Mack v. State

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official text of the opinion.

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: August 26, 2025

S25A0773. MACK v. THE STATE.

PINSON, Justice.

Bernie Mack was convicted of malice murder and other crimes

related to the shooting deaths of Bridget Brooks-Mack and Jeremy

Santos. 1 On appeal, he argues that the evidence was not sufficient

1 The crimes occurred on May 5, 2022. Mack was indicted by a Gwinnett

County grand jury on August 3, 2022. The grand jury charged him with two
counts of malice murder (Counts 1 and 5); two counts of felony murder (Counts
2 and 6); two counts of aggravated assault (Counts 3 and 7); and two counts of
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (Counts 4 and 8). His
jury trial began on April 8, 2024, and ended on April 12, 2024. The jury found
Mack guilty on Count 1; Counts 2 and 3 merged or were vacated by operation
of law as a result. The trial court sentenced Mack to life without parole on
Count 1. On Count 5, the jury found Mack guilty of the lesser offense of volun-
tary manslaughter. Counts 6 and 7 merged or were vacated by operation of
law. The trial court sentenced Mack to 20 years of confinement on Count 5,
consecutive to the sentence on Count 1. The jury also found Mack guilty of
Counts 4 and 8, the two possession of a firearm offenses. The trial court im-
posed a sentence of five years confinement on each of those counts, with each
sentence to run consecutive to Count 5. Mack filed a motion for new trial that
was denied by the trial court on October 31, 2024. Mack then timely appealed
to this Court. The case was docketed to this Court’s April 2025 term and sub-
mitted for a decision on the briefs.
and that the trial court erred in admitting certain expert testimony.

These claims fail: the evidence was sufficient and any error related

to the expert testimony was harmless. So Mack’s convictions are af-

firmed.

1. The evidence presented at trial showed the following. Bri-

anna and her husband, Jeremy, lived close to Bridget (Brianna’s

mother) and her husband, Mack (Brianna’s stepfather). The family

members saw each other regularly, and Brianna’s children would

often spend time with their grandparents.

On May 2, 2022, the family was at a baseball game that one of

Brianna’s sons was playing in. Their team won the game, and par-

ents stayed at the field to celebrate afterwards. While at the field,

Mack got into an argument with parents of other children. Jeremy

tried to intervene, and Mack began to argue with him too. Brianna

testified that, when Bridget tried to intervene to calm things down,

Mack pushed her. Brianna defended her mother by punching Mack

in the face. After the punch, the couples separated and went to their

respective homes.

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Two days later, Mack bought a handgun, and he applied for a

carry permit the day after that, May 5.

On the evening of May 5, Brianna called Mack, concerned that

she had not heard from her mother for several hours. Brianna told

another family member that she could not reach her mom, and he

also called Mack. Both he and Brianna testified that Mack said that

he had gone walking in Stone Mountain and would go back to his

home soon. On one call, he said that Bridget was in the shower when

he left the home.

Brianna and Jeremy eventually decided to go to Bridget’s home

to check on her. When they arrived, they entered the house and

could not find Bridget anywhere. When they attempted to enter the

basement, they found the door locked. The key that was usually hid-

den nearby was missing, so they pried the door open with a knife,

and Jeremy went downstairs. He immediately came back up and

told Brianna that her mother was dead. He took Brianna outside,

and the couple called 911 from their car. As they began to drive

away, they saw Mack’s car returning to the home.

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At that point, Jeremy took out his own handgun and fired at

Mack’s vehicle. The couple continued to drive away, but they even-

tually stopped so Jeremy could exit the car. After he got out, Brianna

drove off. Mack was not far behind them, and he turned onto the

street where Jeremy was now on foot shortly after Jeremy got out of

the car. After turning onto the street, Mack got out of his car as well.

He then began to chase Jeremy, and the pair exchanged gunfire.

Jeremy was ultimately struck and killed by several bullets; Mack

was unharmed.

A resident of a nearby home who had heard the shots came to

the scene after Jeremy had already been shot. He shouted at Mack

to drop his gun. Mack dropped it, returned to his car, and drove

across the street to a parking lot. He then got out of his car and

stayed there until police arrived and arrested him. On doing so, the

police found two spent bullet casings in Mack’s pocket.

