National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA v. Aspen Custom Trailers, Inc.

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA
NATIONAL UNION FIRE INSURANCE
COMPANY OF PITTSBURGH, PA, as
subrogee of Specialized Transport & Rigging,
LLC,
Plaintiff,
v.
ASPEN CUSTOM TRAILERS, INC.,
Defendants.
Case No. 3:21-cv-00077-TMB
ORDER ON DEFENDANT ASPEN
CUSTOM TRAILERS, INC.’S
MOTION TO DISMISS
(DKT. 4)
I. 	INTRODUCTION
Before the Court is Defendant Aspen Custom Trailers, Inc.’s (“Aspen”) Motion to Dismiss
(the “Motion”).1 Plaintiff National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, PA (“National
Union”) opposes the Motion.2 For the reasons discussed below, the Court finds it lacks personal
jurisdiction over Aspen and GRANTS the Motion on that basis.
II. 	BACKGROUND
Plaintiff National Union is a Pennsylvania insurance company registered to do insurance
business in Alaska.3 National Union brings this lawsuit as a subrogee of Specialized Transport &
Rigging, LLC (“Specialized”), an Alaska company.4 Defendant Aspen is a Canadian company
1 Dkt. 4 (Motion); Dkt. 5 (Memorandum); Dkt. 10 (Reply).
2 Dkt. 9 (Opposition).
3 Dkt. 1 at 1 (Complaint).
4 Id. at 1–2.
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with its principal place of business in Alberta, Canada.5 Aspen has no offices, employees, or
facilities in Alaska and is not registered to do business in Alaska.6
The facts underlying this lawsuit are as follows. In 2014, Specialized purchased a custom
heavy-duty trailer assembly from Aspen and purchased insurance coverage for the trailer from
National Union.7 National Union and Specialized claim that this trailer, informally called the
“Bomb Cart,” broke in 2019 while traveling on the Elliot Highway.8 A few days later, Specialized
submitted an insurance claim for damages with National Union.9 According to National Union, it
paid Specialized $36,362.00 for preliminary repairs and $26,005.08 for towing charges and offered
Specialized a claim settlement of $184,228.00 on the loss of the trailer, which Specialized
rejected.10 Specialized then filed a lawsuit against both National Union and Aspen in this Court,
raising claims for casualty loss and lost profits against National Union and for breach of contract
and breach of implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose against Aspen.11 Specialized
asserts in that lawsuit that the Bomb Cart was defective.12 With Specialized’s lawsuit pending
against National Union and Aspen, National Union separately filed this lawsuit against Aspen.
5 Id. at 2.
6 Dkt. 4-1 at 2 (Zork Declaration).
7 Dkt. 1 at 3.
8 Id.
9 Id.
10 Id. at 3–4.
11 Case No. 3:20-cv-00188-TMB, Dkt. 24 at 7–9 (Specialized action against National Union and
Aspen).
12 Id.
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National Union raises claims against Aspen for product liability, breach of implied warranty for
fitness for a particular purpose, and common law indemnification.13
In this Motion, Aspen argues National Union’s Complaint should be dismissed either
(1) under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(4) and/or Rule 12(b)(5) because National
Union served the wrong entity, (2) under Rule 12(b)(2) because the Court lacks personal
jurisdiction over Aspen, or (3) under Rule 12(b)(6) because National Union fails to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted.14 As discussed below, the Court concludes it lacks personal
jurisdiction over Aspen and, consequently, finds it unnecessary to address Aspen’s remaining
arguments for dismissal.
III. 	LEGAL STANDARD
Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), a defendant may move to dismiss a case on the basis that the
Court lacks personal jurisdiction over them.15 On a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(2), the
plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the court has jurisdiction.16 In evaluating the
defendant’s motion, “[t]he court may consider evidence presented in affidavits to assist it in its
determination.”17 Where, as here, the court bases its decision on written materials instead of
13 Dkt. 1 at 4–7.
14 See generally Dkt. 5.
15 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2).
