37CELSIUS CAPITAL PARTNERS , L.P. and 37CELSIUS CAPITAL PARTNERS , LLC v. Intel Corporation

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 24-2794
37CELSIUS C APITAL P ARTNERS , L.P. and 37CELSIUS C APITAL
PARTNERS , LLC,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
I NTEL C ORPORATION ,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Wisconsin.
No. 2:20-cv-00621 — William E. Duffin, Magistrate Judge.
____________________
A RGUED M AY 21, 2025 — DECIDED D ECEMBER 23, 2025
____________________
Before LEE, K OLAR , and M ALDONADO, Circuit Judges.
K OLAR , Circuit Judge. 37celsius Capital Partners and Intel
reached a preliminary agreement—set forth in a term sheet—
for 37celsius to purchase one of Intel’s subsidiary companies,
Care Innovations. After 37celsius did not come up with the
agreed-upon purchase price by the closing date specified in
their agreement, Intel sold the company to another party.
37celsius now seeks to recover damages for the unsuccessful

-- 1 of 14 --

2 No. 24-2794
transaction, but it has not shown that the deal fell through for
any reason other than its own failure to secure funding.
Delaware law, applicable here, recognizes that some pre-
liminary agreements can be binding, and distinguishes be-
tween two types of binding preliminary agreements. “Type I”
agreements are firm obligations where the parties agree on all
terms and contemplate memorializing the agreement in a for-
mal document, while “Type II” agreements reflect the parties’
“commitment to negotiate together in good faith in an effort
to reach final agreement within the scope that has been settled
in the preliminary agreement.” SIGA Techs., Inc. v. Phar-
mAthene, Inc., 67 A.3d 330, 349 (Del. 2013) (quoting Teachers
Ins. & Annuity Ass’n of Am. v. Tribune Co., 670 F. Supp. 491, 498
(S.D.N.Y. 1987)).
37celsius argues that the term sheet was a Type II prelim-
inary agreement, under which a party can recover expectation
damages for breach under Delaware law. But the plain lan-
guage of the term sheet does not create any mutual obligation
for the parties to continue negotiating with one another. In-
stead, it clearly sets out the terms of a proposed deal, contin-
gent on due diligence and 37celsius paying the agreed-upon
amount.
Most importantly, even if the term sheet was a Type II
agreement and Intel breached, 37celsius cannot show that any
breach was the but-for cause of the deal’s failure, as is
required to recover expectation damages. Separately, a non-
disclosure agreement signed by the parties prohibits recovery
of expectation damages. And while no agreement of the
parties bans reliance damages, 37celsius does not appeal the
district court’s finding that it suffered no reliance damages.
Thus, without proof of any damages—expectation and

-- 2 of 14 --

No. 24-2794 3
reliance damages are the only possible damages at issue—
37celsius’s breach of contract claim fails as a matter of law.
I. Background
Plaintiff 37celsius is a Milwaukee-based firm that devel-
ops healthcare-related businesses and technologies; its princi-
pal is Alexander Kempe. In 2016, Defendant Intel was consid-
ering selling Care Innovations, LLC (“Care”), and 37celsius
was one of the interested buyers. The talks became more seri-
ous, and the parties executed a non-disclosure agreement
(“the NDA”) so they could attempt to negotiate the terms of a
deal. The NDA had a “Hold Harmless” provision that prohib-
ited either party from recovering “incidental, consequential,
special or speculative damages, lost profits or loss of business,
in connection with not moving forward to conclusion of the
... negotiations.” After signing the NDA, Kempe proposed
that Intel grant 37celsius exclusivity, saying that 37celsius had
“a good backing for funds” and was ready to close the deal
before February 14, 2017.
On January 31, 2017, the parties drafted a term sheet set-
ting out “the key terms and conditions of a proposed transac-
tion” by which 37celsius would “acquire” Care: 37celsius and
Intel would form a holding company—funded by 37celsius’s
cash contributions—and Intel would transfer control of Care
to the newly-formed holding company. The transaction re-
quired a $12 million contribution from 37celsius paid directly
to the holding company. The document stated that the trans-
action would close “[n]o later than February 14, 2017.” But the
terms were confidential and “subject to” the NDA, “which
continue[d] in full force and effect,” and the term sheet would
automatically terminate upon “(a) the execution of a defini-
tive purchase agreement by [37celsius] and Intel, (b) mutual

