Rene Galvan , Jr . v. State of Indiana

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 22-2462
R ENE GALVAN , JR .,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
S TATE OF I NDIANA and JOANIE
C RUM , Regional Manager, in her
official and individual capacities,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
No. 19-cv-04446 — Sarah Evans Barker, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED M AY 31, 2023 — DECIDED S EPTEMBER 11, 2024
____________________
Before R OVNER , HAMILTON and S CUDDER , Circuit Judges.
R OVNER , Circuit Judge. Rene Galvan brought this federal
action against the defendants, including his former employer
the State of Indiana, and his former supervisor Joanie Crum
in her official and individual capacities. Galvan, a self-de-
scribed large Mexican male, alleged that in violation of Title
VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, he was discriminated

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2 No. 22-2462
against and terminated from employment based on his race
and sex, and was retaliated against based on his complaints
of discrimination. He further alleges that Crum deprived him
of his Fourteenth Amendment right to due process by termi-
nating him without just cause and depriving him of his prop-
erty rights without due process. He seeks relief under 42
U.S.C. § 1983 for the alleged constitutional violations. The dis-
trict court granted summary judgment in favor of the defend-
ants on those claims, and Galvan now appeals that determi-
nation to this court.
For six years, from December 2012 until November 2018,
Galvan worked for the State of Indiana’s Department of Child
Services (“DCS”). He initially worked in the Hamilton
County office as a family case manager and, in that position,
was responsible for managing cases assigned to him but had
no supervisory responsibilities. At the request of a supervisor
in 2015, he transferred to the Madison County office, and at
that location he was subsequently promoted to family case
manager supervisor. In that role, he was responsible for su-
pervising a team of family case managers and was supervised
by the local office director of Madison County, who was su-
pervised by the regional manager of Region 11. His regional
manager was Dan Brumfield until the end of 2016, when
Brumfield left. In April 2017, Joannie Crum was promoted to
the position of regional manager, and remained in that posi-
tion through Galvan’s termination. In July of that same year,
Madison County’s local office director, Karen Blessinger, who
had been Galvan’s direct supervisor, left the office. Until De-
cember 2017, the position was covered on a temporary basis
by relying on the local office directors of Hamilton County
and Tipton County, who added that responsibility to their
regular duties. In December 2017, Crum promoted Kathryn

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No. 22-2462 3
Heman to the position. Galvan was terminated from his em-
ployment in November 2018.
Because Galvan is appealing the grant of summary judg-
ment against him, we review the district court’s judgment de
novo, granting Galvan the benefit of a favorable review of the
record evidence. Snowden v. Illinois Department of Human Ser-
vices, 75 F.4th 789, 794 (7th Cir. 2023). In this appeal, even fo-
cusing exclusively on the facts as set forth by Galvan and the
exhibits submitted by him in the briefing in the district court,
including his deposition testimony, summary judgment
against him on his claims was proper.
I.
We turn first to his claim of discrimination in his termina-
tion from employment. As the district court recognized in ad-
dressing the motion for summary judgment, Galvan does not
dispute the pertinent facts underlying any of the incidents
which resulted in his discipline and termination. Instead, the
parties dispute the interpretation of those incidents and his
employment record as a whole. Galvan asserts that the record
would permit a reasonable factfinder to find that the employ-
ment action was based on race or sex discrimination because
he presented multiple types of circumstantial and direct evi-
dence to support that determination. He points in particular
to his record of evaluations that consistently characterized
him as meets or exceeds expectations as evidence of his good
work performance. The defendants maintain that there is no
evidence that Galvan’s termination was based on sex or race,
and that the evidence establishes that Galvan’s performance
was deficient regarding his judgment as to child safety and

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4 No. 22-2462
his lack of professional demeanor, which led to his termina-
tion.
Pursuant to Title VII, an employer is prohibited from “dis-
criminat[ing] against any individual with respect to his com-
pensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, be-
cause of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national
origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). The only question for a dis-
trict court on summary judgment is “whether the plaintiff has
introduced evidence that would permit a reasonable fact-
finder to conclude that the plaintiff’s race, ethnicity, sex, reli-
gion, or other proscribed factor caused the discharge or other
adverse employment action.” Igasaki v. Illinois Dept. of Fin. and
Pro. Regul., 988 F.3d 948, 957 (7th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
The question, then, is not whether Galvan performed his
job well in certain areas or at certain times—no one contests
that he did. Nor is the question before us whether the em-
ployer was correct in determining that his behavior did not
meet expectations and warranted his termination. As we have
repeated often, the court “’is not a super personnel depart-
ment that second-guesses employers’ business judgments.’”
Grant v. Trustees of Indiana Univ., 870 F.3d 562, 570 (7th Cir.
2017), quoting Riley v. Elkhart Cmty. Sch., 829 F.3d 886, 895 (7th
Cir. 2016); Giannopoulos v. Brach & Brock Confections, Inc., 109
F.3d 406, 410 (7th Cir. 1997). The focus is not on the wisdom
of the decision, but on its genuineness. “[E]vidence that a de-
fendant’s explanation for an employment practice is ‘unwor-
thy of credence’ is ‘one form of circumstantial evidence that
is probative of intentional discrimination.’” Desert Palace, Inc.
v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 100 (2003) (emphasis omitted), quoting

