United States of America v. Chandra Modugumudi

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted May 12, 2023
Decided May 15, 2023
Before
MICHAEL B. BRENNAN, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
THOMAS L. KIRSCH II, Circuit Judge
No. 22-2160
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CHANDRA MODUGUMUDI,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Eastern Division.
No. 1:18-CR-00262(2)
Virginia M. Kendall,
Judge.
O R D E R
Chandra Modugumudi pleaded guilty to sex trafficking and was sentenced to
262 months’ imprisonment, five years’ supervised release, and $110,240 in restitution.
She filed a notice of appeal, but her appointed counsel asserts that the appeal is
frivolous and moves to withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). We
notified Modugumudi of the motion, CIR . R. 51(b), and she filed several responses, some
unauthorized. For the reasons that follow, we grant the motion and dismiss the appeal.
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with FED. R. A PP. P. 32.1

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No. 22-2160 Page 2
Modugumudi, along with her husband, operated a sex-trafficking scheme. Over
the course of two years, they lured at least nine women from India to the United States,
isolated them, and coerced them into prostitution, mainly in connection with cultural
events. Modugumudi negotiated the prices and kept most of the money collected. If the
women refused to cooperate, Modugumudi and her husband beat them and threatened
to expose their sex work to their families back in India.
Federal prosecutors charged Modugumudi and her husband with nineteen
counts related to the prostitution scheme, including five counts of using force, threats of
force, fraud, and coercion to cause their victims to engage in commercial sex acts.
See 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a), (b)(1). The week before trial, Modugumudi pleaded guilty to one
count of trafficking by force, fraud, or coercion under § 1591. In her plea declaration,
she admitted that she and her husband persuaded a young woman, Victim G, to travel
to the United States from India by falsely promising to develop her acting career. They
physically abused her when she refused to engage in sex acts for money. They let her
return to India but forced her friend, Victim B, to pay off the “debt” that Victim G had
incurred for her trip to the United States and then refused to work off for them. They
also threatened Victim G that if she told anyone about the scheme, they would send
pornographic photos of Victim B to Victim B’s family.
At the change-of-plea hearing, the district court conducted a colloquy under Rule
11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure through a Telugu interpreter because
Modugumudi is not fluent in English. During the colloquy, the court confirmed with
Modugumudi that, among other things, the mandatory minimum sentence was
15 years’ imprisonment, that the court had no obligation to adhere to any recommended
sentence, that Modugumudi was not being threatened or promised anything in
exchange for her plea, and that she was in fact guilty of trafficking Victim G.
A week later, the court held a hearing to allow certain victims to make impact
statements in person. (Some had travelled from India in anticipation of testifying at
trial.) Four victims and one victim’s mother spoke about the anguish that Modugumudi
had caused them and how they were struggling to recover.
The probation office prepared a presentence investigation report that calculated
the offense level under the Sentencing Guidelines as 39, beginning with a base offense
level of 34. U.S.S.G. § 2G1.1(a)(1). The officer then added two levels because Victim G
was vulnerable, id. § 3A1.1(b)(1), added five levels under the grouping rules because
Modugumudi had trafficked eight other women, id. § 3D1.4, and subtracted two levels
for Modugumudi’s acceptance of responsibility, id. § 3E1.1(a). The government did not

