United States of America v. Raymond Lee March

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 23-1279
___________________________
United States of America,
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,
v.
Raymond Lee March,
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Eastern
____________
Submitted: October 18, 2023
Filed: January 31, 2024
____________
Before SMITH, Chief Judge, LOKEN and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
____________
COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.
Raymond Lee March appeals the denial of a motion to suppress evidence
seized from his home. March pleaded guilty to unlawfully possessing a firearm as a
prohibited person, but reserved his right to appeal the suppression issue. We

-- 1 of 4 --

conclude that the seizing officer acted in objectively reasonable reliance on a search
warrant, and therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.*
In January 2021, police executed a search warrant at March’s home and found
two firearms. The search arose from an investigation of March’s nephew, Edwin
Goodwin. In October 2020, a team led by Sergeant Greg Hill searched Goodwin’s
residence and found drugs but no guns. Hill then received information from a fellow
officer that Goodwin was storing his firearms at March’s home.
Hill began to investigate March and decided to pull trash from a receptacle
outside March’s home. Hill observed a trash can on the curb near March’s duplex
unit. Hill emptied the can and found mail addressed to March and two marijuana
stems. One stem tested positive for THC, the main active ingredient of cannabis.
Two days later, Hill drafted an application for a warrant to search March’s
home for drugs and firearms. Hill averred that he had received information that
March used marijuana. He also included the results of the trash survey and the
statement of the fellow officer that March stored firearms for Goodwin. An Iowa
district judge issued a search warrant.
Officers executed the warrant a week later. They found two firearms,
marijuana, and drug paraphernalia.
A grand jury charged March with the firearms offense. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), (3). He moved to suppress evidence seized during the search. A
magistrate judge recommended denial of the motion, and the district court adopted
*The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa, adopting the report and recommendation of the
Honorable Stephen B. Jackson, Jr., United States Magistrate Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
-2-

-- 2 of 4 --

the recommendation. The court concluded that the search warrant was supported by
probable cause. Alternatively, the court ruled that even if probable cause was
lacking, the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applied.
On appeal, March argues that the two marijuana stems in his trash and the
statements by Hill’s fellow officer about storage of Goodwin’s firearms were
insufficient to establish probable cause. We deem it unnecessary to address the
existence of probable cause, because the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule
is sufficient to resolve this appeal.
Even where an affidavit is insufficient to establish probable cause, suppression
of evidence is not warranted “when an officer acting with objective good faith has
obtained a search warrant from a judge” and reasonably relies on that judge’s
determination of probable cause. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 920-22 (1984).
March argues that Hill’s reliance on the issuing judge was unreasonable because the
affidavit was “so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its
existence entirely unreasonable.” Id. at 923 (internal quotation omitted).
We conclude, at a minimum, that the information set forth in the affidavit
justified reasonable reliance on the issuing judge’s determination of probable cause.
The presence of recently discarded marijuana stems in a resident’s trash suggests
ongoing marijuana consumption inside the residence. United States v. Thurmond,
782 F.3d 1042, 1045 (8th Cir. 2015); United States v. Briscoe, 317 F.3d 906, 908 (8th
Cir. 2003). Simple possession of marijuana is itself a crime, so a reasonable officer
could have believed that the issuing judge properly found probable cause despite the
discovery of only two marijuana stems. See Thurmond, 782 F.3d at 1045. Hill’s
affidavit in this case also asserted his knowledge that March was involved with
marijuana usage and his receipt of information that March allegedly stored guns for
his nephew Goodwin. This additional information bolstered the reasonableness of
the officer’s reliance on the issuing judge’s determination.
-3-

-- 3 of 4 --

March cites United States v. Lyles, 910 F.3d 787 (4th Cir. 2018), where another
court of appeals declined to apply the good-faith exception. A trash survey in that
case revealed three marijuana stems and three empty packs of rolling papers. The
court declared that “a flimsy trash pull that produced scant evidence of a marginal
offense” was insufficient “to justify the indiscriminate rummaging through a
household.” Id. at 797. Lyles and its colorful language are in tension with this
court’s decisions on the same subject. See Briscoe, 317 F.3d at 908 (“[N]ot only does
the presence of discarded marijuana stems and seeds reasonably suggest that ongoing
marijuana consumption or trafficking is occurring within the premises, but the simple
possession of marijuana seeds is itself a crime under both federal and state law.”).
Even assuming a reasonable debate in the law about whether the discovery of
discarded marijuana stems in trash justifies the search of a residence, the court’s
conclusion in Lyles is insufficient to undermine the officer’s good-faith reliance on
the warrant in this case.
March also argues that the searching officer was not entitled to rely on the
issuing judge’s probable-cause determination because he drafted the allegedly
deficient warrant. Nothing in Leon suggests that the good-faith exception requires
separation between the affiant and the officer who executes the warrant. No matter
which officer prepares the application, a judge must make a determination of probable
cause to issue the warrant. The good-faith rule is premised on the judge’s
independent determination. Hill reasonably relied on the issuing judge’s
determination of probable cause, and the district court properly denied the motion to
suppress evidence that was seized in accordance with the warrant.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
______________________________
-4-

-- 4 of 4 --