United States of America v. Rhonda Sutton

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921
U NITED STATES OF A MERICA ,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
R HONDA S UTTON,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________
Appeals from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 18-cr-380-5 — Jorge L. Alonso, Judge.
____________________
A RGUED SEPTEMBER 26, 2024 — D ECIDED FEBRUARY 7, 2025
____________________
Before EASTERBROOK , ST . EVE , and P RYOR , Circuit Judges.
ST . EVE , Circuit Judge. Rhonda Sutton brought these ap-
peals after her conviction and sentencing for conspiracy to
commit health care fraud. She challenges the district court’s
denial of her request to substitute appointed counsel, claim-
ing a deprivation of her Sixth Amendment right to counsel of
choice. This challenge fails because a defendant has no right
to insist on counsel she cannot afford. Sutton also challenges

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2 Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921
one condition of her supervised release as unconstitutionally
vague and overbroad. She waived this challenge, however,
because she had notice and an opportunity to make the objec-
tion in the district court, she submitted other sentencing chal-
lenges, and she declined reading of the conditions and their
justifications at sentencing. This precludes our appellate re-
view.
I. Background
Rhonda Sutton was charged with conspiracy to commit
health care fraud. At her arraignment in June 2018, the district
court appointed counsel to represent her. Sutton pleaded not
guilty in January 2020.
After fits and starts connected to the COVID-19 pandemic,
the district court set Sutton’s case for trial in November 2022.
This was the court’s third attempt to schedule the trial. In Sep-
tember 2022, at her first meeting with her counsel following
an eight-month hiatus, Sutton asked her attorneys to engage
in plea negotiations. Her counsel returned with a tentative of-
fer from the government, but Sutton ultimately decided—
against the advice of counsel—to proceed to trial. Sutton in-
formed her counsel of this decision, then expressed that she
had lost confidence in their representation of her.
In response, ten days before the final pretrial conference
and four weeks before trial, Sutton’s counsel filed a motion to
withdraw as appointed counsel, requesting the court appoint
new counsel. In the motion, one of Sutton’s attorneys wrote
that Sutton had “specifically asked counsel to withdraw from
her case and have the Court appoint a new attorney.” He
added that Sutton was unable to retain counsel and remained

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Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921 3
eligible for an appointed attorney, and he believed he could
still “zealously and effectively” represent her at trial.
The district court held a hearing on the motion three days
later. Sutton appeared with her existing counsel. At the outset
of the hearing, the court asked her whether she was adopting
her counsel’s motion, and she answered yes. In addition, she
clarified that she was seeking a new attorney, and she had a
relative “in mind,” but she had “not [spoken] much” with her
relative about her case, as she “wanted to go through this pro-
cess first” and had not decided whether to approach her rela-
tive or pursue another avenue to secure new counsel.
Sutton’s adoption of her counsel’s motion prompted the
district court to conduct an ex parte inquiry into her relation-
ship with her appointed counsel. During this inquiry, Sutton
identified her attorneys’ advice to pursue a plea deal as the
source of her dissatisfaction with counsel. She explained, “I
feel like they feel that the advice they gave me was the best,
and my choice was a different route,” so “I don’t feel that they
are on [the same] page [as me].” Through further questioning
of Sutton and her counsel, the court ascertained that counsel
had never threatened to withdraw from representation if Sut-
ton proceeded to trial, counsel was preparing for trial, and no
disagreements about trial strategy had emerged.
The district court found no conflict or communication
breakdown between Sutton and her appointed counsel. In ad-
dition, the court found Sutton’s timing was “highly suspect”
given the pending trial date, and her purpose for requesting
the withdrawal was delay. Citing these findings and the logis-
tical hurdles required to schedule jury trials in accordance
with the COVID-19 protocols in place at the time, the court
denied the motion to withdraw.