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No. 22-2160 Page 3
move for an additional one-level reduction. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b). With a criminal-history
category I, the advisory sentencing range was 262 to 327 months in prison. There were
no objections to these calculations.
At the sentencing hearing, the court adopted the range of 262 to 327 months. The
government pushed for a guidelines sentence, pointing out the serious, wide-reaching
sex-trafficking scheme and the need for deterrence. The defense argued for the statutory
minimum, 180 months, contending that Modugumudi was a victim herself: She had a
history of being sexually assaulted; her husband had forced her into prostitution; her
culture demanded that she be subservient to her husband; and she had to terminate her
parental rights over her two children so that they could be adopted by a foster family
rather than being removed to India, where they had no real ties. Adding to her lawyer’s
discussion of her acceptance of responsibility, Modugumudi personally expressed
remorse and asked for forgiveness. After considering her mitigation arguments and the
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, the court concluded that, although Modugumudi seemed to
have been pressured by her husband and was now genuinely remorseful, her actions
were “diabolical” and a guidelines sentence was necessary for general, if not specific,
deterrence. The court imposed 262 months’ prison time.
The court also ordered Modugumudi to pay $110,240 in restitution. Of that
amount, $83,200 represented Victim B’s income (based on Modugumudi’s own records
and the victim’s recollection of the prices charged) that the defendant stole, supposedly
to pay off Victim G’s “debt.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1593. Another $27,040 was for future costs
of mental health treatment for Victims G and B based on Congressional Budget Office
estimates of the cost of providing PTSD treatment to veterans.
That brings us to this appeal. In the brief supporting her motion to withdraw,
counsel explains the nature of the case and addresses the potential issues that an appeal
of this kind might be expected to involve. Because the analysis appears thorough, we
limit our review to the subjects counsel discusses and those that Modugumudi raises in
the responses that we accepted for filing. CIR . R. 51(b); see United States v. Bey, 748 F.3d
774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014).
As required, counsel tells us that, after a full consultation, Modugumudi would
like to withdraw her guilty plea. See United States v. Konczak, 683 F.3d 348, 349 (7th Cir.
2012). But counsel concludes there is not a nonfrivolous argument for doing so. Because
Modugumudi did not move to withdraw her plea in the district court, we would review
only for plain error. See United States v. Davenport, 719 F.3d 616, 618 (7th Cir. 2013).

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We agree with counsel that Modugumudi could not plausibly challenge her
guilty plea. The district court substantially complied with Rule 11 and ensured that the
plea was knowing and voluntary. Id. The court confirmed that Modugumudi
understood the nature of the charge, the possible penalties (including restitution), the
role that the Sentencing Guidelines and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) would play in determining
her sentence, and the rights that she would waive by pleading guilty. See FED . R. CRIM.
P. 11(b)(1); United States v. Neal, 907 F.3d 511, 515 (7th Cir. 2018). The court neglected to
mention two things: that she could be prosecuted for perjury based on her statements
under oath and that she had the right to plead not guilty and persist in that plea.
See FED. R. C RIM. P. 11(b)(1)(A), (B). But, as counsel notes, neither omission could have
prejudiced Modugumudi. The government did not bring charges against her, or seek a
sentencing increase, based on any statements at her plea hearing. See United States v.
Blalock, 321 F.3d 686, 689 (7th Cir. 2003). And she acknowledged explicitly in her plea
declaration that she was giving up her right to plead not guilty. Therefore, she could
not establish that accepting her plea was a plain error.
In her responses, Modugumudi asserts that she was coerced into her plea and
did not understand its terms, and that there was no factual basis to support her
conviction. But it would be frivolous for her to make these arguments on appeal. The
district court confirmed with Modugumudi that she was pleading guilty of her own
free will and had not been coerced by threats or promises. See FED. R. C RIM. P. 11(b)(2);
Neal, 907 F.3d at 515. And she swore that a factual basis supported her plea, admitting
that she had lured Victim G to the United States under false pretenses and tried to force
Victim G into prostitution. We would not entertain an argument that she perjured
herself without a “compelling explanation for the contradiction,” and Modugumudi
provides none. See Thompson v. United States, 732 F.3d 826, 829–30 (7th Cir. 2013). She
suggests that she did not understand her plea because the interpreter’s translation was
inadequate. But this too contradicts her sworn statements, and she points to no specific
inconsistencies. See Carrion v. Butler, 835 F.3d 764, 778 (7th Cir. 2016). She also implies
that the government had agreed to ask for a below-guidelines sentence, but again this is
inconsistent with her statements at the hearing. Further, before accepting the plea, the
district court thoroughly explained to Modugumudi how it would go about
determining her sentence.
Counsel next discusses potential challenges to the sentence, and we agree with
her that any argument attacking the sentence on procedural grounds would be
frivolous. Counsel finds no error in the calculation of the guidelines range. And the
district court allowed both parties to present arguments, considered those arguments

