United States of America v. Kayne Russell Donath

United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 23-1912
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United States of America
Plaintiff - Appellee
v.
Kayne Russell Donath
Defendant - Appellant
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the Northern District of Iowa - Eastern
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Submitted: January 11, 2024
Filed: July 12, 2024
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Before SMITH, Chief Judge,1 GRUENDER and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
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SMITH, Chief Judge.
Kayne Russell Donath pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a firearm by
a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On appeal, he challenges the district
1 Judge Smith completed his term as chief judge of the circuit on March 10,
2024. See 28 U.S.C. § 45(a)(3)(A).

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court’s2 categorization of two previous state offenses as “crime[s] of violence” under
U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) and 4B1.2(a). He also challenges the district court’s
decision to decrease his offense by two levels, rather than three, for acceptance of
responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. On both issues, we affirm.
I. Background
On June 2, 2022, Donath rode as the front-seat passenger in a vehicle driven
by Jade Danyell Harris, a Facebook friend who had offered Donath a car ride. Police
officers initiated a traffic stop. They identified the driver as Harris and the passenger
as Donath. Officers conducted a routine warrant check. Harris was clear, but Donath
had an outstanding warrant. Officers asked Donath to exit the vehicle. He refused to
comply. Instead, he grabbed the gearshift, shifted the vehicle into drive, and
commanded Harris to drive away. Harris did so, and officers pursued them.
When officers caught the vehicle, only Harris remained inside. She told
officers that Donath had pulled a firearm during the traffic stop, held it to her side,
and threatened to shoot her if she did not drive away. She said the firearm had not
been visible to officers because Donath had concealed it under a durag. After Harris
and Donath fled, Donath threw the firearm into an alleyway and ran.
Officers searched the alleyway and found a Taurus G2C 9mm pistol with one
chambered round and a 12-round magazine. A black cloth, consistent with Harris’s
description of Donath’s durag, was tied around the trigger guard. Officers searched
the surrounding area for Donath. When they saw a residence with an open door, they
went to the doorway and asked an apparent resident for permission to enter and
search for a runaway suspect. The resident consented. Officers entered, detected
Donath upstairs, ordered him to come downstairs, and arrested him.
At the time of his arrest, Donath had a prior felony conviction and was
therefore prohibited from possessing a firearm. Based on his possession of the pistol,
2 The Honorable C.J. Williams, then United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa, now Chief Judge.

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the government charged Donath with being a felon in possession. Donath pleaded
guilty to the offense. However, he challenged the government on two sentencing
matters. First, he disputed whether two of his prior offenses under Iowa law
constituted “crime[s] of violence.” See U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A), 4B1.2(a).
Second, he denied pointing his firearm at Harris. See id. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B).
As to the crimes of violence, the Sentencing Guidelines assigned a base
offense level of 20 if Donath “committed any part of the instant offense subsequent
to sustaining one felony conviction of . . . a crime of violence.” Id. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A).
A “crime of violence” includes “any offense under federal or state law, punishable
by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, that . . . has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” Id.
§ 4B1.2(a). Donath conceded his two prior convictions for assaulting correctional
officers in violation of Iowa Code § 708.3A(3).3 However, he argued that assaulting
a correctional officer is not a crime of violence because it does not require proof that
the offender used, attempted to use, or threatened to use physical force against the
victim. The district court rejected this argument as speculative.
Donath also argued that he never pointed his firearm at Harris. If Donath had
pointed his firearm at Harris, he would receive a four-level increase. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) (directing a four-level increase if the defendant used his firearm
“in connection with another felony offense”); Iowa Code §§ 708.1(2)(c); 708.2(3)
3 Although Iowa law gives the designation “aggravated misdemeanor” to the
state offense of assaulting a correctional officer, a federal court treats the offense as
a felony when it calculates the defendant’s recommended sentence. See Iowa Code
§§ 708.3A(3), 903.1(2) (imposing a maximum prison term of two years); U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1 n.1 (describing felonies as offenses “punishable by death or imprisonment
for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether such offense is specifically
designated as a felony and regardless of the actual sentence imposed”).