16 See Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 800 (9th Cir. 2004).
17 Doe v. Unocal Corp., 248 F.3d 915, 922 (9th Cir. 2001).
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holding an evidentiary hearing, “the plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of
jurisdictional facts.”18
“There are two independent limitations on a court’s power to exercise personal jurisdiction
over a nonresident defendant: the applicable state personal jurisdiction rule, and constitutional
principles of due process.”19 Here, Alaska law authorizes courts within the state to exercise
jurisdiction to the fullest extent permitted by federal due process.20 Thus, the Court need only
examine whether exercising jurisdiction in this case comports with due process.21
A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant consistent with due process
only if the defendant has “‘certain minimum contacts’ with the forum state ‘such that the
maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’”22
“Unless a defendant’s contacts with a forum are so substantial, continuous, and systematic that the
defendant can be deemed to be ‘present’ in that forum for all purposes,” i.e., that the defendant is
subject to “general” jurisdiction in the forum, “a forum may exercise only ‘specific’ jurisdiction—
that is, jurisdiction based on the relationship between the defendant’s forum contacts and the
18 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 800 (quoting Sher v. Johnson, 911 F.2d 1357, 1361 (9th Cir.
1990)).
19 Loomis v. Slendertone Distrib., Inc., 420 F. Supp. 3d 1046, 1064 (S.D. Cal. 2019). The
applicable state personal jurisdiction rule is Alaska’s long-arm statute. See Schwarzenegger, 374
F.3d at 800 (“Where, as here, there is no applicable federal statute governing personal jurisdiction,
the district court applies the law of the state in which the district court sits.”).
20 Alaska Telecom, Inc. v. Schafer, 888 P.2d 1296, 1299 (Alaska 1995).
21 Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2015).
22 Id. (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)).
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plaintiff’s claim.”23 National Union argues primarily that the Court has specific jurisdiction over
Aspen.
A 	court 	has 	specific 	jurisdiction 	over 	a 	non-resident 	defendant 	only 	when 	three
requirements 	are 	met: 	“(1) 	the 	defendant 	either 	‘purposefully 	direct[s]’ 	its 	activities 	or
‘purposefully avails’ itself of the benefits afforded by the forum’s laws; (2) the claim ‘arises out
of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction []
comport[s] with fair play and substantial justice, i.e., it [is] reasonable.’”24 The plaintiff bears the
burden to prove the first two requirements.25 “If the plaintiff succeeds in satisfying both of the first
two [requirements], the burden then shifts to the defendant to ‘present a compelling case’ that the
exercise of jurisdiction would not be reasonable.”26
“For part one of this three-part test,” courts “typically analyze[] cases that sound primarily
in 	contract”—as 	this 	case does—“under 	a 	‘purposeful 	availment’ 	standard.”27 “To 	have
purposefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business in the forum, a defendant must have
‘performed some type of affirmative conduct which allows or promotes the transaction of business
23 Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme Et L’Antisemitisme, 433 F.3d 1199, 1205 (9th Cir.
2006).
24 Williams v. Yamaha Motor Co., 851 F.3d 1015, 1023 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Dole Food Co. v.
Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002)) (alterations in original).
25 Id.
26 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476–
78 (1985)).
27 See Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1016 (9th Cir. 2008). Courts use the purposeful
availment standard in products liability cases. See Specter v. Rainbow King Lodge, Inc., No.
3:17-CV-00194-TMB, 2018 WL 11266538, at *4 (D. Alaska June 13, 2018) (citing J. McIntyre
Mach., Ltd. v. Nicastro, 564 U.S. 873, 877 (2011)). In contrast, for cases involving intentional tort
claims, courts use a purposeful direction standard. See id.; Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1016.
