In the Interest of M.A. and M.A., Minor Children

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-0092
Filed April 10, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF M.A. and M.A.,
Minor Children,

F.F., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, Linnea M.N. Nicol,

Judge.

A mother appeals the juvenile court’s dispositional review order and finding

of reasonable efforts. AFFIRMED.

Kristin R. Schiller Herman, Calmar, for appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Sarah Dooley Rothman of Rothman Law Office, Independence, attorney

and guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Greer and Chicchelly, JJ.
2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

In this child-in-need-of-assistance proceeding, the mother appeals the

juvenile court’s dispositional review order and finding of reasonable efforts. Upon

review, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

This family has been involved in department-of-health-and-human-services

investigations and the juvenile court for years, which has included child abuse

assessments founded due to dangerous substances, presence of illegal drugs,

and denial of critical care. The parents also have histories of criminal activity,

primarily relating to drug use.

The mother and father divorced in 2017, pursuant to a stipulated decree,

agreeing to shared physical care of their three children: M.A., born in 2006; O.A.,

born in 2007; and M.A., born in 2010. In 2019, the district court modified the

dissolution decree, placing physical care of the children with the father due to the

department’s involvement. Thereafter, the father moved with the children to

Nebraska without input from the mother, limiting the mother’s contact with the

children. In response, the mother filed a petition to modify the decree, requesting

physical care of the children.

In late 2021, the district court entered a modification order, placing physical

care of the children with the mother in Iowa, noting the father’s “actions in alienating

his children from [the mother] is detrimental to their best interest” and finding

“[b]ecause [the mother] will encourage a relationship between the children and

their father and [he] refuses to do so, she has the ability to provide superior care.”

The parents’ daughters, M.A. and M.A., moved back to Iowa to live with the mother.
3

Apparently, O.A. refused to move to Iowa and was allowed to stay in Nebraska

with the father. 1

In February 2023, the family again came to the department’s attention upon

reports of methamphetamine use in the home by the mother and other adults. M.A.

and M.A. reported being aware the mother was “using drugs again,” and stated

they were “responsible” for caring for their younger half-siblings, B.F., born in 2019,

and H.H., born in 2022.2 B.F. and H.H. tested positive for methamphetamine. The

children were removed from the mother’s custody, placed with the paternal

grandmother, 3 and adjudicated in need of assistance (CINA). 4 The father

requested custody of M.A. and M.A., and a home study of the father’s home was

initiated.

The mother began inpatient substance-use treatment in May. Although the

children were allowed to live with her at the treatment facility, M.A. and M.A. were

allowed to remain with their grandmother, per their request. The guardian ad litem

also opined the M.A. and M.A. should not be placed with the mother at treatment,

“agree[ing] that it is in their best interests to not switch schools for a third time in

less than a year.” The guardian ad litem further opined the mother’s contact with

them “should be supervised until she demonstrates an ability to have appropriate

contact with them.” The guardian ad litem reported the mother’s contacts with the

children “have been consistently aimed at denying her responsibility for the

1
O.A. has remained in the father’s care. He is not part of these proceedings.
2
B.F. and H.H. are not at issue in these proceedings.
3
B.F. and H.H. were later moved to a different placement.
4
M.A. and M.A. were adjudicated CINA pursuant to Iowa Code
section 232.96(3)(b) (2023).
4

situation, blaming the teens for the situation that she created, and have not shown

an ability to have a positive relationship with them.”

The children repeatedly expressed “their desire to live with the[] father in

Nebraska.” The department authored a dispositional report in May, noting the

children were “looking forward to being able to move back to live with their dad in

Nebraska when the home study is finalized.” 5 The department and guardian ad

litem recommended the children’s placement with the father.

A dispositional hearing began in June and was reset to July to allow for

additional time. After the first part of the hearing, however, the court authorized

the department “to facilitate an extended visit of the children with the[] father in

Nebraska.” The court further ordered, “The current services shall continue with

the addition of counseling for [the older child].”

The court entered a dispositional order in August. The court observed the

children, who were thirteen- and seventeen-years-old, were “adamant that they

wish to be placed in the home of their father” and “return to what they consider

their ‘home’ school district in Nebraska.” The court noted the children’s

relationship with the mother was “strained” and ordered “[c]ounseling [to] be

provided to improve the relationship between the mother and [the children].” The

court further noted the mother had not “requested additional or more intensive

services.” The court transferred custody of the children to the father, and the

children “officially moved” to Nebraska at the end of August. The mother did not

appeal that order.

5
By that time, the father’s home study had been conditionally approved. It was
formally approved in June.
5

In October, the mother filed a motion for reasonable efforts, claiming the

department’s “reunification services are not sufficient.” Specifically, the mother

challenged her lack of visitation with the children and the lack of family counseling

as well as individual counseling for the children. The mother also requested a

“refrigerator list” be provided “so that she knows what the expectations are for her

to resume custody of the children.”