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(assault with a dangerous weapon).4 By a preponderance of the evidence, the
government proved that Donath pointed his firearm at Harris. Accordingly, the court
increased Donath’s offense level from 20 to 24.
Next, the court heard the parties’ arguments about whether Donath accepted
responsibility. A two-level decrease applies if a “defendant clearly demonstrates
acceptance of responsibility for his offense.” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). And if “the
defendant has assisted authorities in the[ir] investigation or prosecution of his own
misconduct,” the government may move for an additional one-level decrease, and
the court may grant it. Id. § 3E1.1(b). Here, the government said that it was “not
moving for the additional third level and would argue that the defendant should not
receive any acceptance of responsibility” because, despite his guilty plea, he
contested “the operative facts” of the case. R. Doc. 61-1, at 112–13. Donath argued
that, after pleading guilty, he made only non-frivolous and good-faith objections,
which did not relate to his offense but only to sentencing matters. He asserted that
promptly pleading guilty should entitle him to the additional level.
The court ruled: “In my view, this is a close call, but I am not going to deny
the 2-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility.” Id. at 115. “Were the Court
to routinely deny a 2-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility every time a
defendant . . . put the government to the test of proving up an enhancement, that
would effectively deter defendants from ever challenging the government . . . .” Id.
But, the court continued: “[T]he government is the only person with the authority—
or the only authority able to move for the third level off under [§] 3E1.1(b). It has
not done so here.” Id. at 116. Finding that Donath accepted responsibility sufficient
for a two-level decrease but noting the absence of a government motion for a three-
level decrease, the court calculated a total offense level of 22.
4 As with the preceding footnote, Iowa law treats assault with a dangerous
weapon as an aggravated misdemeanor, but a federal court treats it as a felony during
sentencing. See Iowa Code §§ 708.2(3), 903.1(2); U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 n.1.

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Given a total offense level of 22 and a criminal history category of VI, the
Guidelines advised a sentencing range of 84 to 105 months’ imprisonment. The
government asked the court for 90 months. Donath asked for “a sentence at the low
end of the range.” Id. at 128. The court sentenced Donath to 90 months’
imprisonment.
II. Discussion
On appeal, Donath raises two issues. First, he argues that his prior assaults of
correctional officers, in violation of Iowa Code § 708.3A(3), are not “crime[s] of
violence” under U.S.S.G. §§ 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) and 4B1.2(a). Second, he argues that
the district court erred when it adjusted his offense level downward by two levels,
instead of three, for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1. Both issues
are questions of law, which require us to interpret the Guidelines. “[T]he most
appropriate standard for reviewing a district court’s interpretation and application of
the [G]uidelines is the de novo standard.” United States v. Mashek, 406 F.3d 1012,
1016 (8th Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Pulley, 75 F.4th 929, 930 (8th Cir.
2023) (crimes of violence); United States v. Wattree, 431 F.3d 618, 623 (8th Cir.
2005) (acceptance of responsibility), abrogated on other grounds by United States
v. Jordan, 877 F.3d 391, 394–95 (8th Cir. 2017).
A. Crimes of Violence
The first issue is whether Donath committed crimes of violence, within the
meaning of the Guidelines, when he assaulted two correctional officers in violation
of Iowa Code § 708.3A(3). The base offense level is 20 if “the defendant committed
any part of the instant offense subsequent to sustaining one felony conviction of . . .
a crime of violence.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A). A “crime of violence” includes
“any offense under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term
exceeding one year, that . . . has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened
use of physical force against the person of another.” Id. § 4B1.2(a)(1).
Under Iowa law, § 708.3A(3) assault carries a maximum sentence of two
years’ imprisonment. Iowa Code § 903.1(2). Thus, for federal sentencing purposes,
we treat it as a felony. U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 n.1. On appeal, we must decide whether

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Donath’s convictions for § 708.3A(3) assault are crimes of violence because they
“ha[d] as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force
against the person of another.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(1).
Precedent controls this issue. In United States v. Hamilton, we held that
§ 708.3A(3) assault is a crime of violence. 46 F.4th 864, 870 (8th Cir. 2022).
Applying the categorical approach, we said that “‘[p]hysical force’ is ‘force capable
of causing physical pain or injury to another person.’” Id. at 869 (quoting Johnson
v. United States, 559 U.S. 133, 140 (2010)). “If only conduct involving physical
force can support a conviction under the statute, then the crime has a physical-force
element.” Id. (quoting United States v. Quigley, 943 F.3d 390, 394 (8th Cir. 2019)).
A speculative reading of a criminal statute will not suffice. Id. To establish that a
defendant’s prior offense is not a crime of violence:
[T]here must be a non-fanciful, non-theoretical manner to commit the
offense without so much as the threatened use of physical force. To
make this showing, a defendant must at least point to his own case or
other cases in which the state courts did in fact apply the statute in the
special (nongeneric) manner for which he argues.
Id. (cleaned up).
Defendant Hamilton could not show a non-fanciful, non-theoretical manner
of assaulting a government officer—in his case, a police officer—without even the
threatened use of physical force. Id. at 868–70. He could “not identify any Iowa
cases or his own case where section 708.3A(3) was applied in a way that did not
involve at least the threatened use of physical force.” Id. at 870. Accordingly, we
held that § 708.3A(3) assault “qualifies as a crime of violence.” Id.
Here, Donath argues that he has identified Iowa precedent that Hamilton did
not identify. Donath points to an unpublished 2017 decision of the Iowa Court of
Appeals. State v. Hauck, 908 N.W.2d 880 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017) (unpublished table
decision). According to Donath, Hauck shows that it is possible to assault a person,