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within the forum state.’”28 Courts evaluate “the quality and nature” of the defendant’s contacts
with the forum.29 “Merely random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts are not sufficient.”30
While the United States Supreme Court has rejected a “mechanical” test to evaluate
purposeful availment,31 it has recognized two concepts that are particularly helpful here. First, “the
formation of a contract with a nonresident defendant is not, standing alone, sufficient to create
jurisdiction.”32 A plaintiff must show something more, such as “a contractual relationship that
‘envisioned continuing and wide-reaching contacts’ in the forum State,”33 efforts by the defendant
to “continuously and deliberately exploit[]” the forum state’s market through salespeople or
advertising,34 examples of the defendant closing sales or performing services in the forum state,35
or a choice-of-law provision selecting the law of the forum state.36 In contrast, a contract does “not
give rise to specific jurisdiction in the forum” where “the business relationship between the parties
was fleeting or its center of gravity lay elsewhere.”37 As the United States Supreme Court has said,
28 Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1016 (quoting Sher, 911 F.2d at 1362).
29 Int’l Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at 319.
30 Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211.
31 Burger King, 471 U.S. at 478.
32 Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1017 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 478); see also Picot, 780 F.3d at
1211 (“[A] contract alone does not automatically establish minimum contacts in the plaintiff’s
home forum.”).
33 Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 285 (2014) (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 479–80)).
34 Keeton v. Hustler Mag., Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 781 (1984).
35 Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1028 (2021).
36 Burger King, 471 U.S. at 482.
37 Glob. Commodities Trading Grp., Inc. v. Beneficio de Arroz Choloma, S.A., 972 F.3d 1101,
1108 (9th Cir. 2020).
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the defendant’s contacts with the forum “must show that the defendant deliberately ‘reached out
beyond’ its home—by, for example, ‘exploi[ting] a market’ in the forum State or entering a
contractual relationship centered there.”38 Thus, when evaluating whether a contract gives rise to
jurisdiction, courts consider the parties’ “prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences,
along with the terms of the contract and the parties’ actual course of dealing.”39
Second, “‘foreseeability’ alone has never been a sufficient benchmark for personal
jurisdiction under the Due Process Clause.”40 For example, the United States Supreme Court has
explained, “[i]n Hanson v. Denckla, . . . it was no doubt foreseeable that the settlor of a Delaware
trust would subsequently move to Florida and seek to exercise a power of appointment there; yet
we held that Florida courts could not constitutionally exercise jurisdiction over a Delaware trustee
that had no other contacts with the forum State.”41
IV. 	DISCUSSION
The Court concludes it does not have personal jurisdiction over Aspen in this case.
A. 	General Personal Jurisdiction
As an initial matter, the Court finds Aspen is not subject to general personal jurisdiction in
Alaska. Aspen is neither incorporated in Alaska nor has its principal place of business in Alaska.42
38 Ford Motor Co., 141 S. Ct. at 1025 (quoting Walden, 571 U.S. at 285) (emphasis added).
39 Glob. Commodities, 972 F.3d at 1108.
40 World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 295 (1980).
41 Id. at 295–96.
42 See Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014).
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And National Union provides no evidence that Aspen is otherwise “essentially at home” in
Alaska.43
B. 	Specific Personal Jurisdiction
Next, the Court concludes it also lacks specific jurisdiction over Aspen because National
Union has not established the first requirement of the Ninth Circuit’s three-part test: that Aspen
“purposefully avail[ed]” itself “of the privilege of conducting activities” in Alaska.44
To begin, the underlying contractual relationship between Specialized and Aspen is
centered in Canada, not Alaska: Aspen neither executed the at-issue contract nor performed any
obligations stemming from the contract in Alaska.45 It is undisputed that, consistent with Aspen’s
“general business practice,”46 Aspen executed the contract in its office in Alberta, Canada; Aspen
manufactured the Bomb Cart in Alberta; no Aspen employee or representative traveled to Alaska
for business related to the sale and manufacture of the Bomb Cart; and Specialized picked up the
Bomb Cart in Alberta for transport back to Alaska.47 The record indicates, therefore, that aside
from contracting with an Alaska company, Aspen had virtually no contact with Alaska in
connection with the underlying deal.