The medical examiner who conducted Bridget’s autopsy testi-

fied that she died of two gunshot wounds. She testified that the first

shot entered Bridget’s abdomen from an indeterminate range. Soot

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marks at the back of her neck, however, indicated that the gun had

been pressed against the back of her head when it was fired a second

time.

Mack testified in his own defense at trial. He claimed that he

bought the gun only because he noticed that the two guns the couple

owned were missing from their master closet. After buying the hand-

gun, he testified that he kept it with him in the basement on May 5.

He testified that he was listening to music when he heard the base-

ment door open. He stood up, grabbing his gun. After Bridget

reached the landing of the staircase, Mack said that he recognized

that it was his wife coming down the stairs, so he put the gun in the

waistband of his pants. After she came down the stairs, he then

claimed that the gun fell from his waistband onto the floor as he

went to move past Bridget and go upstairs. Mack testified that he

and Bridget both bent down and reached for the gun; he grabbed it,

but her hand was on his; and as they stood up, the gun went off. He

testified that he then held on to Bridget and asked where she was

hit. According to Mack, the gun was still in his hand, and Bridget’s

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hand was still on his. He claimed that the gun accidentally dis-

charged again when he “threw her down.”

Mack further testified that, after shooting of Bridget, he took

the two spent bullet casings from the basement floor and put them

in his pocket. After grabbing the casings, Mack left the basement

and got in his car. He testified that he was going to call the police

after the shooting but that he was in shock and got in his car and

went driving. A neighbor testified that Mack stopped him and asked

him to deliver an envelope to the post office during this time.

Mack also testified that he was shot at from another car when

he was returning to his home. He claimed that, although he initially

drove away from the other vehicle, he turned around out of concern

for having a shootout at his house. After turning around, he eventu-

ally came upon the vehicle and Jeremy already standing in the

street. He testified that Jeremy ran towards him with a gun in hand,

which is why Mack took out his own gun out, got out of the car, and

traded shots with Jeremy. Mack claimed that Jeremy pursued him,

that Jeremy shot first in the foot chase, and that he only shot Jeremy

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out of self-defense.

2. Mack first contends that the evidence was insufficient to sus-

tain his convictions as a matter of federal due process. When review-

ing the evidence for constitutional sufficiency, we evaluate it “in the

light most favorable to the verdicts to determine whether a rational

trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reason-

able doubt.” Arnold v. State, 321 Ga. 434, 442 (2025). In doing so, we

“defer to the jury’s resolution of any conflicts in the evidence, the

credibility of witnesses, and the drawing of reasonable inferences

from the facts.” Id. And the jury’s verdicts “will be upheld as long as

some competent evidence, even if contradicted, supports each fact

necessary to make out the State’s case.” Id.

As to the malice murder of Bridget, Mack contends that the

State did not introduce sufficient evidence that he killed her inten-

tionally. See OCGA § 16-5-1 (a) (“A person commits the offense of

murder when he unlawfully and with malice aforethought, either

express or implied, causes the death of another human being.”);

Scoggins v. State, 317 Ga. 832, 836 (2023) (“For a malice murder

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conviction, the requisite criminal intent is that of malice, which in-

corporates the intent to kill.”). Not so. Viewed in the light most fa-

vorable to the verdict, the evidence here showed that Mack shot

Bridget first in the abdomen, put the gun against the back of her

head and shot her a second time, then picked up the two bullet cas-

ings, left her body lying in the basement, fled the scene in his car,

lied to two different people about where he was when they called

asking about Bridget, and never called the police. Based on this ev-

idence, the jury was authorized to find beyond a reasonable doubt

that Mack shot and killed Bridget intentionally and with malice, and

to disbelieve his testimony that he shot her on accident. See Jones

v. State, 314 Ga. 400, 406–07 (2022) (evidence authorized the jury to

reject the defendant’s defense of accident); Donaldson v. State, 302

Ga. 671, 673 (2017) (“[I]t is the role of the jury to resolve conflicts in

the evidence and to determine the credibility of witnesses, and the

resolution of such conflicts adversely to the defendant does not ren-

der the evidence insufficient.”).