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No. 22-2462 5
Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 147
(2000).
Ultimately, the sole question before us is whether the evi-
dence in the record supports a finding that the termination
was based on discrimination. Regardless of the evidentiary
approach used by Galvan, the touchstone on summary judg-
ment is always whether there is evidence of any kind that
would allow a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the
plaintiff’s race, ethnicity, sex, religion, or other proscribed fac-
tor caused the discharge or other adverse employment action.
Igasaki, 988 F.3d at 957. Plaintiffs seeking to meet that burden
have relied upon such circumstantial evidence as “’suspicious
timing, ambiguous statements of animus, evidence other em-
ployees were treated differently, or evidence the employer's
proffered reason for the adverse action was pretextual.’”
Lewis v. Indiana Wesleyan Univ., 36 F.4th 755, 761 (7th Cir.
2022), quoting Rozumalski v. W.F. Baird & Associates, Ltd., 937
F.3d 919, 924 (7th Cir. 2019). Plaintiffs may also rely on the
burden-shifting framework of McDonnell Douglas v. Green,
411 U.S. 792 (1973). Igasaki, 988 F.3d at 957. Under that ap-
proach, if a plaintiff makes a prima facie case of discrimina-
tion, the burden shifts to the employer to offer a nondiscrim-
inatory motive and, if the employer is able to do so, the bur-
den shifts to the employee to show that the employer’s prof-
fered reason was a pretext. Id. Galvan eschewed the McDon-
nell Douglas approach in the district court, and again does not
rely on it in this appeal. But he does argue, along similar lines,
that the evidence of pretext as to the basis for the termination
is one type of evidence that in the totality of the evidence can
demonstrate discrimination.

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6 No. 22-2462
To demonstrate that discrimination rather than poor work
performance was the motive for his termination, Galvan
points to his appraisals during his time of employment, which
consistently rated him as “meets expectations” for many
years. In Igasaki, the plaintiff similarly argued that the contrast
between his past positive performance reviews from earlier
years and his negative performance reviews under a new su-
pervisor constituted evidence of discrimination. 988 F.3d at
959. We held that an employee’s past performance was
largely irrelevant, because the issue was not an employee’s
past performance but whether an employee was performing
well at the time of the termination, id. (though more precisely,
the issue is whether the employer believed that the employee
was not performing well at the time of termination). We noted
in Igasaki that past positive evaluations do not guarantee fu-
ture employment, nor does such evidence without more show
discrimination. Id. Therefore, it is not enough to merely show
that in the past, his former supervisor evaluated his perfor-
mance positively. Galvan would need to demonstrate that the
employer did not genuinely believe its later evaluations that
perceived the performance as inadequate.
Consideration of past appraisals can, however, provide
some relevant context and can elucidate the expectations of
behavior that the employer deemed deficient in the past. If the
more recent negative appraisals were a stark contrast with the
expectations expressed previously, that could be some evi-
dence that the new evaluations were not genuine reflections
of the employer’s actual expectations, absent some explana-
tion for the change. If, however, the deficiencies that triggered
the termination involved the type of conduct deemed signifi-
cant to the employer in past evaluations, that would tend to

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No. 22-2462 7
support the employer’s claim that the claim of deficient per-
formance was genuinely believed.
In each of his appraisal reports from 2012 through 2016,
Galvan received an overall rating of “meets” expectations,
and even received an “exceeds” expectations a few times in
the subcategory of teamwork. His appraisals consistently
praised his work ethic and his teamwork abilities. Within
those meet-expectations appraisals, he also received feedback
as to areas to improve, which centered on strengthening com-
munication skills and demonstrating professional conduct re-
lating to safety reports, including noting that he: expressed
frustration with professionals in communications relaying
child safety concerns (Doc. 109-3 at 2, 2013 Annual Appraisal);
asked for guidance from all supervisors instead of following
the advice of the first supervisor’s response (Id. at 3); needed
to work effectively with management even when he did not
agree with allegations attached to reports (Id.); at times was
visibly frustrated when given reports in which he disagreed
and was encouraged to critically think and identify the safety
concerns when a report is received rather than spend time dis-
cussing why it should not be a report at all (Id. at 10, 2014 An-
nual Appraisal); was too direct at times in his communication
over the phone with professional report sources, and needed
to consistently remain professional even when disagreements
or misunderstandings arose (Id.); would show and state visi-
ble frustrations, at times in an unprofessional way, when he
disagreed with management directives, and caused un-
needed stress for management when he would continue to
protest to assigning supervisors when he disagreed with a re-
port determination even after a supervisor had already deter-
mined that there are safety concerns with the family (Id. at 11);
used humor to break the tension in the office, which was