Despite this apparent disconnect between the underlying deal and the forum, National
Union argues the Court has specific jurisdiction over Aspen for three reasons. First, Aspen “admits
43 See id. at 139, n.19 (leaving open “the possibility that in an exceptional case . . . a corporation’s
operations in a forum other than its formal place of incorporation or principal place of business
may be so substantial and of such a nature as to render the corporation at home in that State”).
44 Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211 (quoting Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802).
45 See Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 251–52 (1958).
46 Dkt. 4-1 at 3.
47 Id. at 3–4; see generally Dkt. 9.
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that it sold the trailer to [Specialized], an Alaska business” and “kn[ew] that the equipment would
be used in Alaska.”48 To support the proposition that these facts confer jurisdiction, National Union
cites a 2005 decision by the Alaska Supreme Court, Polar Supply Company, Inc. v. Steelmaster
Industries, Inc.,49 in which the Alaska Supreme Court held that a Canadian manufacturer
purposefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business in Alaska by knowingly contracting
with an Alaska company, attending a trade show in Nevada, and advertising in the United States,
among other contacts.50 Second, National Union argues that “Alaska’s long arm statute . . . reaches
foreign corporations that place product into the stream of commerce that cause injury to persons
or property in the state.”51 For this proposition, National Union relies on a 1980 Alaska Supreme
Court decision, Volkswagenwerk, A. G. v. Klippan, GmbH,52 holding that “[w]hen a manufacturer
voluntarily places its product in the general stream of commerce without restriction, the ‘minimum
contact’ requirement is satisfied in all forums where it is foreseeable to the manufacturer that the
product may be marketed.”53 Finally, National Union points to two documents relating to the
Bomb Cart that refer to the United States: (1) the purchase agreement, which identifies the
“Territory” as “US Northwest,” and (2) a “Certificate of Origin For A Vehicle,” which National
Union calls an “American form,” presumably because it includes fields labeled “State” and
48 Dkt. 9 at 7.
49 127 P.3d 52 (Alaska 2005); Dkt. 9 at 5–6.
50 Polar Supply, 127 P.3d at 56.
51 Dkt. 9 at 5
52 611 P.2d 498 (Alaska 1980).
53 Dkt. 9 at 6 (quoting Volkswagenwerk, A. G. v. Klippan, GmbH, 611 P.2d 498, 500–501 (Alaska
1980).
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“County.”54 For the reasons below, the Court finds each of these arguments insufficient to establish
purposeful availment.
First, as discussed above, a contract alone is not enough, and the contract underlying this
case did not create a sufficient connection between Aspen and Alaska to establish purposeful
availment.55 Aspen executed the contract in Canada and designed the contract such that it could
perform all obligations in Canada.56 On these facts, the Court cannot conclude that Aspen
“envisioned continuing and wide-reaching contacts” in Alaska.57 In short, the contract was not
“centered” in Alaska and, without more, does not provide a basis for jurisdiction.58
Second, it is not enough that Aspen knew Specialized was an Alaska company or that Aspen
knew the Bomb Cart would be used in Alaska because foreseeability is not the criterion.59 Rather,
National Union must show that Aspen “deliberately ‘reached out beyond’ its home.”60 National
Union provides no indication that Aspen took such deliberate action. For example, National Union
54 Id. at 7 (highlighting “State of” and “County of” on the certificate).
55 See Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1017 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 478); Burger King, 471 U.S.
at 478 (commenting that “an individual’s contract with an out-of-state party alone . . . clearly”
cannot establish jurisdiction); see also Walden, 571 U.S. at 285 (“[T]he plaintiff cannot be the only
link between the defendant and the forum.”).
