United States of America v. Andre Bowyer

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 23-3169
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
A NDRE BOWYER ,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Western District of Wisconsin.
No. 3:23CR00056-001 — William M. Conley, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED J UNE 5, 2024 — DECIDED S EPTEMBER 17, 2024
____________________
Before EASTERBROOK, BRENNAN , and JACKSON -A KIWUMI ,
Circuit Judges.
BRENNAN, Circuit Judge. Andre Bowyer, a national of Ja-
maica, pleaded guilty to the crime of re-entering the
United States without permission after previously being re-
moved. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). During his sentencing allocution,
Bowyer sought to stress the ties he had formed to a family

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2 No. 23-3169
here during the year or so between his unlawful reentry and
his arrest on new criminal charges. The district judge inter-
rupted and at great length characterized Bowyer’s account as
lacking insight and unconvincing. After the judge’s com-
ments took up much of Bowyer’s allocution, he asked if
Bowyer had more to say, and Bowyer demurred. In the end,
Bowyer received a below-guidelines sentence.
Bowyer appeals, arguing that there was a violation of his
right at sentencing to make his own statement, in his own
words, and in his own way. Bowyer concedes he did not ob-
ject in the district court, so our review is limited by the plain-
error standard. Bowyer does not offer what he would have
argued had he spoken more during his allocution, or how
those arguments would have led to a lower sentence. So even
if the judge erred (a question we do not answer), Bowyer has
not shown that the error was plain, that it violated his sub-
stantial rights, or that it seriously affected the fairness of the
proceedings.
I. Background
We begin long before the sentencing hearing in dispute
here. Bowyer was born in Jamaica, where he had a relation-
ship with a woman who he believed was the mother of his
child. He discovered later that he was not the child’s father.
He sought to maintain contact with the child, but the mother
stopped responding.
In 2013 Bowyer and others began to perpetrate a phone
scam, falsely telling victims they had won a lottery and
needed to wire tax payments on the winnings to various ac-
counts in Jamaica. In 2016 Bowyer came to the United States
for the first time. He was charged with and pleaded guilty to

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No. 23-3169 3
conspiracy to commit mail fraud in federal court in Louisiana
and in 2017 he received a 78-month prison sentence.
After Bowyer was released he was removed to Jamaica in
2022 and forbidden to reenter the U.S. for 10 years. That same
year he re-entered anyway using fake identification docu-
ments. In the spring of 2022, Bowyer met Elixsa Diaz and her
family of seven children. He moved into their home in Grant
County, Wisconsin, and he says he formed a strong paternal
bond with the children. Within a year of moving in Bowyer
came to government attention on suspicion of again commit-
ting mail fraud. That he was in this country illegally also came
to light. He pleaded guilty to unlawfully entering the United
States after prior removal in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a).
Of course, we were not present at the sentencing hearing,
and our window into the events before, during, and after the
allocution is limited to the transcript. That record of the pro-
ceedings relays that Bowyer was invited to give his allocution.
At the same time the judge said he read a letter Bowyer had
written to the court, which detailed his poverty in Jamaica
and his longing to be a father to someone, especially because
the child he thought was his was not.1 During his allocution,
Bowyer stressed his remorse, his love for the Diaz children,
and his depth of feeling at serving as their father figure when
(according to Bowyer) he was likely unable to have biological
children. Diaz and her children also wrote letters in support,
although their relationship status is unclear, as Bowyer was
not living in their home for two weeks before his arrest.
1 The four-page letter, which we have reviewed, is in the record at
district court DE 19-1.

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4 No. 23-3169
The district judge’s statements focused on his opinion of
Bowyer’s motivation in engaging in the relationship with
Diaz. The judge offered his evaluation of the relationship as
manipulative, both of the family and, in presenting it as a fac-
tor at sentencing, of him. The judge characterized it as “more
… of a relationship … of convenience [for Bowyer] than it is
for Ms. Diaz or her family.” Under the sentencing factors the
judge had to consider, he saw little relevance in this part of
Bowyer’s life. The “worst part” of the allocution to the judge
was that Bowyer “seem[ed] to be still thinking that I’m going
to reduce your sentence because of it.” He sought to disabuse
Bowyer of this notion, saying “I have a responsibility to sen-
tence under factors that are clear under the statute, and you’re
crying about not being able to be a biological father. Can you
understand why this isn’t really pertinent right now?” In the
judge’s view, Bowyer “had to be aware that … the relation-
ship was going to end” because he was not here legally, he
had previously been removed for breaking the law, and he
had apparently started engaging in new acts that constituted
or resembled fraud, thus further increasing his risk of discov-
ery. Despite this Bowyer had permitted the children to be-
come attached to and reliant on him.
The judge’s comments dominated Bowyer’s allocution. As
soon as Bowyer began speaking the judge started talking and
made lengthy comments for most of the allocution. Measured
by pages and lines in the transcript, the judge spoke for more
than 80% of the allocution portion of the sentencing hearing.
As a result, Bowyer argues, he was never able to expand on
his argument for very long.
Our understanding of the allocution is limited to the tran-
script. So far as we know, Bowyer was able to speak long

