
mitted the report to Sedgwick later that same day. Based on
Dr. Duvall’s report and the medical record as a whole, Sedg-
wick notified Canter on August 7 that his short-term disability
benefits were denied effective July 7, 2017. Citing CNP Jack-
son’s July 3 notes and Dr. Duvall’s review, the denial letter
explained that Canter had not provided “objective Medical
Evidence” to support his claim.
Canter did not take this letter as the final word. Hoping to
contest it, he returned to Dr. Bang, who ordered fasting blood

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No. 21-1514 5
tests, a stress echocardiogram, and a chest x-ray. But all of
these returned normal results save for elevated levels in cho-
lesterol and triglyceride (though neither party has suggested
that these problems are related to his condition). Dr. Bang also
referred Canter to a pulmonologist named Dr. Dennis Kellar,
who ordered another stress echocardiogram, a pulmonary
function test, and testing for sleep apnea. These results too
were normal, save for a finding of “12% [bronchodilator] re-
versibility”—which Dr. Kellar’s medical report indicated
could be a sign of a “mild reactive airway” problem (such as
a mild case of asthma).
With these additional tests in hand, Canter initiated the
Plan’s internal appeal process. Sedgwick informed Canter
that it would submit the new results, along with the rest of the
medical record, to two additional independent reviewers: Dr.
Taj Jiva, who is board certified in pulmonary disease, and Dr.
Mark Friedman, who is board certified in neurology. After re-
viewing the records and speaking by phone with Dr. Kellar,
Dr. Jiva concluded that Canter was “fine” from a pulmonary
perspective. For his part, Dr. Friedman tried calling CNP Jack-
son one time, and twice attempted to reach Dr. Bang, but they
never connected. CNP Jackson returned Dr. Friedman’s call
on three occasions but could not reach him—a fact that AT&T
and the Plan do not dispute but that the district court consid-
ered to be outside the administrative record and therefore of
no relevance. Like Dr. Jiva, Dr. Friedman concluded that Can-
ter provided “no evidence” in support of his disability claim.
In a letter dated October 31, relying on the conclusions of Drs.
Jiva and Friedman, Sedgwick denied Canter’s appeal.
In January 2018, AT&T instructed Canter to report back to
work, if he wanted to keep his job. He complied, but his

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6 No. 21-1514
supervisor sent him home because he lacked a doctor’s note
releasing him for work. Canter then submitted a job-accom-
modation application to Sedgwick. A few weeks later, Sedg-
wick informed Canter that AT&T had retroactively granted
him unpaid time off from July 7, 2017, through July 31, 2018.
It later extended this accommodation through January 2019.
But at the end of that period, AT&T informed Canter that it
could not identify an open position that accommodated his
work restrictions and so it removed him from the payroll.
Worse yet for Canter, it notified him that because his short-
term disability benefits had been terminated after only five
months, he had failed to exhaust the 52-week period neces-
sary under the company’s plans to qualify for long-term dis-
ability benefits or a disability leave of absence.
B
After Sedgwick denied his internal appeal, Canter brought
this case under the Employment Retirement Income Security
Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1132, asserting a claim for wrongful
termination of benefits against AT&T and the Plan. In addi-
tion to seeking reversal of the Plan’s decision, Canter alleged
that AT&T was equitably estopped under state law from pur-
suing repayment of a lump-sum payment that had (allegedly
accidentally) been sent to Canter in February 2018. AT&T re-
sponded with a counterclaim for unjust enrichment.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of
the Plan and AT&T on the ERISA claim, finding that the ter-
mination decision was not arbitrary and capricious in light of
the many normal test results. It further determined that Can-
ter’s evidence of the less-than-persistent efforts expended by
the independent reviewers, and his evidence about his job ac-
commodation, did not support a different result. The former,

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No. 21-1514 7
the court thought, was not a proper part of the administrative
record, and the latter was of minimal significance. The court
declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state
law claim and counterclaim and thus dismissed both without
prejudice. AT&T and the Plan then filed a bill of costs, pursu-
ant to which the district court awarded deposition fees and
pro hac vice admission fees.
Canter now appeals the district court’s disposition of his
ERISA claim and the award of costs for the depositions and
counsel’s pro hac vice admission fee.
II
A
We evaluate de novo a district court’s grant of summary
judgment. Love v. Nat’l City Corp. Welfare Benefits Plan, 574 F.3d
392, 396 (7th Cir. 2009). When an ERISA benefit plan grants
an administrator discretion to determine eligibility for bene-
fits, as the AT&T Plan does for Sedgwick, we must consider
whether that administrator’s decision was arbitrary and ca-
pricious. Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101,
115 (1989); Holmstrom v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 615 F.3d 758,
766 (7th Cir. 2010). Although this is a deferential standard, re-
view under it is not a “rubber stamp”; we will find an admin-
istrator’s determination to be arbitrary “when there is an ab-
sence of reasoning in the record.” Holstrom, 615 F.3d at 766
(quoting Hackett v. Xerox Corp. Long-Term Disability Income
Plan, 315 F.3d 771, 774–75 (7th Cir. 2003)). Moreover, an ad-
ministrator must explain its basis for discounting evidence
presented by the claimant, even though an administrator is
entitled to make a reasoned decision when there is evidence
cutting in both directions. Love, 574 F.3d at 397; see also Black