56 Dkt. 4-1 at 3.
57 Walden, 571 U.S. at 285 (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 479–80). Compare Glob.
Commodities, 972 F.3d at 1108–10 (finding personal jurisdiction where a defendant “sustained a
relationship with [the plaintiff] over several years and hundreds of contracts, purchasing millions
of dollars of goods” and had “acknowledged its ongoing obligations to make payments in [the
forum state]”) with Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1017 (finding no purposeful availment where the parties
contracted for “the sale of one item” with “no ongoing obligations” in the forum).
58 Ford Motor Co., 141 S. Ct. at 1025 (quoting Walden, 571 U.S. at 285).
59 See World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 295.
60 Ford Motor Co., 141 S. Ct. at 1025 (quoting Walden, 571 U.S. at 285).
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does not allege Aspen targeted Specialized or otherwise targets Alaska companies, through
advertising or other methods. The record reflects instead that Aspen, through its general practices,
has minimized its contacts with Alaska, even where, as here, it contracts with an Alaska company.
Without disputing these practices, National Union argues that by simply contracting with an
Alaska company to manufacture equipment it knew would be used in Alaska, Aspen purposefully
availed itself of the Alaska market.61 To the extent Volkswagenwerk and Polar Supply suggest
foreseeability of this kind establishes purposeful availment, the Alaska Supreme Court appears to
have taken an expansive approach to specific jurisdiction that has been foreclosed by the United
States Supreme Court.62 The Court therefore finds these Alaska Supreme Court decisions
unpersuasive here.63
Third, National Union’s stream-of-commerce theory, as articulated in Volkswagenwerk,64
has never found support in a majority opinion of the United States Supreme Court and, even if it
had, would not apply in this case. In Asahi Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court of California,
61 See Dkt. 9 at 8.
62 See World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 295; Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Super. Ct. of Cal.,
San Francisco Cnty., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1783 (2017) (rejecting argument that the defendant’s
“decision to contract with a California company” provided a sufficient basis for personal
jurisdiction in California); see, e.g., Pac. Helicopter Tours, Inc. v. Dragonfly Aviation, LLC, No.
CV 19-00295 ACK-RT, 2019 WL 5053054, at *7 (D. Haw. Oct. 8, 2019) (“While Pacific
Helicopter points to Dragonfly’s knowledge that the ‘helicopter would be delivered and operated
in Hawaii,’ it was Pacific Helicopter who performed this delivery and conducted these operations.
Failure to consider this distinction improperly shifts the minimum contacts analysis to ‘defendant’s
contacts with persons who reside’ in the forum State, rather than ‘the defendant’s contacts with
the forum State itself.’”) (quoting Walden, 571 U.S. at 285) (internal citations omitted).
63 These Alaska Supreme Court decisions, while entitled to great respect, are not binding on this
Court with respect to the due process analysis required here. See Watson v. Estelle, 886 F.2d 1093,
1095 (9th Cir. 1989) (a state supreme court opinion construing the United States Constitution is
not binding on federal courts).
64 See Dkt. 9 at 6–7 (quoting Volkswagenwerk, 611 P.2d at 500–01).
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Solano County,65 Justice O’Conner writing for four justices endorsed the view that “the Due
Process Clause . . . require[s] something more than that the defendant was aware of its product’s
entry into the forum State through the stream of commerce.”66 In a four-justice concurrence,
Justice Brennan advocated for the less demanding approach articulated in Volkswagenwerk. In his
view, “jurisdiction premised on the placement of a product into the stream of commerce is
consistent with the Due Process Clause” without “a showing of additional conduct.”67 Neither
theory won the day, although the Ninth Circuit has since endorsed Justice O’Conner’s approach.68
But even applying Justice Brennan’s comparatively lax version of the stream-of-commerce theory,
the Court cannot conclude on this record that Aspen purposefully availed itself of the privilege of
doing business in Alaska. Justice Brennan defined the stream of commerce as “the regular and
anticipated flow of products from manufacture to distribution to retail sale,” contrasting cases
involving “isolated occurrence[s].”69 National Union provides no evidence of a “regular and
anticipated flow of products” from Aspen to Alaska here, instead showing only one, isolated sale.