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8 No. 22-2462
sometimes appreciated, but needed to work to ensure his ap-
proach to others is respectful when he says things in jest (Id.
at 22, 2015 Annual Appraisal); and was laid back and joked a
lot but that could make it difficult to tell when he is being se-
rious (Id. at 35, 2016 Annual Appraisal).
With the change of supervisors beginning in 2017, some of
those appraisal categories fell to “does not meet” expecta-
tions, while others remained at the previous level of “meets”
expectations. In his annual appraisal in 2017, he received
“does not meet” expectations ratings in two categories. (Doc.
109-3 at 46–53, 2017 Annual Appraisal) First, in the category of
Customer Service, that lower rating was based on complaints
that had been received during the review period regarding
his behavior with internal and external stakeholders, which
contrasted with prior annual appraisals that had noted that
there had not been concerns or complaints expressed from in-
ternal or external customers. The 2017 appraisal noted that
Galvan was reluctant to accept constructive feedback from his
manager, was accusatory and challenging and unreceptive to
guidance at times, and was perceived as rude and disrespect-
ful with hotline staff interactions. It further noted that two
complaints were received that Galvan displayed challenging
and verbally aggressive behavior with participants during a
community meeting, where he questioned why reports were
being made. Finally, the review noted that he responded in-
appropriately when directing a subordinate, loudly verbaliz-
ing publicly his frustration with a staff member. He also re-
ceived a “does not meet” expectations rating in the area of
Employee Relations. The explanation in this category noted
that the reviewer had received complaints from staff mem-
bers, managers, and hotline staff regarding Galvan being

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No. 22-2462 9
challenging, verbally aggressive, and displaying a loss of
composure and patience.
Galvan’s next appraisal, and interim appraisal for the re-
view period of January 2018 through June 2018, reflected an
improvement to “meets” expectations in all areas. During that
time period, however, in March 2018, Galvan received a Writ-
ten Counseling relating that he failed to ensure the safety of
an 8-week-old infant by failing to ensure that the family case
manager was given appropriate guidance support and direc-
tion while on call. (Doc. 109-3 at 60). Galvan had given ap-
proval for the family case manager to not complete a safety
plan because, according to Galvan, the pediatrician had not
expressed any concern with the infant’s injury and explana-
tion. The Written Counseling noted that the local office direc-
tor, Heman, spoke with the pediatrician, who expressed im-
minent concerns regarding the injury, explanation, and lack
of a safety plan, and that the pediatrician informed her that
the concern was expressed at the time of the release. The Writ-
ten Counseling noted that the result was that the child was
left in a home without a safety plan where the parents did not
acknowledge a concern. The Written Counseling noted that to
correct those concerns, Galvan needed to review Chapter
Four in policy and implement a process to ensure assessments
are thoroughly initiated and children are safe before the fam-
ily case manager leaves the assessment location. Galvan was
also instructed to ensure that families with assessments have
a safety plan or community action plan reviewed with them
by the family case manager prior to ending the initial visit
with the parent or caregiver, and to assure that child safety is
the utmost priority.

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10 No. 22-2462
Galvan received a second disciplinary action on October
1, 2018, in the form of a Written Reprimand. (Doc. 109-3 at 62)
That report expressed concerns with Galvan’s judgment re-
garding child safety, because Heman received information re-
garding a domestic violence assessment in which Galvan ad-
vised the family case manager to find that allegations were
not substantiated. Further review by another family case
manager supervisor determined it was necessary to remove
the children and provide service to the family. The Written
Reprimand indicated concern that Galvan failed to use critical
thinking and good judgment when guiding the family case
manager through the assessment regarding the safety of the
children, and that Galvan did not thoroughly evaluate the as-
sessment while utilizing the 4.22 Policy: Making an Assess-
ment Finding. The Written Reprimand also took issue with
Galvan’s conduct as a supervisor. It related that during the
period from September 5 through September 14, 2018, con-
cerns were brought to the attention of the local office director
that Galvan used negative statements toward staff. It further
noted that Galvan admitted that he did not have time to
“baby” staff and that it seemed to him that they had been ba-
bied by their previous supervisor. In his deposition, Galvan
acknowledged that he told a staff member that he was not go-
ing to “baby” her and that such conduct was unprofessional
of him, but Galvan asserted that he did not believe it war-
ranted a written reprimand. (Doc. 59-1, Galvan Dep. at 108,
115.) The reprimand also provided that Galvan, as a family
case manager supervisor, failed to address concerns with one
of his family case managers in a professional manner, ad-
dressing those concerns in a group rather than in a one-on-
one setting, and instead of addressing the situation as an op-
portunity for improvement, stating that the worker could be