-- 3 of 14 --

4 No. 24-2794
agreement of [37celsius] and Intel [or] (c) written notice of ter-
mination of [the] term sheet by Intel, provided such termina-
tion notice shall be effective no earlier than February 2, 2017.”
Intel also granted 37celsius an “Exclusivity Period” in the
term sheet. Until the term sheet “terminated,” Care and Intel
could not talk to any other party about acquiring Care, pro-
vide non-public information regarding an acquisition, or “en-
ter into any agreement, arrangement or understanding re-
quiring it to abandon, terminate or fail to consummate the
Transaction with [37celsius].” The provision noted that exclu-
sivity was granted “[i]n consideration of the expenses that
[37celsius] has incurred and will incur in connection with the
Transaction.”
The term sheet was explicit in limiting the parties’ obliga-
tions and liabilities arising from its terms. Excepting the Con-
fidentiality, Exclusivity, Governing Law, and Third-Party
Beneficiaries provisions, the agreement did not “give rise to
any legally binding or enforceable obligation on any party”
and provided that “[n]o contract …shall be deemed to exist
between [37celsius] and Intel” until a final agreement was
reached. And in a provision titled “No Reliance,” the term
sheet explicitly disclaimed that it created any continuing ob-
ligations on the parties:
The parties understand that neither this Term
Sheet nor any negotiations or discussions be-
tween any party obligates either party to enter
into any further agreement. Moreover, unless
and until the parties sign and deliver a defini-
tive agreement with respect to a particular
transaction, neither party will be under any le-
gal obligation of any kind whatsoever

-- 4 of 14 --

No. 24-2794 5
regarding any transaction by virtue of this Term
Sheet or any written or oral expression with re-
spect to any transaction … by any of the parties
or their representatives except for the matters
specifically agreed to in this Term Sheet.
In the event of termination before a final agreement, only the
Confidentiality, Governing Law, Third Party Beneficiaries,
and Non-Binding Nature provisions would continue to bind
the parties.
Intel and 37celsius signed the final transaction documents
and a letter agreement, providing the signature pages would
be held in escrow until 37celsius gave sufficient proof of
funds. Intel had “sole and absolute discretion” to decide
whether 37celsius had provided “confirmation satisfactory to
Intel … that 37celsius will meet the Financial Obligation” out-
lined in the term sheet, i.e., pay the $12 million cash. If Intel
did not receive satisfactory proof of funds by February 14,
2017, then the letter agreement provided that upon “written
notice from Intel … the advance copies of the signature pages
shall be returned to the respective Parties that provided
them,” the transaction documents would not become effec-
tive, and “the Closing shall not occur.”
37celsius never came up with the funds. On February 14,
2017, Intel wrote 37celsius that it had not received satisfactory
proof of funds and, pursuant to the letter agreement, it was
notifying 37celsius the closing would not occur. Intel and
37celsius discussed pushing back the closing to February 21,
but again 37celsius didn’t have the money lined up in time.
Unable or unwilling to pay the agreed-upon price, Kempe
later proposed a different deal in which 37celsius would pay
only $6.5 million in cash and the new holding company for

-- 5 of 14 --

6 No. 24-2794
Care would finance an additional $4 million. Intel, in the
meantime, was speaking with another private equity firm and
on March 1, 2017, Intel told Kempe that it had closed with the
other firm. Kempe wrote a partner, “We lost the deal … a real
bummer, but we were in a competitive bid situation and that’s
the risk you take.”
Nearly two years later, 37celsius filed this suit against Intel
and Care in Wisconsin state court, and Defendants removed
it to federal court one year later.1 Defendants moved for a rul-
ing that 37celsius was not entitled to expectation damages,
i.e., “lost profits and value from the lost acquisition of Care,”
which the district court granted. Following expert discovery,
Defendants moved for summary judgment. The district court
granted judgment to the Defendants and this appeal fol-
lowed.2
II. Discussion
We review de novo the entry of summary judgment.
Thompson Corrugated Sys., Inc. v. Engico, S.R.L., 111 F.4th 747,
751 (7th Cir. 2024). “At the summary judgment stage, we con-
strue the record and all reasonable inferences that may be
1 We note that a defendant must generally remove a case within 30
days of being served the complaint. 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1). But 37celsius
has waived any procedural defect in the timeliness of Defendants’ re-
moval and our subject-matter jurisdiction is not “imperil[ed.]” See Pettitt
v. Boeing Co., 606 F.3d 340, 343 (7th Cir. 2010). Diversity jurisdiction exists
because Plaintiffs are all citizens of Wisconsin and Defendants are citizens
of California and Delaware; the amount-in-controversy was over $75,000
at the time of removal. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1).
2 On appeal, the breach of contract claim against Intel is the sole claim
at issue. For that reason, we have removed Care Innovations from the cap-
tion. See Dotson v. Faulkner, 138 F.4th 1029, 1030 (7th Cir. 2025).