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8 No. 21-1514
& Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 834 (2003) (“Plan
administrators, of course, may not arbitrarily refuse to credit
a claimant’s reliable evidence, including the opinions of a
treating physician.”). In making its decision, an administrator
in Sedgwick’s shoes must communicate its rationale to the
claimant so as to provide “an opportunity for full and fair re-
view” on appeal. Id.; see 29 U.S.C. § 1133.
Bearing in mind this deferential standard of review, we
are satisfied that Sedgwick’s determination was grounded in
sufficient evidence and was adequately explained to Canter.
Drs. Duvall, Friedman, and Jiva each rejected a finding of dis-
ability because Canter’s many medical examinations between
February and September 2017—which, to reiterate, included
physical examinations, fasting labs, chest x-rays, CT and MRI
scans, stress echocardiograms, and cardiopulmonary exercise
testing—returned results that were largely normal. Their re-
ports to Sedgwick thoroughly explained their conclusions.
Although Canter points to contrary evidence in the record, it
does not compel the opposite result, as we now briefly ex-
plain.
Canter first notes that pulmonary function testing per-
formed on September 12 under the care of pulmonologist Dr.
Kellar found a 12% bronchodilator reversibility, which Dr.
Kellar believed could be a sign of a “mild reactive airway”
problem such as a minor case of asthma. But Dr. Kellar dis-
cussed this result in a phone call with Dr. Jiva, who reported
Dr. Kellar’s own opinion that Canter was “fine” from a pul-
monary standpoint. Dr. Jiva also concluded that Canter’s pul-
monary functioning was “essentially normal.”
Next, Canter calls our attention to CNP Jackson’s May 8
and July 3 notes stating that Canter displayed a “mild sway

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No. 21-1514 9
on Romberg testing,” referring to a simple balance test where
the patient is observed standing erect with feet together and
eyes closed. Though Sedgwick did not explicitly address the
Romberg result in its written explanation, the problem for
Canter is that no statement in the administrative record by
CNP Jackson or any medical professional portrays this result
as meaningful or otherwise ties it to a relevant functional lim-
itation. This may be because a minor Romberg sway is com-
mon. See A. Khasnis & R.M. Gokula, Romberg’s Test, 42 J. Post-
grad. Med. 169, 171 (2003), https://pub-
med.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12867698 (“Normal individuals also
tend to sway to some extent on closing their eyes.”). In any
event, nothing in the record indicates that this result calls
Sedgwick’s determination into question.
Third, Canter argues that Sedgwick failed to address the
fact that he continued to experience headaches and dizziness.
We agree with his argument’s premise that an administrator
cannot disregard a claimant’s self-reported symptoms just be-
cause a plan calls for “objective evidence.” But our review of
the record does not support a finding that Sedgwick commit-
ted this error.
Like many plans, AT&T’s called for “objective Medical Ev-
idence” consisting of “results from diagnostic tools and exam-
inations performed in accordance with the generally accepted
principles of the health care profession.” We have approached
comparable language flexibly, particularly for medical condi-
tions such as fibromyalgia that do not manifest through phys-
iological symptoms. See Hawkins v. First Union Corp., 326 F.3d
914, 919 (7th Cir. 2009). We have underscored that a claimant’s
self-reported experience of pain, even without a clear physio-
logical source, may indicate only that the search for such a

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10 No. 21-1514
source is incomplete, and that such a report may not be dis-
missed out of hand. See Leger v. Tribune Co. Long Term Disabil-
ity Ben. Plan, 557 F.3d 823, 835 & n.8 (7th Cir. 2009) (finding
that the administrator’s failure to consider the potential,
though unproven, connection between the claimant’s pain
and her diagnosis of osteoarthritis undercut the termination
determination). The fact that pain or dizziness, or some other
symptom, evades clinical detection or explanation is not by
itself a reason to discount or disregard it. The central question
remains whether an administrator has adequately addressed
the adverse evidence in a manner that fits the medical situa-
tion at issue.
But just as self-reported evidence is not irrelevant, neither
is it a trump card. The record as a whole is what matters. Here,
extensive medical testing consistently yielded normal results,
even though the medical providers and reviewers thought
that a significant problem would have shown up in one or
more concrete, physiological ways. Setting aside the absence
of observable abnormalities, Canter himself reported that he
was experiencing some improvement. As of July 2017, neither
CNP Jackson nor any physician indicated in their medical
notes that Canter should continue to refrain from working.
Perhaps this litigation could have been averted if Sedg-
wick had done a better job of drawing out this context when
it communicated its denial to Canter. But improvement is al-
most always possible in the real world. The explanation in
Sedgwick’s denial letter, which referred not only to the gen-
eral absence of “objective” abnormalities but also to the July 3
medical notes and the positive changes in Canter’s reported
symptoms, contained enough information to provide Canter
with an opportunity for full and fair review. The letter