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No. 22-2462 11
written up or fired. His behavior was deemed to be unprofes-
sional in violation of the Code of Conduct. He was tasked
with taking corrective actions, including using the Safety As-
sessment Tool and Risk Assessment Tool to thoroughly eval-
uate all assessments, use the Safety Staffing Guide to best as-
sess child safety during each safety staffing with his unit, and
to review the Code of Conduct, Section IV, Supervising Em-
ployees. Galvan asserts that in November 2018, the state court
determined that the children should not have been removed
from the home, which was consistent with his initial recom-
mendation. On November 8, he approached Crum to discuss
reconsidering the written reprimand in light of that develop-
ment, but before such a meeting could be pursued, she in-
formed him that he would face a predeprivation meeting that
day with respect to complaints made by a subordinate about
him.
Those complaints, made on October 30, 2018, were by one
of the subordinates Galvan was temporarily supervising,
family case manager Kristina Nigg. She complained to
Heman about the conduct of Galvan that had occurred on
three occasions. She first related that on October 19, 2018, a
unit breakfast that she attended with Galvan’s team consisted
of conversations making fun of coworkers, creating an un-
comfortable situation for her. She further asserted that on Oc-
tober 25, 2018, she completed a placement and called Galvan
for advice after finding out that the grandparents had custody
of the child she was placing back into their care, and he stated
that he would talk about it the next day. When she expressed
concern to him the next day about why she had to wait for
advice overnight when he was in the office until 8 pm that
night, he advised her that she was thereby relaying to him
that she was stressed and that she would not be able to handle

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12 No. 22-2462
things after 4:30 pm. He further informed her that her assess-
ments and detentions would start going on call, apparently
meaning that they would be redistributed to other employees
after that hour. Finally, Nigg related that on October 29, 2018,
she was at an assessment for a drug-exposed infant and
stepped outside the mother’s residence to call Galvan. An-
other family case manager, Elise Wilson, remained in the
room with the client and was a witness to what followed.
Nigg stated that Galvan yelled at her on the phone—loudly
enough to be heard through the phone by Wilson in the next
room with the client—and told her not to have discussions
with him in front of the client. She tried to clear up the situa-
tion with him, informing him that she was not in the room
with the client, but he was dismissive of her claim and was
adamant that she was in front of the family.
In response to those complaints by Nigg, Heman informed
Galvan on October 30 via text message that he would no
longer be supervising Nigg. Heman subsequently met with
Galvan to discuss Nigg’s complaints on Friday, November 2.
As to the complaint relating to conduct on October 19,1
1 Although the district court noted that it did not appear that the com-
plaint as to the October 19 conduct – allowing the mocking of coworkers—
was discussed at the November 2 meeting with Heman, Galvan’s deposi-
tion testimony makes clear that it was discussed then. Galvan relates in
his deposition the conversation he had with Heman regarding those alle-
gations by Nigg. And according to the record that conversation could only
have occurred at that November 2nd meeting. Galvan stated that the
meeting on Friday, November 2, was the only opportunity that he had to
speak with Heman between the time of Nigg’s complaint on October 30
and his termination because Heman was unavailable to talk to him before
November 2, and Heman never spoke with him after that date because she
resigned from her job effective immediately on Sunday November 4.

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No. 22-2462 13
Galvan explained in the deposition that his team was always
making fun of other people, criticizing their work and how
they did their work, and that he was present but was not a
part of it in that he did not join their conversation. (Doc. 59-1,
Galvan Dep. at 163.) He stated that Heman responded to him
that he could not let that happen—could not let team mem-
bers talk about other workers. (Id. at 164.) He agreed that he
should have known that and that it was common sense, but
stated that when the team members were having such conver-
sations amongst themselves, he was not going to reprimand
them when the conversations were with each other and not
him.
Heman also discussed Nigg’s complaints regarding the
safety plan of October 25 and his manner of communicating
with her. (Id. at 155–57.) Galvan stated that Heman showed
him the safety plan from that date and asked him if he
thought it was a good safety plan. Heman also told him that
Nigg said he yelled at her and that he did not support her. He
agreed that if he had seen that safety plan, he would not have
accepted it and would have asked her to do another one, and
he disputed her claim that he had not been supportive with
her. (Id. at 156.) Galvan asked Heman if the situation was
something that was going in the direction of being escalated
from a discipline standpoint, and she replied that she did not
know and that she was just trying to gather information about
what happened with respect to Nigg. (Id. at 136–37).
Because Heman resigned from her job over the weekend
following that meeting, Galvan had no further communica-
tion with Heman beyond that point. On the following Thurs-
day, November 8, Crum informed him that they were going
to have a predeprivation hearing with him “about Ms. Nigg