-- 6 of 14 --

No. 24-2794 7
drawn from it in the light most favorable to the nonmoving
party.” Id. Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
To survive a motion for summary judgment, “[t]he nonmov-
ing party must provide specific material facts showing there
is a genuine issue for trial.” Tech. Sec. Integration, Inc. v. EPI
Techs., Inc., 126 F.4th 557, 560 (7th Cir. 2025) (citing Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986)).
37celsius brought this breach of contract claim on the the-
ory that Intel breached the term sheet by communicating with
third parties during the Exclusivity Period. Both the term
sheet and the NDA are expressly governed by Delaware law.
Under Delaware law, a breach of contract claim requires “1) a
contractual obligation; 2) a breach of that obligation by the de-
fendant; and 3) a resulting damage to the plaintiff.” Hu-
manigen, Inc. v. Savant Neglected Diseases, LLC, 238 A.3d 194,
202 (Del. 2020) (citation omitted).
Delaware law instructs a court interpreting a contract to
“read the agreement as a whole and enforce the plain mean-
ing of clear and unambiguous language.” BitGo Holdings, Inc.
v. Galaxy Digital Holdings, Ltd., 319 A.3d 310, 322 (Del. 2024)
(citation omitted). Delaware follows the “objective theory of
contracts,” which asks “what a reasonable person in the posi-
tion of the parties would have thought it meant.” Id. (citation
omitted). “Unless there is ambiguity, Delaware courts inter-
pret contract terms according to their plain, ordinary mean-
ing.” Daniel v. Hawkins, 289 A.3d 631, 645 (Del. 2023) (citation
omitted).
Here, 37celsius’s claim relies upon the term sheet being an
enforceable preliminary agreement to negotiate—a Type II

-- 7 of 14 --

8 No. 24-2794
agreement under Delaware law—that bound Intel to continue
to negotiate even after 37celsius failed to produce the funds.
The claim fails for three reasons: the unambiguous language
of the term sheet does not bind the parties to negotiate, Intel’s
breach was not the but-for cause of the deal falling apart, and
37celsius has presented no evidence of damages.
A. The Term Sheet is Not a Type II Preliminary Agree-
ment.
It is often the case that parties enter into preliminary
agreements before they sign the contract that effectuates their
deal. “Under the traditional rule, the absence or indefinite-
ness of material terms generally rendered [such preliminary
agreements] unenforceable.” Cox Commc’ns, Inc. v. T-Mobile
US, Inc., 273 A.3d 752, 761 (Del. 2022). In SIGA Technologies,
Inc. v. PharmAthene, Inc., however, the Delaware Supreme
Court recognized two “types” of preliminary agreements that
are enforceable. The first, a “Type I” agreement, is “created
when the parties agree on all the points that require negotia-
tion (including whether to be bound) but agree to memorial-
ize their agreement in a more formal document.” SIGA, 67
A.3d at 349 n.82 (citation omitted). It is fully binding on both
parties. Id. A “Type II” agreement, on the other hand, exists
“when [the parties] agree on certain major terms, but leave
other terms open for further negotiation.” Id. (citation omit-
ted).
Type II agreements are binding in a more limited sense
than Type I preliminary agreements—Type II bind the parties
only to negotiate in good faith. Id. And where “the parties
would have reached an agreement but for the defendant’s bad
faith negotiations, the plaintiff is entitled to recover contract
expectation damages.” Id. at 350–51.