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No. 23-3169 5
enough to communicate his theory of mitigation. The effect
on Bowyer of the frequency and tone of the judge’s comments
is unclear. Bowyer’s statements and interjections in response
to the judge’s remarks did get shorter. When the judge asked
if there was anything else Bowyer would like to add, Bow-
yer’s final statement was: “Your Honor, I just want to say I’m
sorry to Ms. Diaz. I’m really sorry. I really do—really do.” The
record yields no reason to conclude that Bowyer had more
comments to offer, on this mitigation argument or other top-
ics. Whether this is a result of Bowyer’s feeling cowed or of
his having nothing more to say is not plain.
II. Analysis
Because he did not object at sentencing, Bowyer concedes
we review for plain error. See United States v. Cunningham,
883 F.3d 690, 698 n.21 (7th Cir. 2018); United States v. Luepke,
495 F.3d 443, 448 (7th Cir. 2007). To warrant reversal for plain
error, we must reach four conclusions: that an error occurred,
that it was plain, that it affected substantial rights, and that
the error seriously affected the “fairness, integrity, or public
reputation” of judicial proceedings. Greer v. United States,
593 U.S. 503, 507–08 (2021); see F ED. R. C RIM . P. 52(b).
If the first and second prongs are satisfied in a denial-of-
allocution case, this circuit presumes that the error affected
substantial rights (the third prong). Luepke, 495 F.3d at 451.
While this presumption has been called into question,
see United States v. Noel, 581 F.3d 490, 505 (7th Cir. 2009)
(Easterbrook, C.J., concurring), we treat the presumption as
rebuttable. None of our case law suggests that it cannot be
overcome by countervailing evidence in a particular case.

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6 No. 23-3169
We first consider whether an error occurred, a question we
leave unresolved. The parties cite United States v. Covington,
in which there was no error even when the district judge in-
terrupted repeatedly during a defendant’s allocution. 681
F.3d 908 (7th Cir. 2012). Important to that case was that the
interjections were phrased neutrally with the purpose of re-
turning the allocution from stray topics back to the defend-
ant’s arguments in mitigation. Id. at 909. Here, some of the
district court’s interruptions were to tell Bowyer why the re-
lationship with Diaz and her children was not relevant. But in
Covington the defendant was able to speak for quite some
time—around six pages of the transcript—before the first in-
terruption. Id. at 911. And some of the district judge’s remarks
here were more than friendly questions to keep him on-topic.
They veered into a running commentary during Bowyer’s
time to allocute. A de novo review of Bowyer’s sentencing,
then, might pose difficult questions.
Our review, however, is limited to plain error, and some
factors weigh against Bowyer’s interpretation of his ex-
changes with the district judge. Despite the frequency of the
interruptions, the judge never attempted to end the allocution
early or tell Bowyer he could not speak. The judge also solic-
ited further comments at the end of the allocution, and
Bowyer briefly responded. Bowyer has not noted additional
arguments he wanted to make during the allocution but omit-
ted because of how much the judge spoke. Cf. United States v.
Greer, 593 U.S. 503, 509 (2021) (observing, in context of chal-
lenge to conviction, that defendants on plain-error review
may demonstrate prejudice in their appellate briefs by ex-
plaining what else they could have shown the district court if
given a chance). Ultimately, the record is unclear as to
whether Bowyer was so daunted that the chance to speak