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14 No. 22-2462
and what happened with her a couple weeks ago,” and he re-
sponded “Okay.” (Id. at 170.) She informed him that he
needed to get a witness to attend with him, and he asked a
supervisor to accompany him, and that person agreed to do
so. In his deposition, Galvan stated that he knew what a pre-
deprivation hearing was but had never been a part of one. (Id.
at 171.) He stated that he knew that it was utilized where
someone was going to be subjected to a more serious disci-
pline like termination or days without pay or “things of that
nature,” and that they would be finding facts in the hearing
to make that determination. Id. At that meeting, Heman and
Galvan discussed those complaints made by Nigg, and Gal-
van explained his perception of those incidents. Galvan stated
in his deposition that he was able to fully explain his version
of events regarding what happened with Nigg at the hearing,
and responded that there were no documents that he would
have submitted or witnesses that he would have wanted to
call because he did not have any. (Id. at 172.) In addition to
Galvan and Crum, the hearing was attended by an interim di-
rector, Ms. Crumbaugh, and Galvan’s witness. (Id. at 170,
173.) Following the hearing, the decision was made to termi-
nate Galvan, and Crum informed Galvan of the determination
that day. The termination letter subsequently provided to him
stated that he failed to provide appropriate supervision to an
employee in the field nor did he provide appropriate over-
sight and guidance around safety planning. It further de-
clared that he did not follow procedure regarding safety staff-
ing or review safety plans created by the family case manager
regarding assessment. The conduct was deemed to violate the
Code of Conduct, policy 4.41, 4.18, and 4.19 and resulted in
the determination to terminate his employment.

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No. 22-2462 15
Galvan asserts that the termination was based on race and
sex discrimination, asserting that he is a large Mexican male
who can be wrongly perceived as scary or intimidating. He
has no direct evidence that his termination was based on race
or sex discrimination and disclaims reliance on the McDon-
nell-Douglas test to raise an inference of discrimination, alt-
hough some of his arguments mirror that approach. He relies
on circumstantial evidence, and particularly focuses on the ar-
gument that a discriminatory motive can be inferred where
the employer’s reason for the termination lacks a basis in the
record.
That argument cannot withstand scrutiny of the record.
As set forth above, the record demonstrates a number of com-
ments through the years relating to the conduct that led to his
termination. Even in the earlier years under the previous su-
pervisor, his evaluations which found that he “meets expec-
tations” nevertheless repeatedly included comments regard-
ing Galvan’s professionalism relating to communication and
safety reports. After he became a supervisor, the record re-
veals that his supervisor received complaints regarding his
interactions from internal and external customers, including
complaints from participants regarding behavior during a
community meeting, hotline staff, managers, staff members,
and subordinates, as well as a concern expressed by a pedia-
trician.
Galvan argues that those complaints were wrong and that
his conduct was proper. He points, for instances, to the writ-
ten reprimand, contending that the state court’s later decision
validated his position, and he argues that a family case man-
ager was violating procedures in calling after hours when he
rebuffed her, and that Nigg failed to produce the safety

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16 No. 22-2462
assessments when asked by him to do so. His argument that
the subordinates were at fault because they were violating
procedures would miss the mark even if their fault was rele-
vant, because the complaints concerned his tone and manner
in addressing the subordinates and other persons, and his
failure to follow the process and ensure proper preparation of
safety reports.
Moreover, his arguments on those bases miss the point.
The question is not whether the employer was right in siding
with the complainants, and it is not whether he was a good
employee or one who needed to be terminated. The relevant
question is whether the record supports his claim of discrim-
ination, and specifically as argued by Galvan, whether the
record lacks support for the employer’s claim that the termi-
nation was based on his performance such that it would sup-
port an inference of a discriminatory reason. Here, the record
reveals complaints regarding his performance by third parties
who interacted with him, and he has not argued that those
complainants themselves possessed any discriminatory mo-
tive. Galvan does not argue that the complainants were con-
spiring with the supervisor to falsely accuse him of improper
behavior, or that they were involved in the termination deci-
sion in any way. Therefore, the record reflects that individuals
uninvolved in the termination decision complained of prob-
lematic behavior by Galvan, and the employer investigated
and credited those complaints. Moreover, the complaints
were consistently regarding his professionalism in communi-
cating, in reviewing and assessing safety plans in a timely
manner, and in his ability to follow the process even when he
disagreed with it. That problem is not extinguished by prov-
ing that the ultimate determination was correct, or that the
subordinate was also at fault. And Galvan acknowledged the