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4 Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921
The trial proceeded as scheduled, and the jury returned
guilty verdicts on all counts. After trial, Sutton’s counsel filed
another motion to withdraw, which the district court granted.
The court appointed new counsel for sentencing.
At sentencing, the district court noted that Sutton had filed
two written objections to the proposed conditions of super-
vised release, then asked Sutton and her counsel whether she
had any other objections. Both answered no. Sutton and her
counsel also advised the court that if it imposed the proposed
conditions after considering Sutton’s objections, it need not
explain on the record why it believed the remaining condi-
tions were appropriate or read them aloud. The court later
sustained one of Sutton’s objections. But it overruled the
other—her objection to the portion of a condition that requires
Sutton to allow a probation officer to visit her at work.
II. Discussion
Sutton raises two issues on appeal. First, she challenges
the district court’s denial of her counsel’s pretrial motion to
withdraw and for the court to appoint new counsel, claiming
a denial of her Sixth Amendment right to counsel of choice.
Second, she brings a vagueness and overbreadth challenge to
the supervised release condition requiring her to “permit a
probation officer to visit [her] at any reasonable time or” at
home, work, school, a community service location, or other
reasonable location specified by a probation officer.
A.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees that “[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the
Assistance of Counsel for [her] defence.” U.S. Const. amend.
VI. This amendment “secures the right to the assistance of

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Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921 5
counsel, by appointment if necessary, in a trial for any serious
crime.” Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 158 (1988). An el-
ement of the Sixth Amendment right is the right to effective
representation. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685–86
(1984). Another “element of this right is the right of a defend-
ant … to choose who will represent [her].” United States v.
Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 144 (2006).
The right to counsel of choice, however, “is circumscribed
in several important respects.” Wheat, 486 U.S. at 159. Some-
times, it “must yield to the ‘need for a fair and efficient ad-
ministration of justice.’” United States v. Sinclair, 770 F.3d 1148,
1154 (7th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States ex rel. Kleba v.
McGinnis, 796 F.2d 947, 952 (7th Cir. 1986)). In addition, and
importantly for this appeal, “the right to counsel of choice
does not extend to defendants who require counsel to be ap-
pointed for them.” Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. at 151; see also
Wheat, 486 U.S. at 159 (“[A] defendant may not insist on rep-
resentation by an attorney he cannot afford[.]”).
In this case, Sutton’s counsel filed a written motion to
withdraw and for the court to appoint new counsel, which
Sutton adopted. Sutton argues that despite its framing as a
motion to substitute appointed counsel, the motion impli-
cated her Sixth Amendment right to counsel of choice because
in substance, she requested a continuance to retain new coun-
sel. See United States v. Santos, 201 F.3d 953, 958 (7th Cir. 2000)
(holding that a motion for a continuance implicates the right
to choice of counsel when the effect of denying the motion is
to deny the defendant the attorney of her choice).
Courts may ignore the label attached to a motion and re-
characterize the motion based on its substance—usually to
protect a pro se litigant’s rights. United States v. Sineneng-

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6 Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921
Smith, 590 U.S. 371, 375 (2020); see, e.g., Castro v. United States,
540 U.S. 375, 381–82 (2003) (endorsing courts’ authority to re-
characterize pro se litigants’ motions to “create a better corre-
spondence between the substance of a pro se motion’s claim
and its underlying legal basis”). A characterization decision is
a pragmatic judgment that turns on specific facts, so the deci-
sion warrants deference. See Martel v. Clair, 565 U.S. 648, 663–
64 (2012). We therefore review the district court’s decision to
construe the motion at issue as one for appointment of new
counsel for an abuse of discretion. Cf. Schmees v. HC1.COM,
Inc., 77 F.4th 483, 490 (7th Cir. 2023) (reviewing a decision
whether to treat a motion for summary judgment as a con-
structive motion to amend the complaint for an abuse of dis-
cretion). If the court acted within its discretion, we adopt its
characterization of the motion.
The district court properly sought to clarify Sutton’s re-
quest during the hearing, but it ultimately declined to rechar-
acterize the motion as a request for a continuance to retain
new counsel. The court asked Sutton, “Your request is a re-
quest to have [your attorneys] withdraw and then to just
simply continue the case until you get an attorney and then
some day set the case for trial again?” Sutton offered no affir-
mation or clarification, however, responding, “I want to be
sure that I have people behind me who believe in me to move
forward.” After following up about the reasons for Sutton’s
dissatisfaction with her attorneys, the court denied the motion
on grounds relevant to a motion to substitute appointed coun-
sel: Sutton’s delay motive and the absence of a conflict result-
ing in a communication breakdown between Sutton and her
attorneys. See United States v. Jones, 844 F.3d 636, 642–44 (7th
Cir. 2016) (reviewing a substitution decision by considering