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No. 23-3169 7
further was meaningless, or he had said all he wished. Thus,
we would struggle to conclude, especially from the black-
and-white of a transcript, whether there was error here.
Even if there was error (again, which we do not decide),
we conclude that it is not plain. Error can be “plain” only
when unambiguous case law instructs the court against it.
See Noel, 581 F.3d at 502 (concluding error of not personally
addressing defendant was plain because Supreme Court had
explicitly instructed district courts to do so). Our court has not
explicitly stated when error is plain in this circumstance. A
fellow circuit has held in an allocution case that any possible
error was not plain because it did not contradict settled prec-
edent from the Supreme Court or prior in-circuit cases. United
States v. Jimenez, 61 F.4th 1281, 1289 (10th Cir. 2023) (affirming
sentence when district judge stops short of “definitively an-
nouncing” sentence before allocution but implicitly limiting
scope of allocution). The same is true here. The dearth of law
on circumstances like these precludes any potential error
from being “plain.” As Bowyer’s skillful counsel argued be-
fore us, this case is unique. Covington is the only case with
somewhat similar circumstances of frequent interruptions,
and there was no error in that case. 681 F.3d at 911.
Even if there was plain error, Bowyer’s appeal falters on
the third and fourth prongs of the plain-error test, regardless
of a presumption of prejudice applying to the third prong.
That presumption stems from the difficulty of discerning the
effect on a sentence of a colloquy that never happened. Luepke,
495 F.3d at 451. That is not a concern here: Bowyer described
his theory of mitigation, orally and in writing, so the judge
could evaluate it. Without speculation, we know that the
judge saw Bowyer building a relationship under threat of

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8 No. 23-3169
removal as manipulative and damaging for the children, who
grew attached to a man who could not remain in the country
after his prior removal for criminal activity. With no indica-
tion in the record or on appeal that Bowyer had any further
arguments, we can conclude that further allocution along
these lines would not have convinced a judge who already
thought the contention was irrelevant. Cf. Greer, 593 U.S. at
509.
Allocution is a keystone of criminal procedure, see gener-
ally F ED. R. C RIM . P. 32(i)(4)(A)(ii), with a long and important
history in the common law. Green v. United States, 365 U.S.
301, 304 (1961). As the Court noted, notwithstanding major
changes in criminal procedure since the seventeenth century,
the procedural rule permitting allocution has never been
limited, nor has the need been lessened for the defendant to
personally “present to the court his plea in mitigation.” Id. Im-
portant to the Court was that this criminal rule afforded the
defendant the opportunity to speak as well as to present mit-
igating information. Id. Revisions to the rule have not altered
those two prerogatives.
As a formal chance to speak directly to the judge, allocu-
tion allows a defendant to (among other things) express
remorse, accept responsibility, and explain personal circum-
stances. Allocution should be construed broadly so defend-
ants have the latitude to address any information that might
mitigate their sentence. Covington, 681 F.3d at 910. Hearing ar-
guments directly from the defendant may convince a sentenc-
ing judge in a way that a polished argument from counsel
could not. Green, 365 U.S. at 304.
Even so, our precedents hold that denial of the right to al-
locution is “not a fundamental defect” automatically—so we

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No. 23-3169 9
may look to the facts to see if the proceedings were seriously
damaged. United States v. Pitre, 504 F.3d 657, 663 (7th Cir.
2007) (quoting Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 428 (1962)).
Here, we cannot conclude that the proceedings were funda-
mentally unfair. Bowyer’s opportunity to allocute was not
completely overlooked or affirmatively withheld. See Noel,
581 F.3d at 504. He spoke for about 40 lines in the transcript
(a little over a page and a half). The defense also had oppor-
tunities outside the allocution to offer arguments in mitiga-
tion. As an example, before the hearing, Bowyer submitted
the detailed four-page letter that the district judge considered.
See United States v. Yankey, 56 F.4th 554, 558 (7th Cir. 2023) (ac-
knowledging that reading defendant’s sentencing letter can
be evidence that arguments in mitigation were considered).
Once both parties had agreed on the guidelines range, the
prosecutor made a brief statement and Bowyer’s counsel
made a longer argument, in which he also mentioned Diaz.
Although the district judge was critical of defense counsel’s
arguments and interjected several times, the transcript shows
the judge was listening closely. He responded to the defense
raising Diaz and her children as a factor in mitigation, re-
marking that it made him feel “manipulated and used.” The
judge also gave counsel a chance to respond to these criti-
cisms, and the judge was attentive to any further arguments,
raising with counsel that there was a “third thing” counsel
had previously wanted to mention but had not. Finally, the
sentence Bowyer received was below the guidelines range, in-
dicating Bowyer did receive some of the clemency he asked
for. We also see no reasonable prospect of a greater down-
ward variance. So as to the fourth prong, the asserted error
did not seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public repu-
tation of judicial proceedings.