The mother’s motion came before the court at a review hearing less than

one week later. After receiving a number of exhibits and hearing the parties’

arguments, the court entered a dispositional review order and denied the motion.

The mother appeals. 6

II. Standard of Review

We review decisions in CINA proceedings de novo. In re L.H., 904 N.W.2d

145, 149 (Iowa 2017). We are not bound by the factual findings of the court, but

we give weight to those findings. In re J.S., 846 N.W.2d 36, 40 (Iowa 2014). The

court’s “determinations must be based upon clear and convincing evidence.” Id.

at 41. Our primary consideration is the best interests of the children. In re D.S.,

563 N.W.2d 12, 14 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997).

6
The State argues the mother’s claims relating to the older M.A. are “moot as the
child has attained the age of majority.” Indeed, “[a] child in a child in need of
assistance proceeding is defined as a person under eighteen years of age.” In re
H.G., 601 N.W.2d 84, 85 (Iowa 1999). Accordingly, “age . . . help[s] define the
jurisdiction of the juvenile court in a child in need of assistance proceeding.” Id. at
86. In determining this jurisdiction, “the age . . . of the child at the time the
proceeding is initiated is controlling.” Iowa Code § 232.61(2). “[O]nce a court
obtains jurisdiction over a person and the subject matter of a case, it retains
jurisdiction until a final disposition has been made.” In re K.N., 625 N.W.2d 731,
734 (Iowa 2001) (quoting H.G., 601 N.W.2d at 86). Here, because the court did
not “dismiss [M.A.’s] CINA case,” see In re R.P., No. 20-1348, 2021 WL 211624,
at *1 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 21, 2021), we retain jurisdiction of this appeal.
6

III. Discussion

A. Transfer of Custody to the Father. The mother claims the court “erred

when it transferred custody of M.A. and M.A. to the father.” The State contends

the mother failed to preserve error on this argument, and we agree. Normal error-

preservation rules apply in CINA cases. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773

(Iowa 2012). Those rules require a party to challenge an order by appeal. Here,

the court entered a dispositional order on August 28, 2023, in which the court

ordered, in part: “The least restrictive disposition available in the circumstances,

which is in the best interest of the children in interest, is that custody of [M.A. and

M.A.] should be transferred to . . . their father, and non-custodial parent subject to

visitation with . . . the children’s mother . . . .” The mother did not appeal the

dispositional order. “Therefore, the principles of res judicata bar [her] claim.” In re

D.S., 563 N.W.2d 12, 15 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997) (recognizing the principles of res

judicata bar a parent’s claim when the claim arises from a different order than the

one the parent appealed); In re Marriage of Guyer, 522 N.W.2d 818, 821 (Iowa

1994) (“Principles of res judicata preclude a court from relitigating an issue or claim

that has been previously decided.”); In re A.A., No. 10-1102, 2010 WL 3503981,

at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 9, 2010) (“[A]ny error claimed to have been made at the

permanency hearing or within the ruling prior to the termination proceeding was

not preserved for our review.”).

B. Continued Removal from the Mother’s Custody. The mother claims she

“argued for return of custody at the dispositional review hearing on October 20,

2023” and she also “argued it was in the best interests of the children to be returned

to her custody through [her] objections to [the guardian ad litem] report filed on
7

October 19, 2023.” The State contends the mother failed to preserve error on this

argument, claiming, “[a]t the disposition review hearing held October 20, 2023, the

mother did not argue that the children should no longer be removed from her care.”

Indeed, the mother’s “position” at the dispositional review hearing related to the

lack of reasonable efforts being made rather than the continued removal of the

children. However, insofar as the mother’s “position [was set forth] in the

documents” filed by the mother’s attorney and provided the mother “believes it is

in the best interests of the children to be returned to her custody,” we find this issue

preserved.

The mother has demonstrated progress by completing inpatient treatment,

as well as participating in therapy. However, significant issues remain concerning

the mother’s ability to have “appropriate contact” with the children and parent the

children safely. As the guardian ad litem reported, “The children are happy and

healthy in their father’s care and no longer required to take a parental role with

their younger half-siblings.” The younger M.A. submitted a thoughtful and detailed

letter to the court, expressing her desire to remain in Nebraska with the father. The

children’s report cards indicate they are “flourish[ing],” and the older M.A. was

making plans for high school graduation and college. The children participated in

video visits with the mother and communicated with her via electronic messaging.