-- 8 of 14 --

No. 24-2794 9
37celsius argues that the term sheet was a Type II agree-
ment, binding Intel to negotiate in good faith and affording
37celsius the right to expectation damages in the event of
breach. We follow the approach of Delaware courts and look
to the language of the term sheet to determine whether it re-
flects a mutual intent to be bound to negotiations by the par-
ties. See Cox, 273 A.3d at 761.
In this case, the language of the term sheet does not reflect
that the parties agreed to be mutually bound to negotiate with
one another in good faith towards a final deal. The term sheet
makes clear that it is outlining a “proposed transaction,”
which is subject to due diligence by the parties and the execu-
tion of “a definitive purchase agreement.” The terms of the
deal are fully laid out—that 37celsius will pay $12 million for
a 70% stake in the newly-created holding company for Care.
There is very little left for the parties to negotiate regarding
the deal.
Most importantly, the term sheet explicitly disclaims that
it is creating any lasting obligation to enter into a final agree-
ment: “[N]either party will be under any legal obligation of
any kind whatsoever regarding any transaction by virtue of
this Term Sheet or any written or oral expression with respect
to any transaction … except for the matters specifically agreed
to in this Term Sheet.” And the term sheet states that it does
not “give rise to any legally binding or enforceable obligation
on any party,” except for four provisions that do not address
future negotiations between the parties. Contrast that with
the merger agreement in SIGA, which stated, “SIGA and
PharmAthene will negotiate in good faith with the intention
of executing a definitive License Agreement in accordance
with the terms set forth in the License Agreement Term

-- 9 of 14 --

10 No. 24-2794
Sheet.” 67 A.3d at 337–38. That language—an explicit agree-
ment to negotiate—is absent from this case.
To be sure, an explicit good-faith provision is not neces-
sary to find a binding Type II agreement, but the parties must
indicate that they agree to continue negotiations with one an-
other. See Cox, 273 A.3d at 760–61. In Cox, the contract had no
good-faith provision, but the parties agreed that Cox would
“enter into a definitive ... agreement with a Sprint Affiliate …
on terms to be mutually agreed upon between the parties.” Id.
at 761. That was sufficient evidence that the parties intended
to be bound to negotiate further. Id. But again, there is no such
language here; the term sheet itself sets out everything the
parties could potentially negotiate (transaction structure,
price, closing date, etc.).
Finally, 37celsius suggests that the very fact the parties in-
cluded an Exclusivity Provision means that the term sheet is
a Type II agreement. It points to no case that establishes such
a rule, and the cases it does reference are distinguishable. For
example, the exclusivity provision in Cambridge Capital LLC v.
Ruby Has LLC was part of an agreement that stated it was “an
expression of mutual intent to proceed with the drafting of
the share purchase agreement and collateral documents con-
templated hereby in accordance with the principles stated
herein.” 565 F. Supp. 3d 420, 441, 443 (S.D.N.Y. 2021) (apply-
ing Delaware law). On a motion to dismiss, the district court
found that language, combined with an exclusivity provision,
was sufficient to allege a breach of the covenant of good faith.
Id.at 445–46 (“In the face of all of these provisions, it is plausible
that Cambridge Capital had a duty to negotiate in good faith
….” (emphasis added)). But given the different contractual

-- 10 of 14 --

No. 24-2794 11
language and procedural posture, Cambridge Capital is not in-
structive here.
The plain language of the term sheet indicates that if 37cel-
sius paid Intel $12 million by February 14, 2017, then Intel
would have transferred the controlling shares of Care into
37celsius’s control. But nothing in the plain language of the
agreement evinces an obligation to do anything else. The term
sheet is not a Type II agreement; it did not create an “obliga-
tion to negotiate the open issues in good faith.” SIGA, 67 A.3d
at 349 (citation omitted).
B. 37celsius Cannot Show Causation.
Even if the term sheet were a binding Type II agreement,
37celsius did not submit any evidence upon which a reasona-
ble jury could rely to find that it was damaged by Intel’s al-
leged breach.3 SIGA set out two requirements to recover ex-
pectation damages from a breach of a Type II agreement—(1)
a “preliminary agreement to negotiate in good faith” and (2)
“a factual finding … that the parties would have reached an
agreement but for the defendant’s bad faith negotiations.” 67
A.3d at 350–51. There is no evidence in the record to support
a finding that but for Intel’s alleged breach, 37celsius and Intel
would have gone through with their deal.
Critically, 37celsius’s failure to transfer the necessary
funds was the reason the deal did not go through. It is undis-
puted that 37celsius did not have $12 million on February 14,
the date the term sheet set as the last possible date for closing.
3 We make no ruling on whether the Exclusivity Provision was
breached because the lack of causation and damages resolves the claim.
Intel admitted at oral argument that for purposes of the appeal, Care had
breached the Exclusivity Provision. Oral Arg. at 33:34–34:32.