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10 No. 23-3169
This opinion, constrained by the plain-error standard,
should not be read as accepting frequent and lengthy inter-
ruptions of a defendant during allocution. Without being pre-
sent at the sentencing, we cannot assess the “mood in the
room.” Just so, district judges should hesitate to leave an im-
pression, even in a transcript, of impatience or discourage-
ment during the important moment the defendant addresses
the judge. Defendants must be shown that they are free to
speak to the court whose sentence will determine their liberty.
See Covington, 681 F.3d at 911. District judges may certainly
ask questions, see id. at 909, and sometimes they may feel ob-
ligated to do so, including to ensure the topics in an allocution
remain relevant. But care should be taken to ensure that judi-
cial comments do not dominate the time for allocution or re-
peatedly criticize an argument that a defendant has offered,
especially after the judge’s point has been well established.
For these reasons, we conclude that Bowyer has not met
the plain-error test for reversal.
A FFIRMED.

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No. 23-3169 11
JACKSON -A KIWUMI , Circuit Judge, dissenting. At a sentenc-
ing hearing, the court must respect the defendant’s need to
“be personally afforded the opportunity to speak” and “pre-
sent to the court his plea in mitigation.” Green v. United States,
365 U.S. 301, 304 (1961). The Federal Rules of Criminal Proce-
dure codify this entitlement in Rule 32(i)(4)(A)(ii) by requir-
ing the sentencing court to “permit the defendant to speak or
present any information to mitigate the sentence” (emphasis
added). Focusing only on the right to present mitigating ar-
guments, my colleagues conclude that, even if the court erred
by repeatedly and contentiously interrupting defendant An-
dre Bowyer, that error was not plain; did not prejudice him;
and did not affect the fairness, integrity, or public reputation
of judicial proceedings. But the majority opinion views the
sentencing transcript too generously while defining Bowyer’s
right of allocution—which has a history dating back to
1689 — too narrowly. See Green, 365 U.S. at 304 (noting the
common-law right of allocution). “When it comes to allocu-
tion—the defendant’s own chance to tell his story—it is hard
to see how incessant interruptions from the court could ever
be helpful.” United States v. Covington, 681 F.3d 908, 912 (7th
Cir. 2012) (Wood, J., dissenting). I therefore respectfully dis-
sent.
Beginning with the first element of the plain-error stand-
ard, the majority opinion evades the conclusion that the
court’s frequent interruptions constituted error. In my view,
the sentencing transcript makes a conclusion of error una-
voidable. As my colleagues note, the judge speaks for 80% of
what should be Bowyer’s opportunity for allocution. But
worse is that, just as Bowyer begins to speak, the judge inter-
jects to address Elixsa Diaz by stating how unfortunate it is
that Bowyer has defrauded her. This is after Bowyer says only

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12 No. 23-3169
13 words and before he can complete a single sentence. And
the rest of Bowyer’s attempt at allocution is no different. The
judge berates Bowyer repeatedly and at length—calling him
“manipulat[ive]” and saying he was “painting a pic-
ture . . . that has nothing to do with the true reality”—despite
Bowyer’s profuse attempts to apologize for the harm he had
caused.
The court violated Rule 32(i)(4)(A)(ii) and deprived Bow-
yer of his right to a meaningful allocution. The majority opin-
ion equivocates because Bowyer does not explain what more
he would have said, because the judge never told Bowyer he
could not speak, and because perhaps the judge was attempt-
ing to keep Bowyer focused on topics the judge felt were more
relevant. I believe these arguments do not affect whether error
occurred for two reasons. First, the majority conflates the er-
ror and prejudice prongs of plain-error review: the court’s ac-
tions are the error, and whatever else Bowyer was prevented
from saying can inform whether that error prejudiced him.
Second, even if the court were trying to guide Bowyer to top-
ics the court believed more relevant, the right of allocution is
not just a right to present arguments in mitigation; it sepa-
rately entitles a defendant to “speak for himself.” Green,
365 U.S. at 304. Although the court did not say in so many
words that Bowyer had to stop speaking, its frequent, con-
frontational interruptions had the same effect. In doing so, the
court “reduced to a formality” Bowyer’s right of allocution,
United States v. Barnes, 948 F.2d 325, 331 (7th Cir. 1991), and
“did not afford him a meaningful opportunity to address the
court prior to the imposition of sentence,” United States v.
Luepke, 495 F.3d 443, 444 (7th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added).
Bowyer’s allocution was over almost as soon as it began.