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No. 21-1514 11
denying Canter’s appeal furnished additional details, which
also support the substantive reasonableness of Sedgwick’s de-
cision—a point not relevant to administrative review, but no-
table at this stage.
In addition to raising these points of adverse evidence,
Canter argues that Sedgwick’s determination was based on a
misunderstanding of his job duties. Sedgwick’s first inde-
pendent medical reviewer, Dr. Duvall, concluded that Canter
was capable of “lifting, driving, bending, and stooping” as
part of his normal job duties, but he made no mention of
“climbing.” This oversight was troubling, the district court
thought, because Canter’s apparent inability to climb was the
reason why disability benefits were granted in the first place.
But we agree with the district court that this omission was
cured during Sedgwick’s internal appeal, in which Dr. Fried-
man and Dr. Jiva each explicitly touched on “climbing” in
their reports. This situation does not strike us as the kind of
“after-the-fact” approach we rejected in Davis v. Unum Life Ins.
Co. of America, 444 F.3d 569, 577 (7th Cir. 2006). Here, the three
reviewers each reached the same conclusion on a record that
is overwhelmingly one-sided. This makes it unlikely that Dr.
Duvall’s omission was meant to communicate anything. (Re-
grettably, the district court added to the confusion when, after
describing the omitted job duty as “climbing” throughout its
analysis of this issue, it said “driving” instead of “climbing”
in the final sentence of the relevant passage. In context, this
was a simple misstatement.)
B
Canter also argues that the district court was wrong to re-
ject two items of evidence as outside the administrative rec-
ord. The first concerns the limited efforts the reviewers

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12 No. 21-1514
undertook to contact Canter’s providers, and the second re-
lates to the leave-of-absence accommodation AT&T granted
him in February 2018. We typically review decisions to admit
or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion, though we take
a de novo look when such a decision turns on a question of law.
Nachtsheim v. Beech Aircraft Corp., 847 F.2d 1261, 1266 (7th Cir.
1988). In this case, we apply the de novo standard, because the
question is whether the district court correctly applied ERISA
when it defined the contours of an administrative record and
the review of evidence outside that record.
When determining whether an administrator’s decision
was arbitrary and capricious, we generally restrict ourselves
to the evidence that was before the administrator when it
made its decision. Hess v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 274 F.3d
456, 462 (7th Cir. 2001); Perlman v. Swiss Bank Corp. Comprehen-
sive Disability Prot. Plan, 195 F.3d 975, 981–82 (7th Cir. 1999).
In many ways, the structure of judicial review in the ERISA
context parallels review under the Administrative Procedure
Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 701 et seq., where discovery is similarly con-
strained for a parallel set of reasons. See Citizens to Preserve
Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 420 (1971) (limiting
judicial review to the administrative record compiled before
the agency, subject to limited exceptions). But we also have
recognized that a court may look beyond what was before the
plan administrator if the record appears incomplete, inter-
nally contradictory, or suggestive of bad faith. See, e.g., Hess,
274 F.3d at 462 (considering a contract that was not itself in
the record but that had been explicitly referred to in record
evidence); Perlman, 195 F.3d at 982 (“[D]iscovery may be ap-
propriate to investigate a claim that the plan’s administrator
did not do what it said it did—that, for example, the applica-
tion was thrown in the trash rather than evaluated on the

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No. 21-1514 13
merits … .”). Nothing in this record indicates that these nar-
row exceptions apply here.
Dr. Duvall’s report shows that she made a single attempt
to reach CNP Jackson before finalizing her report later the
same day. Dr. Jiva’s report states that he spoke with Dr. Kellar
but did not contact Canter’s other providers. And Dr. Fried-
man’s report documents that he attempted once to reach CNP
Jackson and twice to reach Dr. Bang, though the attempts
were unsuccessful. These facts were before the Plan adminis-
trator and thus there is no reason why the court could not con-
sider them. Evidence of CNP Jackson’s and Dr. Bang’s at-
tempts to return Dr. Friedman’s calls, though not mentioned
in Dr. Friedman’s report and therefore perhaps technically be-
yond the administrative record, provides additional relevant
context. But after expressing its doubts about the record, the
district court went on to explain why it thought that the re-
viewers did not act unreasonably. Any error in this respect
was thus harmless.
Canter also argues that the district court erred in disre-
garding the fact that Sedgwick recommended in February
2018, and AT&T then approved, his job-accommodation re-
quest for unpaid time off retroactive to July 2017. In Canter’s
view, AT&T’s decision to grant a job accommodation after the
October 2017 denial of the disability appeal calls the earlier
determination into question. But the job accommodation does
not raise any suspicion of duplicity or bad faith, and so the
district court was correct not to consider it. We are also mind-
ful of the risks of viewing a later accommodation in an ad-
verse light, as this could discourage plans and employers
from providing accommodations and other forms of support
after the denial of a benefit. (Indeed, Rule 407 of the Federal

