United States of America v. Jonathan Lee Sutton

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 23-3214
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Jonathan Lee Sutton
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Southern District of Iowa - Eastern
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Submitted: April 10, 2024
Filed: June 26, 2024
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Before SMITH, WOLLMAN, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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SMITH, Circuit Judge.
Jonathan Lee Sutton pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a firearm by a
felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). At sentencing, the district court imposed
three sex-offender-related special conditions of supervised released based on its
belief that Sutton potentially committed incest that produced a child. See Iowa Code
§ 726.2 (defining incest). Sutton appeals these conditions, arguing that they lack a

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lawful basis and are unsupported by the evidence. For the reasons stated herein, we
vacate the sex-offender-related special conditions and remand.
I. Background
On June 4 and 6, 2022, two shooting incidents occurred in Davenport, Iowa.
Witnesses identified Sutton as the shooter. At 11:48 p.m. on June 6, 2022, police
officers spotted a Tesla parked in front of a fast-food restaurant. They recognized
the vehicle and knew that it was associated with Sutton. Upon noticing a marked
police vehicle, a woman exited the restaurant, entered the Tesla, and drove away.
Sutton walked away from the restaurant and evaded the officers.
A short time later, officers located the Tesla, abandoned in the parking lot of
a nearby gas station. They called a K-9 unit to the scene. The canine alerted near the
front passenger door. From outside the Tesla, officers observed ammunition on the
floorboard. Officers had the Tesla towed to a local tow lot.
On June 7, 2022, the police department received a phone call. The tow lot
reported that a man, whose description matched the appearance of Sutton, came to
the tow lot and offered $1,000 cash to access the Tesla. The tow lot declined the
man’s offer, and he left the premises.
That same day, officers obtained a warrant to search the Tesla. They executed
the warrant and recovered a pistol inside the glove box, 13 rounds of ammunition,
two spent shell casings, and two receipts showing that the pistol had recently been
purchased at an Illinois pawnshop. Officers contacted the pawnbroker, who provided
video footage. The video showed that Sutton, accompanied by a woman, selected
the pistol. The woman paid for the pistol. She and Sutton later returned and took
possession of the firearm.
Based on Sutton’s previous felony conviction, the federal government
obtained an indictment for unlawful possession of a firearm, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Sutton cooperated with the investigation and ultimately pleaded

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guilty to the crime. The probation office prepared a presentence investigation report
(PSR). The PSR calculated an advisory sentencing range of 70 to 87 months’
imprisonment and recommended several special conditions of supervised release.
These conditions generally related to Sutton’s anger management issues.
The government objected to the PSR. It alleged that the PSR omitted a past
incestuous relationship between Sutton and a teenaged girl (now an adult) and that
this relationship produced a child, who now lives with a relative in a different state.
The probation office declined to amend the PSR, responding that “the government’s
objections appear to be commentary in nature.” R. Doc. 30, at 47.
At sentencing, the district court expressed concern that Sutton potentially
committed incest that produced a child. The court asked the parties if the child’s
paternity was known. The parties replied that there was no proof a child existed (“no
records of the child’s birth or anything like that”), paternity was undetermined, state
authorities had previously investigated Sutton for incest, and the investigation was
closed when the pregnant teenager moved to another state. R. Doc. 53, at 3–4. The
court asked the government “to make contact with whoever has custodial care of the
child at this time and find out whether or not they’re willing to do a paternity test
with the child.” Id. at 5. It granted a two-month continuance.
Two months later, the parties reappeared. Based on an amended Sentencing
Guideline, the court revised Sutton’s advisory sentence and calculated a range of 57
to 71 months. The court asked each side to suggest an appropriate sentence. The
government asked for 87 months, and Sutton’s attorney asked for 48 months. The
court imposed a sentence of 71 months’ imprisonment.
The court also imposed a three-year term of supervised release. It imposed
standard conditions and the special anger-management conditions that the probation
office recommended. Then, the court announced its imposition of special sex-
offender-related conditions based on its belief that Sutton committed incest against
a teenaged girl and thus fathered a child. These conditions include: (1) sex-offender

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evaluation and treatment, (2) no contact with any children, and (3) no contact with
the teenaged girl (now an adult) or her alleged child. The court provided Sutton with
an “escape valve.” Appellee’s Br. at i. If Sutton could prove to the court that he did
not incestuously father a child, the court would remove the sex-offender-related
special conditions.
Sutton’s attorney objected to these special conditions. The court asserted that
they are appropriate. It commented:
Given that the allegation here is and the investigation was that
the defendant fathered a child with [a teenaged relative] and that when
[the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services] and when
criminal investigators started trying to investigate that, she fled to
another state with that child, and that the defendant has declined to take
a paternity test for that child, I think there is probable cause to believe
he is the father of that child based on the information that’s been
available on that.
. . .
He can have those conditions lifted as soon as it’s established
he’s not the child’s father, and he can arrange—make whatever
arrangements he would like to make to have paternity testing done. If
he doesn’t want to do that, then I’m going to assume for the safety of
the child and the community that he fathered a child with a minor who
he was biologically related to. That makes him extremely dangerous
and makes him a sex offender that needs treatment and counseling.
R. Doc. 54, at 17–18.
II. Discussion
On appeal, Sutton challenges the three sex-offender-related special conditions
that the district court imposed. He argues that these conditions lack a lawful basis
and are unsupported by evidence in the sentencing record. We agree.