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No. 23-3169 13
Even if the court did err, the majority opinion says, that
error was not plain. I respectfully disagree. My colleagues rely
on an out-of-circuit decision, United States v. Jimenez, 61 F.4th
1281 (10th Cir. 2023), for the proposition that an error is not
plain unless it directly offends past precedent. Id. at 1289. But
no such requirement to have on-point precedent exists: an er-
ror is plain so long as it is “clear or obvious, rather than sub-
ject to reasonable dispute.” Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S.
129, 135 (2009). It is in the qualified immunity context where
a closely analogous case is required; neither the Supreme
Court nor this court has ever equated a “clear or obvious” er-
ror with the violation of “clearly established” law that negates
qualified immunity. An error can be plain or obvious for rea-
sons other than running afoul of prior judicial decisions. It
could, as in this case, be plain because it conflicts with the
Federal Rules. The court did not “permit the defendant to
speak” or to “present any information to mitigate the sen-
tence” in any meaningful way. F ED. R. C RIM . P. 32(i)(4)(A)(ii).
As the judge acknowledged on the record, Bowyer was crying
by the end of his frustrated allocution. The constant, needless
interruptions deprived Bowyer of the right to express himself.
Further, the court’s actions affected Bowyer’s substantial
rights. My colleagues say that Bowyer cannot enjoy the pre-
sumption of prejudice that we have recognized for a defend-
ant deprived of the right of allocution. Luepke, 495 F.3d at 451.
Here again the majority focuses on Bowyer’s inability to iden-
tify “further arguments” he would have made at sentencing
were he allowed to complete a sentence, which leads the ma-
jority to “conclude that further allocution . . . would not have
convinced a judge.” But the presumption exists precisely to
“avoid[] our speculation about what the defendant might
have said had the right been properly afforded him.” Id.

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14 No. 23-3169
Therefore, we have concluded previously that even where a
defendant-appellant “has not submitted that he would have
said anything different” during allocution, the plain error still
affects substantial rights. See United States v. Noel, 581 F.3d
490, 503 (7th Cir. 2009) (citing Green, 365 U.S. at 304).
Even if Bowyer’s letter and his stymied efforts at allocu-
tion mentioned all the topics he wished to cover—he was not
obliged to tell us if that is so—the plain error prejudiced him.
“[I]t is not only the content of the defendant’s words that can
influence a court, but also the way he says them.” Id. But be-
fore Bowyer even began speaking, the judge remarked, “I did
read your letter with some care, and I don’t—I don’t know if
you’re lying to yourself or to me.” Bowyer thus faced hostility
ahead of, and during, his allocution; was prevented from
speaking at any length; and ultimately gave up. In my view,
this is “hard evidence of prejudice,” Covington, 681 F.3d at 914
(Wood, J., dissenting), even though in this situation, prejudice
ought to be presumed.
The nature of the right at issue leads to another form of
prejudice when it is trampled. The error insults the defend-
ant’s dignity when he is at his most vulnerable—poised to
learn how long he will lose his liberty. Bowyer’s right to speak
was not limited to articulating arguments that the court
would find persuasive. Rather, we have conceived of the right
of allocution as a “personal one.” Luepke, 495 F.3d at 449. Al-
locution can also allow defendants to “speak their mind,” and
it has a humanizing function, independent of any mitigatory
purpose. See Kimberly A. Thomas, Beyond Mitigation: Towards
a Theory of Allocution, 75 F ORDHAM L. R EV. 2641, 2667 (2007).
Alternatively framed as a “right to be heard,” it is “minimally
invasive” and gives the defendant “a few moments of court

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No. 23-3169 15
time” during one of the court’s “weighty responsibilit[ies].”
Barnes, 948 F.2d at 331.
Finally, the majority concludes that any error here is not
the kind that seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings. This cannot be squared
with what we have said about the value of the right of allocu-
tion: it “maximiz[es] the perceived equity of the process,” per-
mits the defendant to “plead for mercy,” and “enable[s] our
system of justice to mete out punishment in the most equita-
ble fashion possible.” Id. at 328. My colleagues say that this is
the “rare” case in which the infringement of the right of allo-
cution “did not implicate these core values,” Luepke, 495 F.3d
at 452, because Bowyer was able to submit a written letter and
because the judge was attentive at sentencing. But neither of
those facts is responsive to whether Bowyer received the ex-
pressive benefits of a meaningful allocution. Moreover, a de-
fendant whose words have been ridiculed could surely fear
that, if he continued to speak, he could detrimentally affect
his sentence. So too could a member of the public sitting in the
gallery come away with an unfavorable impression about the
fairness and integrity of sentencing proceedings.
The majority ends by cautioning that the plain-error
standard drives its decision, which should not be read to con-
done frequent or lengthy interruptions. True, my colleagues
do not endorse the court’s actions, but their application of the
standard is not consistent with the gravity of a right “so
highly prized for so sound a reason for so long a time [which]
deserves to be rigorously enforced.” Green, 365 U.S. at 311
(Black, J., dissenting). Today’s decision dilutes the right of al-
locution and “soften[s] the blow of nonenforcement.” Id. For
this reason, I respectfully dissent.

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