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14 No. 21-1514
Rules of Evidence limits the admissibility of “subsequent re-
medial measures” in tort litigation for similar reasons.)
In any event, even if the job-accommodation evidence
should have been considered, it would not have undermined
Sedgwick’s disability decision. The Plan’s standards for disa-
bility-benefit and job-accommodation determinations may re-
semble one another, but they are not identical, and so differ-
ent conclusions are to be expected from time to time. Moreo-
ver, the job-accommodation standard reflects the “reasonable
accommodations” requirement of the Americans with Disa-
bilities Act. Hendricks-Robinson v. Excel Corp., 154 F.3d 685,
692–93 (7th Cir. 1998). It operates against a legal backdrop
quite different from the one that applies to disability-benefits
determinations. We therefore reject the notion that the accom-
modation reflects negatively on the earlier disability decision.
III
When the district court found for AT&T and the Plan, it
awarded costs pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1920 that included $181
for AT&T’s counsel’s pro hac vice admission fees and $2,309.80
in fees for deposition transcripts. Canter has objected to both.
While we review the amount awarded for abuse of discretion,
we consider de novo the question whether the district court has
the legal authority to award such costs in the first place. Mi-
crometl Corp. v. Tranzact Technologies, Inc., 656 F.3d 467, 470
(7th Cir. 2011).
We see no problem with the award of costs for the deposi-
tion transcripts, which were cited throughout Canter’s sum-
mary judgment materials and are taxed routinely. See, e.g.,
Weeks v. Samsung Heavy Indus. Co., 126 F.3d 926, 945 (7th Cir.
1997). But we conclude that fees for pro hac vice admission are

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No. 21-1514 15
not taxable in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Tanigu-
chi v. Kan Pacific Saipan, Ltd., 566 U.S. 560, 573 (2012). Taniguchi
emphasized that section 1920 must be narrowly construed. In
so ruling, we align ourselves with the Ninth Circuit, which
came to the same conclusion with respect to pro hac vice fees
in Kalitta Air L.L.C. v. Central Texas Airborne System Inc., 741
F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 2013). We recognize, as Kalitta did, that our
earlier decision in United States ex rel. Gear v. Emergency Med.
Ass’ns of Illinois, Inc., 436 F.3d 726, 730 (7th Cir. 2006), must be
set aside in this respect, as it offered no reason for awarding
pro hac vice fees and did not survive Taniguchi.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d) says that “costs”
generally should be awarded to the prevailing party in a civil
action, and section 1920 provides a list of what costs are taxa-
ble pursuant to that rule. In Taniguchi, the Supreme Court held
that the expenses of interpreters are not “costs” for purposes
of section 1920(6). It noted that “[t]axable costs are limited to
relatively minor, incidental expenses” and “almost always
amount to less than the successful litigant’s total expenses in
connection with a lawsuit.” 566 U.S. at 573.
As Kalitta held, applying that guidance, pro hac vice fees are
too distinct from the six kinds of costs enumerated in section
1920 to fall under the statute. The closest analogs are the
“[f]ees of the clerk and marshal,” see § 1920(1); the other sub-
sections relate to material expenses, like costs of printing and
court-appointed experts, arising in the course of litigation.
“Fees of the clerk” recalls 28 U.S.C. § 1914, which permits the
collection of filing fees and “such additional fees only as are
prescribed by the Judicial Conference of the United States.”
The Judicial Conference’s fee schedule refers only to a $188
fee for “original admission of attorneys to practice.” 28 U.S.C.

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16 No. 21-1514
§ 1914, District Court Miscellaneous Fee Schedule #10. And
“[o]riginal admission” is quite different from the short-term
character of pro hac vice status. We therefore now hold that pro
hac vice fees are not taxable “costs,” and reverse the district
court’s decision to award the $181 to the defendants.
IV
In summary, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of sum-
mary judgment in favor of AT&T and the Plan, as well as the
award of $2,309.80 in fees for deposition transcripts. We RE-
VERSE the award of $181 in pro hac vice fees and REMAND the
case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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