-- 11 of 14 --

12 No. 24-2794
While the parties discussed pushing the closing date to Feb-
ruary 21, it is also undisputed that 37celsius did not have $12
million on hand by that date either. Indeed, 37celsius admit-
ted it never had sufficient funds to meet its obligations under
the term sheet.
Instead, 37celsius proposed a very different deal where it
would only have to come up with $6.5 million and have the
new Care holding company finance another $4 million. At
most, 37celsius could show that it was ready to proceed with
a deal that was different from that outlined in the term sheet.
But that puts us outside SIGA, which requires the parties to
work toward a deal “within the agreed framework.” 67 A.3d
at 349. Intel was not required to agree to a deal with 37celsius
on different terms than those set out in their earlier agree-
ment. “[T]he scope of any obligation to negotiate in good faith
can only be determined from the framework the parties have
established for themselves in their [preliminary agreement].”
A/S Apothekernes Laboratorium for Specialpraeparater v. I.M.C.
Chem. Grp., Inc., 873 F.2d 155, 159 (7th Cir. 1989) (applying
substantively similar Illinois law and finding a binding pre-
liminary agreement but no breach).
There is simply no dispute of fact regarding the reason the
deal fell apart. 37celsius has not provided evidence upon
which a reasonable jury could rely to find that Intel’s alleged
breach was the cause. Instead, the record is clear—37celsius
did not buy Care because it did not have the money it agreed
to pay in the term sheet. Even if the term sheet constituted a
Type II preliminary agreement, 37celsius cannot recover ex-
pectation damages because it cannot show Intel’s alleged
breach caused the deal to fall apart.

-- 12 of 14 --

No. 24-2794 13
C. 37celsius Cannot Show Damages.
There is another reason that 37celsius’s claim fails: It is
well settled that a plaintiff must show some damages to pre-
vail on a breach of contract claim. See Humanigen, Inc., 238
A.3d at 202. But the NDA prohibits recovery for expectation
damages, and 37celsius provides no other argument for dam-
ages.
Beginning with expectation damages, the NDA 37celsius
signed with Intel prohibits liability for “any costs or damages
of any kind including … lost profits or loss of business, in con-
nection with not moving forward to conclusion of the discus-
sions or negotiations.” The term sheet states that it is “subject
to [the NDA] ... which continues in full force and effect.”
A contract can incorporate a separate document provided
there is “an explicit manifestation of intent” to do so, as illus-
trated by “refer[ence] to another instrument and mak[ing] the
conditions of such other instrument a part” of the agreement.
Town of Cheswold v. Central Del. Business Park, 188 A.3d 810,
818–19 (Del. 2018) (citations omitted). 37celsius argues that
the term sheet only incorporates the NDA as part of the Con-
fidentiality provision, so the prohibition of expectation dam-
ages applies only to a claim for breach of confidentiality. If the
“incorporated matter is referred to for a specific purpose only,
it becomes a part of the contract for that purpose only, and
should be treated as irrelevant for all other purposes.” Id. at
819 (citation omitted). But the language of the term sheet does
not limit the NDA’s application to confidentiality—it states
the NDA remains in full force and effect.
Nothing in the NDA itself suggests it is limited in the man-
ner 37celsius posits. The NDA states that “[u]nder no

-- 13 of 14 --

14 No. 24-2794
circumstances” will either party be liable for lost profits dam-
ages “in connection with not moving forward to conclusion
of the discussions or negotiations.” That language provides
that the prohibition is applicable to any claim arising from the
parties’ failure to conclude their deal. 37celsius’s reliance on
Section 13(e) of the NDA stating that other agreements “will
not be affected” by the NDA, cannot trump the term sheet’s
recognition and ratification of the NDA. The NDA was still in
effect and, standing alone, prohibited either party from recov-
ering expectation damages.
Having determined that 37celsius cannot recover
expectation damages from Intel’s alleged breach, the only
remaining avenue to recovery on its contract claim is reliance
damages. But 37celsius does not challenge the district court’s
ruling denying the availability of reliance damages. We will
not second-guess an unchallenged ruling. See Motorola
Solutions, Inc. v. Hytera Commc’ns Corp. Ltd., 108 F.4th 458, 494
(7th Cir. 2024), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 1182 (2025) (failure to
challenge on appeal ruling on theory of damages leaves that
ruling intact). Without any damages, there is no liability for a
breach of contract claim, and judgment for Intel is proper as a
matter of law.
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district
court is AFFIRMED.

-- 14 of 14 --