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in violation of Iowa law, without so much as the threatened use of physical force.
Given Hauck, Donath asks us to revisit Hamilton.
We will not examine Hauck or revisit Hamilton. “It is a cardinal rule in our
circuit that one panel is bound by the decision of a prior panel.” Mader v. United
States, 654 F.3d 794, 800 (8th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (quoting Owsley v. Luebbers,
281 F.3d 687, 690 (8th Cir. 2002) (per curiam)). A prior panel has held that
§ 708.3A(3) assault is a crime of violence. Hamilton, 46 F.4th at 870. Donath
committed § 708.3A(3) assault. Therefore, he committed a crime of violence.
On questions of federal law, we have said that our cardinal rule is not absolute.
“A limited exception to the prior panel rule permits us to revisit an opinion of a prior
panel if an intervening Supreme Court decision is inconsistent with the prior
opinion.” McCullough v. AEGON USA, Inc., 585 F.3d 1082, 1085 (8th Cir. 2009).
The same is true when an intervening decision of the en banc court is inconsistent
with a prior panel opinion. See Cottier v. City of Martin, 604 F.3d 553, 556 (8th Cir.
2010) (en banc) (“When sitting en banc, the court has authority to overrule a prior
panel opinion, whether in the same case or in a different case.”).
On questions related to state law, a similar exception may exist when there is
an intervening decision from a state court. We are aware of such an exception in
some other circuits. See, e.g., World Harvest Church, Inc. v. Guideone Mut. Ins. Co.,
586 F.3d 950, 957 (11th Cir. 2009); Rutherford v. Columbia Gas, 575 F.3d 616, 619
(6th Cir. 2009); FDIC v. Abraham, 137 F.3d 264, 268–69 (5th Cir. 1998). And this
exception may already exist in our circuit.5 However, the parties have not briefed
5Compare Beckon, Inc. v. AMCO Ins. Co., 616 F.3d 812, 820 (8th Cir. 2010)
(“When the highest court of a state disposes of an issue of state law contrary to the
resolution of the issue theretofore suggested by a federal court, the latter ruling must
give way.” (quoting Smith v. F.W. Morse & Co., 76 F.3d 413, 429 n.12 (1st Cir.
1996)), with Arena Holdings Charitable, LLC v. Harman Pro., Inc., 785 F.3d 292,
296 (8th Cir. 2015) (“[O]ur circuit has never specifically determined the binding
effect of a state law determination by a prior panel . . . .” (quoting AIG Centennial
Ins. Co. v. Fraley-Landers, 450 F.3d 761, 767 (8th Cir. 2006))). We do not regard

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the issue. See Ahlberg v. Chrysler Corp., 481 F.3d 630, 634 (8th Cir. 2007) (“[P]oints
not meaningfully argued in an opening brief are waived.”). Even if they had, Donath
does not point to an intervening state case. He points to Hauck, and the state court’s
decision in Hauck predates our decision in Hamilton, so it is unavailing.
Regardless of what effect an intervening state case may have, we hold that an
old state case—a state case decided before a prior panel opinion—cannot overcome
our circuit’s prior panel rule. Washington v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 747
F.3d 955, 958 (8th Cir. 2014); Neidenbach v. Amica Mut. Ins. Co., 842 F.3d 560,
566 n.2 (8th Cir. 2016). If a conflict existed, we would afford a more recent panel
opinion controlling weight over a less recent state case. Following Hamilton and
disregarding Hauck, we conclude that Donath committed crimes of violence when
he assaulted two correctional officers in violation of § 708.3A(3).
Alternatively, Donath argues that we should revisit Hamilton in light of
United States v. Taylor, 596 U.S. 845 (2022). The problem here is almost identical.
The Supreme Court decided Taylor on June 21, 2022, and the circuit panel decided
Hamilton on August 30, 2022. Taylor does not intervene between Hamilton and the
present case. An older Supreme Court decision does not overcome the binding nature
of a newer opinion filed by a three-judge panel of our court. See McCullough, 585
F.3d at 1085. Accordingly, we decline to examine Taylor as well.
as binding the comment that our court previously made in an unpublished opinion.
See United States v. Holston, 773 F. App’x 336, 337 (8th Cir. 2019) (unpublished
per curiam) (“[W]here a state court answers a question of state law contrary to a
previous decision of our Court, we no longer follow the previous panel decision.”);
8th Cir. R. 32.1A (“Unpublished opinions are decisions a court designates for
unpublished status. They are not precedent.”).