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No. 22-2462 17
validity of many of the complaints that appear in his annual
appraisal and his written reprimand, including hanging up
on a subordinate calling for help, loudly scolding a subordi-
nate whom he believed was calling in front of the family, stat-
ing that he would not “baby” his team members, failing to in-
tervene when team members regularly mocked coworkers,
and being the “why guy,” regularly questioning determina-
tions as to safety plans and procedures made by supervisors,
and failing to both ensure that Nigg provided the safety as-
sessment in a timely manner and to review it before Heman
presented it to him. The purported reason for the termination
decision is consistent with the complaints made in those prior
adverse determinations and thus does not lack support in the
record such as would support an inference of discrimination.
Nor does Galvan provide any other circumstantial evi-
dence that would allow a jury to conclude that the termina-
tion was motivated by discrimination. He complained in the
district court that he was not chosen for a transfer on four oc-
casions but does not develop that argument in his brief to this
court. Those denials do not therefore support an inference of
race or sex discrimination. Galvan has failed to identify any
other circumstantial evidence in the record that, considered in
the totality of the record as a whole, would support an infer-
ence of race or sex discrimination. The district court properly
granted summary judgment to the defendants on those
claims.
Finally, this not a case in which the circumstances them-
selves cast doubt on the genuineness of the employer’s al-
leged motivations, or the employer enforces the policy in an
objectively unreasonable manner, such as would allow a jury
to infer pretext. See Stalter v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 195 F.3d 285

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18 No. 22-2462
(7th Cir. 1999), Huff v. Buttigieg, 42 F.4th 638 (7th Cir. 2022). In
Stalter, the employee had eaten some chips from an open bag
left on the countertop in the lunchroom, the owner of the
chips who then retrieved the bag considered it “no big deal,”
and evidence established that open food left on the table in
the lunchroom was considered by employees to be aban-
doned and available for others to eat. Id. at 287. Wal-Mart
characterized Stalter’s actions, in eating some chips from a
bag, as theft and therefore “gross misconduct,” and termi-
nated him without first imposing any lesser level of disci-
pline. Id. at 287–88. Stalter had presented evidence that Wal-
Mart had not terminated another employee who committed
gross misconduct, so its claim that it was mandatory to termi-
nate him did not “pass the straight-face test.” Id. at 290–91.
Moreover, we noted that the discipline in light of the alleged
infraction was “akin to swatting a fly with a sledge hammer.”
Id. at 290. We held that those circumstances were sufficient to
demonstrate an issue of fact as to pretext which would allow
an inference of discrimination. Id. at 291–92. Thus, when the
basis for the termination is objectively unworthy of belief, a
jury may infer pretext. See also Huff, 42 F.4th at 648 (“[a] jury
may infer pretext when an employer enforces a policy in an
objectively unreasonable way.”)
Here, we have no such circumstances. Galvan has not
identified other employees for whom similar actions yielded
a more permissive disciplinary result. He admits that he
never reviewed the safety plan prepared by Nigg even
though a number of days had passed. Although he claims that
Nigg repeatedly did not have the safety plan when asked for
it, as the supervisor it was Galvan’s responsibility to conduct
that review and thus, considered objectively, his actions in
failing to acquire the safety plan and review could be

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No. 22-2462 19
considered deficient. Moreover, he had received lesser sanc-
tions in the form of a written counseling and a written repri-
mand, as well as a Needs Improvement appraisal designa-
tion, for shortcomings relating to safety plans and supervi-
sion. The seriousness of a safety plan is obvious, so we are not
presented with a trivial infraction of no import. In short, this
case does not present the type of objectively unreasonable ac-
tion by an employer that would signal pretext and allow an
inference of discrimination. On this record, the district court
did not err in granting summary judgment to the defendants
as to the discrimination claims.
II.
Galvan also alleges a claim of retaliation. In order to sur-
vive summary judgment on such a Title VII retaliation claim,
Galvan must produce evidence from which a reasonable jury
could find that: (1) he engaged in a statutorily protected ac-
tivity; (2) he suffered an adverse employment action; and (3)
there was a causal link between the protected activity and the
adverse action. Alley v. Penguin Random House, 62 F.4th 358,
361 (7th Cir. 2023). He asserts that he engaged in a statutorily
protected activity when he complained in August 2018 that
he believed he was being treated differently because he is
Mexican and a “big guy, scary looking, according to people.”
He also asserts that on the day of his termination, November
8, he complained to Crum, but the only “complaint” that day
was that his written reprimand should be reconsidered in
light of a court case reversing the children’s removal from the
family. That November 8 complaint, which did not involve
any claim of race or sex discrimination at all, was not a statu-
torily protected activity and is not relevant to the retaliation
claim. We focus therefore on the August 2018 complaint,