As for the voluntary manslaughter of Jeremy, Mack contends

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that the State failed to introduce sufficient evidence disproving his

defense of self-defense, which was based on his theory that Jeremy

was the initial aggressor and that the threat of deadly force posed

by Jeremy never subsided. See OCGA § 16-3-21(a) (“[A] person is

justified in using force which is intended or likely to cause death or

great bodily harm only if he or she reasonably believes that such

force is necessary to prevent death or great bodily injury to himself

or herself ….”). But both Brianna and neighbors testified that, after

Jeremy initially shot at Mack, she and Jeremy then drove away, that

they were out of Mack’s sight, and that Mack pursued them first in

his car and then on foot. In short, the evidence authorized the jury

to conclude that Jeremy no longer posed a threat to Mack that would

justify the use of force in self-defense, and so Mack was not justified

in using deadly force to defend himself by the time he shot and killed

Jeremy. See Anthony v. State, 298 Ga. 827, 829 (2016) (“The jury is

free to reject any evidence in support of a justification defense and

to accept the evidence that the shooting was not done in self-de-

fense.”).

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Mack also contends that the evidence was not sufficient as a

matter of Georgia statutory law because it was wholly circumstan-

tial and failed to exclude the reasonable hypothesis of accident for

Bridget’s murder and self-defense for Jeremy’s murder. See OCGA

§ 24-14-6 (“To warrant a conviction on circumstantial evidence, the

proved facts shall not only be consistent with the hypothesis of guilt,

but shall exclude every other reasonable hypothesis save that of the

guilt of the accused.”). But this standard does not apply if there is

direct evidence of the crime, see Troutman v. State, 320 Ga. 489, 492

(2024), like Mack’s own testimony that he shot his wife and Jeremy,

see Bradley v. State, 318 Ga. 142, 144 (2024) (“Eyewitness testimony

based on the witness’s firsthand observations of the crime is direct,

not circumstantial, evidence.”). So this final sufficiency argument

fails as well.

3. Mack finally contends that the trial court erred in admitting

certain expert testimony.

Bridget was shot twice, and the medical examiner testified that

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the gunshot to Bridget’s head happened after the gunshot to her ab-

domen. The medical examiner opined that blood loss from the abdo-

men was inconsistent with her having been shot in the head first.

And she explained that if the first shot had been to Bridget’s head,

Bridget likely would have fallen forwards, and so it would be un-

likely that the entry wound from the second bullet would be to the

front of her abdomen, as it was. Then the medical examiner added,

“I guess less scientific, but typically, when individuals are shot more

than one time, they are typically shot from further away and then

moved closer. And so not only based on my anatomic or scientific

findings . . . , it makes more sense that [the abdominal] wound was

inflicted first.” Mack’s counsel objected on the ground that this latter

testimony was not within the expert’s area of expertise, and the trial

court overruled the objection.

On appeal, Mack contends that this testimony was admitted in

error and invaded the province of the jury to determine the facts and

the ultimate issue in the case in violation of OCGA § 24-7-704(b).

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Assuming without deciding that the trial court abused its dis-

cretion in admitting this testimony, any error was harmless. The

test for whether a non-constitutional error is harmless is “whether

it is highly probable that the error did not contribute to the verdict.”

Haufler v. State, 315 Ga. 712, 718 (2023). When applying this test,

we “review the evidence de novo and weigh it as a reasonable juror

would, rather than reviewing it in a light most favorable to uphold-

ing the jury’s verdicts of guilty.” Moore v. State, 315 Ga. 263, 271

(2022).

Applying this standard here, it was highly probable that the

medical examiner’s comment did not contribute to the verdict. To

begin with, this testimony about the order of the shots was cumula-

tive of her unchallenged expert testimony about the physiological

evidence that supported her conclusion about the order of the gun-

shots and Mack’s own trial testimony that the shot to the abdomen

happened first. See Remler v. State, 318 Ga. 61, 66–67 (2024) (ex-

pert’s improper testimony was harmless when cumulative of other

evidence). Moreover, this testimony did not have any bearing on the

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expert’s more inculpatory testimony: that the second gunshot was

point-blank to the back of Bridget’s head rather than to the front,

which tended to disprove Mack’s claim that he shot her by accident.

So it is highly probable that the expert’s passing comment about the

order of the shots did not contribute to the jury’s verdict. And that

conclusion is confirmed by the other evidence of Mack’s guilt already

recounted, which, when weighed as a reasonable juror would, was

quite strong. See Munn v. State, 313 Ga. 716, 726 (evidence was

harmless when evidence of guilt, including defendant’s admission to

the shooting, was overwhelming). Because any error was harmless,

this claim fails.

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

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