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B. Acceptance of Responsibility
The second issue Donath raises is whether his guilty plea warranted a three-
level decrease for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1.6 Subsection
(a) of this Guideline provides: “If the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of
responsibility for his offense, decrease the offense level by 2 levels.” Id. § 3E1.1(a).
When Donath’s sentence was imposed, subsection (b) provided:
If the defendant qualifies for a decrease under subsection (a) . . . and
upon motion of the government stating that the defendant has assisted
authorities in the investigation or prosecution of his own misconduct by
timely notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty,
thereby permitting the government to avoid preparing for trial and
permitting the government and the court to allocate their resources
efficiently, decrease the offense level by 1 additional level.
Id. § 3E1.1(b) (as of Apr. 17, 2023) (emphasis added).
After Donath’s sentence was imposed, the Sentencing Commission amended
subsection (b) by adding the following language:
The term “preparing for trial” means substantive preparations taken to
present the government’s case against the defendant to a jury (or judge,
in the case of a bench trial) at trial. “Preparing for trial” is ordinarily
indicated by actions taken close to trial, such as preparing witnesses for
trial, in limine motions, proposed voir dire questions and jury
instructions, and witness and exhibit lists. Preparations for pretrial
proceedings (such as litigation related to a charging document,
6 The government argues that Donath did not preserve his claim of error
because he did not object when the district court granted a two-level decrease for
acceptance of responsibility. We disagree. At sentencing, Donath clearly made his
desire for an additional level known to the court. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 51(b) (“A
party may preserve a claim of error by informing the court—when the court ruling
or order is made or sought—of the action the party wishes the court to take, or the
party’s objection to the court’s action and the grounds for that objection.” (emphasis
added)); see also United States v. Wallace, 377 F.3d 825, 826 (8th Cir. 2004)
(holding that a claim of error was preserved under similar circumstances).

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discovery motions, and suppression motions) ordinarily are not
considered “preparing for trial” under this subsection. Post-conviction
matters (such as sentencing objections, appeal waivers, and related
issues) are not considered “preparing for trial.”
Id. (effective Nov. 1, 2023).
Whether we apply the Guideline as it existed at sentencing or as subsequently
amended depends on the character of the amendment. Subsection 1B1.11(a) states:
“The court shall use the Guidelines Manual in effect on the date that the defendant
is sentenced.” Id. § 1B1.11(a). However, § 1B1.11(b)(2) states: “[T]he court shall
consider subsequent amendments, to the extent that such amendments are clarifying
rather than substantive changes.” See United States v. King, 280 F.3d 886, 891 (8th
Cir. 2002) (“A defendant sentenced under one version of the Guidelines may be
given the benefit of a later revision if the revision merely clarifies, rather than
substantively changes, the Sentencing Commission’s earlier intent.”). We have held
that an amendment effects a clarifying change, rather than a substantive change, “if
it does not conflict with the preexisting [G]uideline,” even if it “changes the law of
this circuit.” United States v. Hansen, 859 F.3d 576, 578 (8th Cir. 2017). We will
find no conflict, treat an amendment as clarifying rather than substantive, and apply
it retrospectively to the defendant, unless the amendatory language is “plainly at
odds,” United States v. Diaz-Diaz, 135 F.3d 572, 581 (8th Cir. 1998), or
“fundamentally inconsistent” with the preexisting Guideline, United States v.
Lambros, 65 F.3d 698, 700 (8th Cir. 1995).
Comparing the old and new versions of the Guideline, we see no conflict. The
new language simply defines the term “preparing for trial,” and it is not “plainly at
odds” or “fundamentally inconsistent” with the Guideline’s earlier version, which
did not define this term. See U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(b); Diaz-Diaz, 135 F.3d at 581;
Lambros, 65 F.3d at 700. Thus, we review Donath’s sentence under the current
Guideline, inclusive of the new “preparing for trial” definition.
Our circuit reads “black-letter Guidelines” together with their comments and
application notes. United States v. Rivera, 76 F.4th 1085, 1089–91 (8th Cir. 2023),