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20 No. 22-2462
which is the only discrimination complaint properly set forth
in the record. Galvan asserts that the written reprimand and
termination constituted retaliation for that complaint which
constituted protected activity. The reprimand had no adverse
impact on his employment, so we consider only his claim that
there was a causal connection between the complaint and his
termination. See Scaife v. United States Dept. of Veterans Affairs,
49 F.4th 1109, 1119 (7th Cir. 2022) (in a retaliation claim, “a
documented reprimand alone is not an adverse action
‘[a]bsent some tangible job consequence.’”); Muldrow v. City
of St. Louis, Missouri, 601 U.S. ___, 144 S. Ct. 967, 975–76 (2024).
The record does not support any such causal connection. Gal-
van relies on suspicious timing and the pretextual nature of
the termination decision as support for that causal connec-
tion, but we have already held that the record does not sup-
port pretext in this case, and suspicious timing alone “is gen-
erally insufficient to establish a retaliatory motivation.” Jokich
v. Rush Univ. Med. Ctr., 42 F.4th 626, 634 (7th Cir. 2022). Here,
a complaint by a third party, Nigg, triggered the investigation
and termination, thus further negating the argument that the
termination was causally connected to his complaint months
before. Id. (noting that “any inference of causation supported
by temporal proximity may be negated by circumstances
providing an alternative explanation for the challenged ac-
tion.”) Galvan has presented insufficient evidence to support
his claim of retaliation, and the district court properly granted
summary judgment on that claim as well.
III.
Finally, Galvan also asserts that the district court erred in
granting summary judgment against him on his claim that he
was denied procedural due process in his termination. He

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No. 22-2462 21
alleges that the termination of his employment constituted a
deprivation of a property interest without due process.
The path to summary judgment on this issue in the district
court was a tortured one. In the defendants’ initial motion for
summary judgment on the discrimination and due process is-
sues, their brief lacked any argument as to the due process
claim. Accordingly, the district court denied summary judg-
ment as to that claim but granted it as to the discrimination
claim. The defendants then filed a second motion for sum-
mary judgment, arguing this time that Galvan’s due process
claim should fail because: (1) Galvan lacked a property inter-
est in his employment under the Fourteenth Amendment;
and (2) the named defendants were not amenable to suit un-
der the Constitution. The defendants also argued that defend-
ant Crum was entitled to qualified immunity from the suit.
The defendants did not develop any argument that Galvan
was provided with sufficient process under the Constitution
beyond a single sentence, in the argument as to the property
interest, stating that the plaintiff was provided notice and a
predeprivation meeting.
The plaintiff in response to that summary judgment mo-
tion refuted the defendants’ arguments for summary judg-
ment and also argued that the process provided to him failed
to meet the standard of due process. In their Reply in Support
of Summary Judgment, the defendants finally argued on the
merits that the predeprivation procedures provided to Gal-
van satisfied the requirements of due process. Galvan submit-
ted a surreply, again arguing that the procedures provided to
him pre-termination failed to comport with the requirements
of the Due Process Clause.

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22 No. 22-2462
The district court held that the pre-termination proceed-
ings made available to Galvan comported with the limited
due process standards applicable in this context. The district
court also held, in the alternative, that if the predeprivation
procedures required by the Indiana State personnel policies
were not followed, then the actions of the employees provid-
ing that predeprivation hearing were “random and unauthor-
ized,” and that Galvan had not challenged the adequacy of
the post-deprivation remedy—namely a full adversarial evi-
dentiary hearing before the Indiana State Employees’ Appeals
Commission (“SEAC”) that occurred two years after his ter-
mination. Neither party had argued that the defendant’s ac-
tions were random and unauthorized, nor that the post-ter-
mination proceedings were sufficient, and Galvan argues that
the district court erred in relying on an argument not raised
by the parties without providing the parties notice and an op-
portunity to respond. See Fed. R. Civ. P. § 56(f)(2). We need
not address that alternative holding, however, because we
agree that the predeprivation procedures in this case satisfied
the requirement of due process.
In order to demonstrate a violation of procedural due pro-
cess, a plaintiff must establish “(1) a cognizable liberty or
property interest; (2) the deprivation of that interest by some
form of state action; and (3) the failure to employ constitution-
ally adequate procedures.” Dietchweiler by Dietchweiler v. Lu-
cas, 827 F.3d 622, 627 (7th Cir. 2016). The parties do not dis-
pute that Galvan possessed a property interest in his employ-
ment, and indeed the terms of his employment provided that
he could be discharged only for cause. See Cheli v. Taylorville
Cmty. School Dist., 986 F.3d 1035, 1039 (7th Cir. 2021) (noting
that generally a protected property interest in the employ-
ment context arises where the terms of employment allow