However, conflict between the mother and the children persisted, which needed to

be addressed before their relationships could be repaired. The court found

continued removal of the children from the mother’s home was in their best

interests but also emphasized the need for the children to participate in counseling,

stating in part:
8

The goal in this case is reunification and I hear [M.A. and
M.A.], their desire to stay with their father at this time. It was a tough
call for me to allow them to be placed so far away from their mother
but I heard them. I heard them say that’s what they desired, that’s
where they would be happiest and so I did that, but I did that on the
condition that there would be active participation in visitation and that
there will be active participation in counseling.
And if the only counseling that can be arranged to be paid for
is telehealth, I expect you to try telehealth because the department
is obligated to provide reasonable efforts and you are obligated to try
telehealth if that’s the only counseling we can pay for, and
participating in reunification services from the comfort of your own
home with your father is the least I expect of you.
I expect you to participate in counseling. I expect you to be
telling your counselor the issues that you have with your mom and I
expect us to be able to be working on that stuff.
I won’t place you in your father’s home hours, hours away
from where we could be having regular visits weekly and have you
not participating in services. I won’t have it.

We echo the court’s sentiment relating to the children’s participating in

therapy and making efforts to repair their relationship with the mother. However,

upon our review, we affirm the court’s dispositional review order finding continued

removal from the mother’s custody better serves the children’s best interests. 7

C. Reasonable Efforts. The mother claims the court erred in denying her

motion for lack of reasonable efforts, based on the department’s failure to arrange

“regular and frequent visitation” and “act[] with more urgency in scheduling

individual counseling for M.A. and in scheduling family counseling between the

children and the mother.”

7
The mother further claims the court “erred when it omitted a finding regarding the
best interests of the child-in-interest” in the review order. We disagree. In our
review of the court’s order and the detailed discussion by the court on the record
at the hearing, we conclude the court properly considered and issued a decision
in furtherance of the children’s best interests.
9

We first turn to the visitation issue. After the children went to Nebraska, the

mother had one visit in July and one visit in August. The next visit was scheduled

to take place on September 16, but the mother agreed it had to be rescheduled

because the maternal grandmother, who was supervising the visit, was “on

vacation.” The visit was rescheduled for September 30, but the grandmother

cancelled because she “was experiencing a medical emergency.” The next visit

was scheduled to take place the day of the review hearing. At the hearing, the

mother suggested the department find another supervisor for visits and stated the

maternal grandmother was unable to supervise the visit. The guardian ad litem

stated:

The family had not notified the department that the family-arranged
supervisor was not available. My understanding is that
arrangements have now been made for providers to actually
supervise and make sure the visit happens, but if there is a
supervision issue, the department needs to be notified about it so
they can address that to ensure that they are making reasonable
efforts.
I would also note that the visits we are discussing are the in-
person visits. There is video contact, telephone contact and as of
last night Snapchat contact between the mother and the teenagers,
frankly more than they want but that is happening . . . .

In denying the mother’s motion for lack of reasonable efforts, the court

found, “Due to the distance between the mother’s home and the father’s home it

is difficult to arrange for regular and frequent visitation.” We also note visits were

difficult to arrange because the children were involved in school and other

activities, despite the father making efforts to facilitate visits when possible. 8 We

also observe the mother did not take issue with the maternal grandmother

8
The evidence does not support the mother’s claim the father “interfered” with her
visits.
10

supervising visits until the eve of the review hearing. See In re L.M., 904 N.W.2d

835, 840 (Iowa 2017) (noting an “objection to the sufficiency of services should be

made ‘early in the process so appropriate changes can be made’” (citation

omitted)). For these reasons, we reject the mother’s claim relating to visitation.

Regarding counseling, as soon as the children began living in Nebraska,

the father attempted to schedule therapy appointments, but their insurance was

denied. He then began working to obtain different insurance for the children. The

department noted the father was unable to purchase insurance because he was

“still paying child support on all three kids (including [O.A.,] the girls’ older brother)

and this is causing a financial strain on the family.” The father also filed a motion

to be relieved of his child-support obligation to the mother. The department noted

the mother “has been sent paperwork . . . to fill out and return and she has not

done so yet, causing a delay in the stop of child support.” The father reported “[a]s

soon as the [children] are approved for Medicaid in Nebraska [he] will get them

signed up for counseling.” At the hearing, the father testified, “I can’t afford to put

them on my insurance because of the $900 [for child support] is taken out. I can’t

get it. . . . I have been trying for two months.” The father’s attorney reported

providers in Nebraska were not “willing to take Iowa Medicaid in Nebraska

unfortunately.”

When the idea of telehealth counseling was brought up to the children, the

children believed it would be “pointless.” The court was not persuaded by the

children’s resistance, stating in part: “It sounds like the insurance issue could be

solved by doing it telehealth from a provider who will accept the Iowa Title XIX and

I expect that to happen.” The court also directed the department to have the
11

children engage in counseling, even if the method was less than ideal. Under

these circumstances, we conclude the department made reasonable efforts toward

reunification.

We affirm the dispositional review order and finding of reasonable efforts.

AFFIRMED.