United States of America v. Aaron Moore

United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted October 30, 2024
Decided May 29, 2025
Before
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge
JOSHUA P. KOLAR, Circuit Judge
No. 24-1673
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
AARON MOORE,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Eastern Division.
No. 1:23-CR-00339(1)
Matthew F. Kennelly,
Judge.
O R D E R
Aaron Moore pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute a substance containing
heroin. See 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846. The district court sentenced him to a below-
guidelines sentence of 108 months in prison and three years’ supervised release. Moore
filed a notice of appeal, but his counsel asserts that the appeal is frivolous and moves to
withdraw under Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). Counsel’s brief explains
the nature of the case and addresses issues that an appeal of this kind might be
expected to involve. Because counsel’s analysis appears thorough, and Moore did not
NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with F ED. R. APP . P. 32.1

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respond,† see C IR . R. 51(b), we limit our review to the subjects that counsel discusses.
See United States v. Bey, 748 F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014).
Moore’s conviction arose from his attempt to sell heroin while he was detained at
the Cook County Jail. Moore negotiated sales with a confidential informant and then
told coconspirators to sell the informant about 140 grams of heroin over four months.
After the government charged Moore in 2021 with several counts of possessing and
distributing heroin, he pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute heroin,
see §§ 841(a)(1), 846, in exchange for the government dropping the remaining charges.
Sentencing came next. Moore’s guidelines range was 151 to 188 months, based
partly on his status as a career offender and partly as the organizer of the conspiracy.
See U.S.S.G. §§ 4B1.1(b)(3), 3B1.1(c). Moore argued that the career-offender adjustment
rendered the guidelines sentence too high for the relatively minor amount (140 grams)
of heroin involved. He proposed an 84-month prison term. He based his proposal on
the range that would apply without the adjustments for career offender or organizer,
the limited control he had over his coconspirators while he was in jail, the potential
sentencing disparities with them, and his difficult youth. The government countered
that the nature of the offense and Moore’s long criminal history (including convictions
for drug sales, resisting arrest, burglary, and robbery) justified a guidelines sentence.
Even so, it recommended a sentence at the bottom of that range—151 months.
The court struck a middle line. It noted that, even though Moore was a career
offender and had a leading role in the offense, the low end of the range was too high
because the operation was small, and Moore’s difficult upbringing mitigated the crime.
But the court added, committing the offense while in jail weighed against mitigation.
Balancing these factors, the court sentenced Moore to 108 months in prison and three
years’ supervised release, well below the bottom end of the guidelines range.
In her brief, counsel first tells us that she advised Moore about the risks and
benefits of challenging his guilty plea, and that Moore wishes to challenge only his
sentence. Counsel therefore properly withholds from discussing whether the plea was
† We issued an order granting counsel’s motion to withdraw and dismissing the appeal
on November 1, 2024. Two days later, we learned that Moore did not receive notice of
his counsel’s motion to withdraw. See C IR . R. 51(b). We therefore vacated the order,
reissued the notice, and provided Moore an additional 30 days—until December 5,
2024—to respond. He has not done so.

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No. 24-1673 Page 3
valid. United States v. Konczak, 683 F.3d 348, 349 (7th Cir. 2012); United States v. Knox,
287 F.3d 667, 671 (7th Cir. 2002).
Counsel next considers, and correctly concludes, that any procedural challenge
to Moore’s sentence would be frivolous. The 108-month prison term does not exceed the
240-month statutory maximum, see § 841(b)(1)(C), and the court correctly calculated the
guidelines range. First, it properly applied a career-offender offense level. See U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1(b)(3). Moore was over 18 when he offended and had two prior convictions that
qualified for the adjustment: one for aggravated robbery in 2021, see United States v.
Carr, 107 F.4th 636, 646 (7th Cir. 2024) (crime of violence under § 4B1.2(a)(2)), and one
for manufacturing and delivering cocaine in 2009, see United States v. Ruth, 966 F.3d 642,
654 (7th Cir. 2020) (controlled-substance offense under § 4B1.2(b)(1)). The court rightly
calculated an adjusted offense level of 29 (32 for the career-offender adjustment minus 3
for acceptance of responsibility) and criminal history category of VI based on his career-
offender adjustment, yielding a guidelines range of 151 to 188 months in prison.
Further, the court addressed Moore’s arguments in mitigation. In addition to
agreeing with Moore that the career-offender guideline was too high, the district court
addressed the three other arguments Moore advanced. First, it responded to Moore’s
contention that his placement in jail limited his control over his coconspirators by
noting that the “main factor” driving his sentence was not his leadership (or career-
offender status), but his commission of the offense while in jail. Second, it addressed
potential sentencing disparities with his coconspirators by explaining that “just
punishment,” a sentencing consideration under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), incorporated
Moore’s own criminal history. And third, the court observed Moore’s “horrendous”
upbringing—which included a largely absentee father and a drug-addicted mother. But
it noted that it must balance this history against his “very significant” record of
convictions for drug sales, resisting arrest, burglary, and armed robbery.
Counsel also considers, and appropriately rejects, any argument challenging the
substantive reasonableness of the sentence. Moore received a below-guidelines sentence
of 108 months, and a sentence below the guidelines range is “presumed reasonable
against a defendant’s challenge that it is too high.” United States v. Bender, 95 F.4th 507,
512–13 (7th Cir. 2024) (citation omitted). Nothing in the record could rebut that
presumption because the district court reasonably balanced the statutory sentencing
factors. See id. at 513; 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). As mentioned above, the court recounted
Moore’s difficult upbringing but also reasonably weighed against it his lengthy criminal
history and his commission of the offense while detained for another crime.

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Finally, counsel correctly concludes that Moore could not raise any non-frivolous
argument regarding the remaining parts of his sentence. The three-year term of
supervised release was within the statutorily permitted range, see § 841(b)(1)(C), and
was supported by the court’s § 3553(a) analysis, see United States v. Tounisi, 900 F.3d 982,
989 (7th Cir. 2018). Moore also waived a reading of the conditions and thus waived any
appellate challenge. See United States v. Anderson, 948 F.3d 910, 910–11 (7th Cir. 2020).
Further, the $100 special assessment was statutorily required. See 18 U.S.C. § 3013.
Counsel’s motion to withdraw is GRANTED, and the appeal is DISMISSED.

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