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No. 22-2462 23
termination only for cause or otherwise evidence a mutually
explicit understanding of continued employment); Perry v.
Sindermann, 408 U.S. 593, 602–03 (1972).
The next step in analyzing such a claim is to determine
what process was due. In Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319,
335 (1976), the Supreme Court held that the determination as
to what process is due requires a balancing of three factors:
first, the private interest at stake in the deprivation; second,
the risk of an erroneous deprivation and the value, if any, of
additional procedural safeguards; and finally, the govern-
ment’s countervailing interests. In the employment context,
the private interest at stake is high where termination of em-
ployment is involved, and a predeprivation hearing can alle-
viate the risk of erroneous deprivation, often with little addi-
tional burden to the employer. Accordingly, an employee “or-
dinarily has the right to notice and a reasonable opportunity
to respond prior to termination,” even where post-depriva-
tion remedies are available, where such hearing is feasible
and practical. Chaney v. Suburban Bus Div. of Reg’l Transp.
Auth., 52 F.3d 623, 628 (7th Cir. 1995); see also Cleveland Bd. of
Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542 (1985). That proce-
dure “’need not be elaborate and can be satisfied with less
than a full evidentiary hearing.’” Chaney, 52 F.3d at 628, quot-
ing Buttitta v. City of Chicago, 9 F.3d 1198, 1202 (7th Cir. 1993);
see also Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545. “The fundamental require-
ment of due process is the opportunity to be heard at a mean-
ingful time and in a meaningful manner.” (internal quotation
marks omitted) Mathews, 424 U.S. at 333; Snowden, 75 F.4th at
794.
Where a post-termination process is available to allow an
employee to challenge his termination, “the purpose of a pre-

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24 No. 22-2462
termination hearing is not to definitively resolve whether dis-
charge is appropriate, but rather to serve as ‘an initial check
against mistaken decisions—essentially, a determination of
whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the
charges against the employee are true and support the pro-
posed action.’” Snowden, 75 F.4th at 794, quoting Loudermill,
470 U.S. at 545–46. The essential components of such a hearing
are notice of the grounds for the proposed termination and an
opportunity to respond to those grounds prior to termination.
Id. at 795; Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546. Both components of that
pre-deprivation process, the notice and the response, can be
either oral or written. Id. The process need not be elaborate
and is sufficient if it makes the employee aware of the charges
he is facing and provides him an adequate opportunity to re-
spond to those charges before he is terminated. Id.
Galvan argues that the procedures provided to him de-
nied him adequate notice and a meaningful opportunity to be
heard. He focuses on the events of November 8, the day of the
hearing and the termination, and argues that Crum’s state-
ment that he was going to be subjected to a predeprivation
hearing to address “what happened with Nigg a couple of
weeks ago” was insufficient to provide notice of the com-
plaint against him for which he was subjected to discipline.
He asserts generally that the predeprivation procedures failed
to provide him adequate notice of the charge and the potential
discipline and an opportunity to be heard.
Taken in isolation, Crum’s vague statement as to the sub-
ject of the hearing would be insufficient to satisfy due process.
But context matters, and the events of November 8 were a
continuation of a process that began on November 2. On that
day, he was fully apprised of the complaints registered by

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No. 22-2462 25
Nigg regarding his conduct and had an opportunity to review
and address those complaints with Heman. That exposure to
the details of her complaints and the opportunity to gather his
thoughts in response are the backdrop against which the No-
vember 8 predeprivation hearing was conducted. Crum’s
statement as to the subject of the hearing was not vague or
indeterminable in light of the discussion of Nigg’s complaints
with Heman on November 2. And that meeting on November
2 ensured that he would not be blindsided by the charges
without the opportunity to gather his thoughts in rebuttal.
Moreover, he was aware based on that conversation with
Heman that an escalation in discipline was possible. Nothing
in the record supports a holding that he lacked an under-
standing of the nature of the complaint against him or that he
lacked the opportunity to fully present his response to the
charges. In fact, Galvan’s own deposition statements support
a contrary conclusion in that, by his own testimony, he was
aware that predeprivation hearings signaled serious disci-
pline including termination, he was able to fully explain his
version of events regarding what happened with Nigg at the
hearing, and he could not identify any documents that he
would have submitted or witnesses that he would have
wanted to call. The record therefore does not support his ar-
gument that he lacked notice and a meaningful opportunity
to be heard prior to termination. As we stated, the purpose of
the predeprivation hearing is as “an initial check against mis-
taken decisions—essentially, a determination of whether
there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges
against the employee are true and support the proposed ac-
tion.” Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545–46; Gilbert v. Homar, 520 U.S.
924, 929 (1997). The pretermination hearing in this case ful-
filled that role, and a post-deprivation remedy was available

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26 No. 22-2462
to challenge the termination which included a full evidentiary
hearing. Galvan availed himself of that right, but his termina-
tion was upheld following that full evidentiary hearing. The
requirements of due process were fulfilled by those proce-
dures.
IV.
Accordingly, the district court properly granted summary
judgment to the defendants, and the decision of the district
court is AFFIRMED.

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