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“We review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s imposition of special
conditions of supervised release.” United States v. Hollingshed, 940 F.3d 410, 419
(8th Cir. 2019). The “district court[] enjoy[s] wide discretion when imposing terms
of supervised release. This discretion, however, is not unlimited.” United States v.
James, 792 F.3d 962, 969 (8th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). “When crafting a special condition of supervised release, the district court
must make an individualized inquiry into the facts and circumstances underlying a
case and make sufficient findings on the record so as to ensure that the special
condition satisfies the statutory requirements.” United States v. Phillips, 785 F.3d
282, 284 (8th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Wiedower, 634 F.3d 490, 493 (8th
Cir. 2011)). A finding is not sufficient unless supported by a preponderance of the
evidence. United States v. Clark, 932 F.3d 1064, 1066 (8th Cir. 2019).
We conclude that the district court abused its discretion. First, it used a
probable cause standard when it found that Sutton committed incest and thereby
fathered a child. The proper standard for judicial fact-finding at sentencing is a
preponderance of the evidence. Id. Probable cause is insufficient. Probable cause, on
one hand, means “a reasonable ground for belief of guilt.” Maryland v. Pringle, 540
U.S. 366, 371 (2003) (quoting Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 (1949)).
Preponderance of the evidence, on the other hand, “means it is more likely than not
that an event occurred.” United States v. Soileau, 686 F.3d 861, 867 (8th Cir. 2012).
By applying the lower standard of probable cause to the government’s allegations
against Sutton, the district court abused its discretion. See United States v. Juwa, 508
F.3d 694, 701 (2d Cir. 2007) (“[P]robable cause is a lower standard than
preponderance of the evidence . . . .”).
Second, the district court’s factual findings about Sutton’s alleged incest and
paternity are not supported by the sentencing record. See United States v. Harrell,
982 F.3d 1137, 1140 (8th Cir. 2020) (“[S]entencing courts may not engage in
speculation or draw inferences unsupported by the record.”). The government
alleged that Sutton committed incest against a teenager, the teenager became
pregnant, and she gave birth to his child. The court gave the government two months

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to produce evidence. The sentencing record contains no evidence supporting the
allegations.
On appeal, the government avers that, before or during the second sentencing
hearing, the district court took “judicial notice” of evidence outside the sentencing
record and, based on this evidence, imposed sex-offender-related special conditions.
See Appellee’s Br. at 7–8. Here, judicial notice is not an acceptable alternative to
proof of the facts needed to substantiate the truth of the government’s allegations.
When a court judicially notices a fact, the “fact must be one not subject to reasonable
dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the
trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources
whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Cravens v. Smith, 610 F.3d 1019,
1029 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)).1 It is subject to reasonable
dispute whether Sutton committed incest and fathered a child. Notoriety is absent,
and there is no source for accurately and readily determining Sutton’s past sexual
activity or its paternal consequences.
If evidence pertinent to the alleged incest or child exists, then it would need
to be placed in the sentencing record. If the government or the district court had
evidence and did not place it in the sentencing record, then our court could not
perform its duty to provide “meaningful appellate review.” Gall v. United States,
552 U.S. 38, 50 (2007). We assume the record before us is a complete record of the
materials that the district court viewed and considered. Examination and use of
extra-record materials would have been an abuse of discretion. See United States v.
Lovelace, 565 F.3d 1080, 1092 (8th Cir. 2009) (finding error when a district court
1 We recognize that the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply to sentencing
matters. See Fed. R. Evid. 1101(d)(3). Nonetheless, we believe Rule 201 accurately
states the traditional rule for judicially noticing a fact, regardless of the context. See
Brown v. Piper, 91 U.S. 37, 42 (1875) (“Facts of universal notoriety need not be
proved.”); see also Hoyt v. Russell, 117 U.S. 401, 404 (1886) (“It is undoubtedly
true that judicial notice is not taken of purely private concerns, when they are not
connected with, or necessarily involved in, a matter of a public nature . . . .”).

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“rel[ied] on information at sentencing that was not presented in advance to the
defendant, in accordance with [Federal] Rule [of Criminal Procedure] 32”).
Third, the district court impermissibly shifted the burden of proof from the
government to Sutton. Our court has held that “the government bears the burden to
justify a condition of supervised release.” United States v. Stelmacher, 891 F.3d 730,
734 (8th Cir. 2018). The district court inverted this assignment of the burden. It
provisionally accepted as true the government’s allegations that Sutton committed
incest and thus fathered a child, notwithstanding the discontinued state investigation,
the probation office’s view that these allegations were unsupported, and the
government’s non-production of evidence after a two-month continuance. We can
find no precedent that approves requiring a defendant to disprove the government’s
unsupported factual allegations in order to avoid the imposition of special
supervised-release conditions.2
The government’s specific allegations are highly disturbing and, if true,
horrific. Nonetheless, the district court was obliged to follow the same rules that
apply in all sentencings.
III. Conclusion
Because the district court applied a lower standard of proof, found facts that
are not supported by the sentencing record and are not judicially noticeable, and
impermissibly shifted the government’s burden of proof to Sutton, we conclude that
2 We distinguish this case from United States v. Thompson, 774 F. App’x 993
(8th Cir. 2019) (unpublished per curiam). In Thompson, we reviewed for plain error,
not abuse of discretion. Id. at 994. There, the district court required the defendant to
prove his paternity of an existent child whom the defendant claimed in order to
acquire visitation rights, not to disprove his paternity of a potentially non-existent
child whom the defendant denies in order to avoid unwanted restrictions. Id.

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the district court abused its discretion. The sex-offender-related special conditions
that Sutton appeals are vacated, and the case is remanded.
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