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along with the factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and explained its reasoning. See Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 53 (2007). Modugumudi argued that she was entitled to an
additional one-point acceptance-of-responsibility reduction. But that is available only
“upon motion of the government” when timely notification of the intent to plead guilty
spares it from trial preparation, see U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b), and here the government did not
move for the reduction because she pleaded guilty only days before trial. Any other
procedural challenge was, at best, forfeited, and, like counsel, we see no potential plain
errors. See United States v. Klund, 59 F.4th 322, 326 (7th Cir. 2023).
Modugumudi wants to argue that her constitutional rights were violated because
the government targeted her based on her race, gender, and class, and because the
district court considered the victims’ statements, which she says are false, and in
general considered inaccurate information. But she presents no evidence of selective
prosecution. See United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 465 (1996). Nor does she show
any actual inaccuracy in the information used to sentence her. See United States v. Issa,
21 F.4th 504, 508 (7th Cir. 2021). She insists that she was incorrectly sentenced for a
crime involving children. But § 1591 covers trafficking children or trafficking by force,
fraud, or coercion; she pleaded guilty to the latter. As for the victims, they had a right to
be heard, and it was up to the district court to determine how to weigh their accounts.
18 U.S.C. § 3771(a)(4); Issa, 21 F.4th at 508.
Challenging the substantive reasonableness of the sentence would also be
frivolous, as counsel explains. Because Modugumudi’s 262-month sentence is within a
properly calculated guidelines range, we would presume that it is not unreasonably
high. See United States v. Melendez, 819 F.3d 1006, 1013 (7th Cir. 2016). And we see no
basis to rebut that presumption because the court adequately considered the § 3553(a)
factors. See id. at 1013–14. The court balanced Modugumudi’s history and characteristics
(namely, that culturally she was expected to defer to her husband and that she had lost
her children) against the seriousness of the offense, particularly how widespread and
damaging the scheme was. See United States v. Barr, 960 F.3d 906, 914 (7th Cir. 2020).
Next, counsel considers a challenge to the amount of restitution and correctly
concludes it would be frivolous. Victim G and Victim B were both harmed by the
offense conduct, so the court had authority to order restitution for both victims.
See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1593, 3663A(a). As for the amount, the government’s calculations were
supported by sufficiently reliable evidence: victims’ testimony and Modugumudi’s
records for the stolen income, and Congressional Budget Office estimates for the future
healthcare costs. See United States v. Dickey, 52 F.4th 680, 687 (7th Cir. 2022).

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Counsel also considers whether Modugumudi could argue—as she wishes to—
that she received ineffective assistance of counsel. We agree with counsel that any such
argument, including those Modugumudi suggests, would be frivolous on direct appeal.
These issues require a more developed record; raising them now would only prejudice
a future collateral attack. See United States v. Cates, 950 F.3d 453, 456–57 (7th Cir. 2020).
Modugumudi lists other points that she wishes to raise on appeal, but all of them
are underdeveloped and would be frivolous to pursue. They include challenges to a
search warrant (though she never raised the legality of the search in a motion to
suppress), her indictment (challenges to which are waived by her guilty plea unless
jurisdictional), a ruling preventing her from presenting what she considers exculpatory
evidence at trial (a trial did not occur), voir dire (which also did not occur), and an
appeal waiver (which does not exist).
Finally, Modugumudi also moves for the appointment of new counsel, but new
counsel is unwarranted because the appeal is frivolous. See Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75,
83 (1988). She also moves for copies of transcripts and records, which are already
available to her as a party, directly or through counsel. And after we ordered her in
February 2023 to cease filing responses to the Anders motion without advance
permission, she filed three more addendums to her response and first supplement. We
construe the unauthorized filings as requests for permission to file them, and we deny
those requests, along with the relief requested in her other pending motions.
Therefore, we GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw, DENY all pending pro se
motions, and DISMISS the appeal.

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