Finally, Aspen has not purposefully availed itself of the privilege of doing business in
Alaska by broadly targeting the United States. On this point, Polar Supply is directly contradicted
by subsequent federal precedent. Six years after Polar Supply, the United States Supreme Court in
J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro70 rejected the argument that a defendant “purposefully
65 480 U.S. 102 (1987) (plurality).
66 Id. at 111.
67 Id. at 117–18 (J. Brennan, concurring)
68 See, e.g., Holland Am. Line Inc. v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 450, 459 (9th Cir. 2007).
69 Asahi, 480 U.S. at 117–18 (J. Brennan, concurring) (emphasis added).
70 564 U.S. 873 (2011) (plurality).
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availed itself of the New Jersey market” by agreeing to sell machines in the United States and
attending “trade shows in several States but not in New Jersey,” even though the defendant “might
have predicted” its machines would end up in New Jersey.71 The Court reasoned, “These facts may
reveal an intent to serve the U.S. market, but they do not show that J. McIntyre purposefully availed
itself of the New Jersey market.”72 Here too, Aspen’s contacts, including its reference to the “US
Northwest” territory, “may reveal an intent to serve the U.S. market, but they do not show that
[Aspen] purposefully availed itself of the [Alaska] market.”73
The Court concludes it lacks personal jurisdiction over Aspen and GRANTS the Motion
accordingly.
C. Jurisdictional Discovery
The Court also denies National Union’s request for jurisdictional discovery. District courts
have “broad discretion to permit or deny [jurisdictional] discovery.”74 Courts ordinarily allow
jurisdictional discovery “where pertinent facts bearing on the question of jurisdiction are
controverted or where a more satisfactory showing of the facts is necessary.”75 However, a court
may deny a request for jurisdictional discovery that is “based on little more than a hunch that it
71 Id. at 882, 886 (opinion of Kennedy, J.).
72 Id. at 886; see also id. at 888 (Breyer, J., concurring).
73 Id. at 886; see also LNS Enters. LLC v. Cont’l Motors, Inc., 22 F.4th 852, 862 (9th Cir. 2022)
(finding no jurisdiction where “[m]any of the allegations in the complaint pertain to Continental’s
nationwide contacts rather than Continental’s contacts with Arizona specifically”).
74 Butcher’s Union Loc. No. 498, United Food & Com. Workers v. SDC Inv., Inc., 788 F.2d 535,
540 (9th Cir. 1986).
75 Boschetto, 539 F.3d at 1020 (quoting Data Disc, Inc. v. Sys. Tech. Assoc., Inc., 557 F.2d 1280,
1285 n.1 (9th Cir. 1977)).
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might yield jurisdictionally relevant facts.”76 Likewise, a “[c]ourt need not permit even limited
discovery” where the “plaintiff’s claim of personal jurisdiction appears to be both attenuated and
based on bare allegations in the face of specific denials made by the defendants.”77
National Union requests jurisdictional discovery into whether Aspen is subject to “general
personal jurisdiction” in Alaska.78 As explained above, the Court can comfortably conclude based
on the present record that Aspen is not subject to general jurisdiction in Alaska. Aspen is neither
incorporated in Alaska nor has its principal place of business in Alaska. And National Union has
provided no indication that this is “an exceptional case” in which “a corporation’s operations in a
forum other than its formal place of incorporation or principal place of business [are] so substantial
and of such a nature as to render the corporation at home in that State.”79 The Court denies National
Union’s request for jurisdictional discovery accordingly.
V. 	CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Aspen’s Motion to Dismiss.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated at Anchorage, Alaska, this 28th day of February, 2022.
/s/ Timothy M. Burgess
TIMOTHY M. BURGESS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
76Id.
77 Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 1160 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Terracom v. Valley
Nat’l Bank, 49 F.3d 555, 562 (9th Cir. 1995)).
78 Dkt. 9 at 5.
79 Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 139, n.19.
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