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cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 861 (2024). A lawfully adopted, noncontradictory comment
or application note that interprets or explains a Guideline will be given controlling
weight unless plainly erroneous. United States v. Mendoza-Figueroa, 65 F.3d 691,
693 (8th Cir. 1995) (en banc); see Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 38 (1993)
(“[C]ommentary in the Guidelines Manual that interprets or explains a guideline is
authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent
with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.”); Rivera, 76 F.4th at 1089–
91 (reaffirming our adherence to Mendoza-Figueroa and Stinson, notwithstanding
“significant developments” in recent case law).
Here, the acceptance-of-responsibility Guideline on which Donath relies has
an application note. Application Note 6 says:
Because the Government is in the best position to determine whether
the defendant has assisted authorities in a manner that avoids preparing
for trial, an adjustment under subsection (b) may only be granted upon
a formal motion by the Government at the time of sentencing. See
section 401(g)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 108-21.
U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 n.6 (emphasis added). This note was enacted by Congress, it
interprets or explains the Guideline, and it is not a plainly erroneous reading of the
Guideline. See Rivera, 76 F.4th at 1090 (discussing the note’s enactment).
We give controlling weight to the words “may only.” Thus, the acceptance-
of-responsibility Guideline permits, but never requires, the government to move for
an additional one-level reduction. “A defendant . . . is not entitled to an additional
level of reduction as a matter of right.” United States v. Smith, 422 F.3d 715, 726
(8th Cir. 2005). Because a three-level decrease “may only be granted upon a formal
motion by the Government,” U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1 n.6, and the government did not
formally move here, Donath is not entitled to the additional third level.
A court may compel a government motion for a three-level decrease, contrary
to the plain language of Application Note 6, only if the government’s decision not
to move is based on an unconstitutional motive or irrational. Jordan, 877 F.3d at

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394. Donath “has presented no evidence that the [government’s] decision was based
on an unconstitutional motive, such as his race or his religion.” United States v.
Smith, 574 F.3d 521, 525 (8th Cir. 2009) (affirming the denial of a downward
departure for substantial assistance). And the government had a rational basis for
withholding its motion. Specifically, Donath showed a lack of candor and remorse
on a factual issue that was central to the determination of his sentencing range. He
denied that he threatened and pointed his firearm at Harris. A defendant “may not
minimize conduct or partially accept responsibility” and still expect to receive a
three-level decrease. United States v. Zeaiter, 891 F.3d 1114, 1123 (8th Cir. 2018)
(quoting United States v. Fischer, 551 F.3d 751, 755 (8th Cir. 2008)). “[T]he district
court’s generous award of a two-level reduction did not compel the government to
move for a third.” United States v. Gaye, 902 F.3d 780, 789 (8th Cir. 2018).
The Commission’s recent amendment to the acceptance-of-responsibility
Guideline does not change our view. Again, the amendment simply clarifies what
“preparing for trial” means. This amendment narrows the government’s discretion
to move for a three-level decrease,7 but it does not affect the government’s decision
against a motion. Under Application Note 6, the government has broad discretion to
withhold its motion. A court may compel the government to move for a three-level
decrease only under the rarest circumstances, not present here.8
III. Conclusion
Following Hamilton, we hold that Donath committed crimes of violence when
he assaulted two correctional officers in violation of Iowa Code § 708.3A(3). See
7 Before the recent amendment, a prosecutor potentially could have moved for
a three-level decrease based on a defendant’s assistance with pretrial proceedings or
on post-conviction matters. By the amendment, the Commission has now clarified
that such a motion would be improper and should be denied. Thus, the amendment
narrows the availability of three-level decreases to defendants.
8 In other words, the black-letter Guideline controls when the government may
move for a three-level decrease. Application Note 6 controls when the government
may decline to move. The recent amendment does not alter Application Note 6.

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Hamilton, 46 F.4th at 870. Following Application Note 6, we hold that Donath was
not entitled to a three-level decrease for acceptance of responsibility. See U.S.S.G.
§ 3E1.1 n.6. On both issues, the district court is affirmed.
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