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Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921 7
the defendant’s motive for his request and the attorney-client
relationship).
By declining to recharacterize the motion as a request for
a continuance to permit retention of new counsel, the district
court did not abuse its discretion. Sutton points to her men-
tion of an attorney relative whom she had “in mind” to repre-
sent her at trial. But she appeared at the hearing without him,
and she explained to the court that she had neither ap-
proached him about her case nor definitively decided that she
wanted him to represent her. She offered no concrete plan for
retaining new counsel—as exemplified by the court’s ques-
tion and her answer quoted above. Under these circum-
stances, the court’s decision to evaluate the motion to with-
draw as a request to substitute appointed counsel was neither
unreasonable nor arbitrary.
Although the motion did not implicate Sutton’s Sixth
Amendment right to counsel of choice, this does not mean the
district court had unlimited discretion to deny the motion. A
district court may appoint substitute counsel “in the interests
of justice … at any stage of the proceedings.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3006A(c). A defendant can challenge a court’s refusal to ap-
point new counsel by showing that the court abused its dis-
cretion in applying this standard. See United States v. Ryals, 512
F.3d 416, 419–421 (7th Cir. 2008). Sutton fails to show that the
district court abused its discretion, however.
The court held a hearing, questioned Sutton and her coun-
sel, and found Sutton was attempting to delay the trial with
her motion. It further found that her attorneys had provided
her with effective advocacy and would continue to do so. The
court asked Sutton sufficient questions, see Jones, 844 F.3d at
643 (inquiry adequate where the defendant had ample

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8 Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921
opportunity to present concerns), and her answers, along
with the other evidence, supported its findings. Neither Sut-
ton nor her attorneys reported any trial-strategy disagree-
ments. Nor did their conduct raise alarms. Compare Ryals, 512
F.3d at 420 (defendant and his attorney were standing apart
with folded arms). Given no evidence of conflict and the prox-
imity to trial in a context—the COVID-19 pandemic—when
trial scheduling required especially long lead times and com-
plicated logistics, the court reasonably inferred that Sutton’s
request constituted a delay tactic. Likewise, the court reason-
ably found that Sutton’s counsel could effectively represent
her—far away from a “total lack of communication prevent-
ing an adequate defense.” United States v. Hall, 35 F.3d 310,
314 (7th Cir. 1994). For these reasons, the court properly exer-
cised its discretion in denying the motion.
B.
We do not reach the merits of Sutton’s vagueness and
overbreadth challenge to the supervised release condition re-
quiring her to permit probation-officer visits, which, in her
reading, does not specify reasonable hours for the visits. Prior
to sentencing, Sutton had notice of the proposed conditions
and a meaningful opportunity to object, and the only objec-
tion she raised to this condition was that it required her to
permit a probation officer to visit her at work. She told the
court she had no other objections. In addition, she declined an
explanation and reading of the supervised release conditions.
These circumstances evince “an intentional or strategic deci-
sion not to object” on vagueness or overbreadth grounds, that
is, waiver. United States v. Flores, 929 F.3d 443, 450 (7th Cir.
2019); see also United States v. Anderson, 948 F.3d 910, 912 (7th
Cir. 2020) (pursuit of one objection to a supervised release

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Nos. 23-3170 & 24-1921 9
condition amounted to waiver of other objections to the same
condition). We identify no reason to overlook waiver here, so
waiver precludes our appellate review.
* * *
The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.

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