State of Iowa v. Patrick Donover Sallis

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0508
Filed June 5, 2024

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

PATRICK DONOVER SALLIS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, David P.

Odekirk, Judge.

Patrick Sallis appeals the denial of his motion to suppress evidence

supporting his conviction for possession of a firearm as a felon and habitual

offender. AFFIRMED.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Vidhya K. Reddy, Assistant

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Nicholas E. Siefert, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

Considered by Schumacher, P.J., Badding, J., and Doyle, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2024).
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DOYLE, Senior Judge.

Following a bench trial on the stipulated minutes of evidence, Patrick Sallis

appeals his conviction for possession of a firearm as a felon and habitual offender.

He challenges the denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained when law

enforcement executed a search warrant on his residence and vehicle, arguing the

search warrant was not supported by probable cause. Because probable cause

supported the search warrant, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

On November 1, 2021, Officer Jordan Ehlers of the Waterloo Police

Department was assigned to the Violent Crime Apprehenson Team (VCAT) as a

detective. He applied for a warrant to search the apartment Sallis shared with his

girlfriend and two vehicles registered to the girlfriend. Officer Ehlers alleged he

had good reason to believe Sallis possessed “firearms, firearm parts or

ammunition, . . . items used in the upkeep or maintenance of firearms, ammunition,

safes, locked containers, and ballistic evidence” in those locations.

An addendum to the warrant application explains that VCAT began

investigating Sallis in August 2021 for drug distribution and illegal firearm

possession. It also states that “[d]uring the last 72 hours,” a confidential informant

“advised that Sallis was just in possession of a .45 caliber handgun” and “was

actively selling narcotics.” The same informant “advised that Sallis had done a

shooting earlier in the month of October 2021 in the general area of Gable Street”

and “had shot at another vehicle.” Officer Ehlers matched the shooting described

by the informant to an incident that occurred in the early morning hours of

October 9, during which a witness described hearing six shots before seeing a
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white SUV speeding down the street. Law enforcement located a “weapon/laser

light attachment” and nine .45 caliber casings in the street. There were five bullet

holes in a vehicle, and law enforcement believed that two of the fired bullets

recovered from the vehicle came from the .45 caliber shell casings. Detectives

obtained a video from October 8 showing Sallis sitting inside a vehicle and aiming

at the camera what looked like a semi-automatic handgun with a light attachment.

The addendum also states that Sallis cannot possess firearms based on his

felony convictions. Officer Ehlers also explained that “subjects involved in illegal

firearm trafficking often store firearms inside vehicle” and “often use vehicles to

transport firearms.” Finally, it noted that the video from October 8 shows Sallis in

possession of a firearm while inside a vehicle.

The warrant application included a document titled, “Informant’s

Attachment.” It states, “I, Peace Officer J. Ehlers, received information from an

informant whose name is: Confidential Source 1.” It also states that the informant’s

name is confidential “because disclosure of informant’s identity would: _X_

Endanger informant’s safety; [and] _X_ Impair informant’s future usefulness to law

enforcement.” Finally, the form provides reasons the informant is reliable with

checks next to four statements:

_X_ The informant is a concerned citizen who has been known by the
above officer for _1_ week and who:
_X_ Has no motivation to falsify the information
_X_ Has otherwise demonstrated truthfulness. (State in the narrative
the facts that led to this conclusion.)
_X_ The information supplied by the informant in this investigation has
been corroborated by law enforcement personnel. (Indicate in the
narrative the corroborated information and how it was corroborated.)
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The district court filled out a form titled, “Endorsement of Search Warrant

Application,” stating that it relied on Officer Ehlers’s sworn testimony along with the

statements and information in the application and the attachments to it. The form

also includes checks next to the following statements:

X_ A portion of the grounds for issuance of this search warrant is
based upon a confidential informant who provided information to
affiant and other investigating law enforcement officers.
X_ I find from sworn testimony and/or the affiant’s affidavit that the
informant’s information is reliable because: Informant’s information
was corroborated by information learned by officers via their own
investigations and surveillance.
X_ The information is found to justify probable cause and I therefore
issue the warrant.

Law enforcement executed the search warrant one day after the court

issued it and found a .45 caliber semi-automatic handgun loaded with a magazine

containing .45 caliber ammunition and a plastic bag containing suspected

marijuana in Sallis’s apartment. Sallis was at the apartment the day of the search.

After being informed of his Miranda rights, Sallis admitted to knowingly possessing

a handgun.

The State charged Sallis with possession of a firearm as a felon and

habitual offender. Sallis moved to suppress the evidence obtained during the

search of his property, claiming the search warrant was not supported by probable

cause. After the district court denied the motion, Sallis waived his right to a jury

trial and proceeded to a bench trial on the stipulated minutes. The district court

found Sallis guilty as charged and sentenced Sallis to a fifteen-year term of

incarceration with a mandatory minimum of three years.
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II. Scope and Standard of Review.

“We review the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress based on

deprivation of a constitutional right de novo.” State v. Arrieta, 998 N.W.2d 617,

620 (Iowa 2023). On de novo review, we independently evaluate the entire record

but give weight to the district court’s fact findings, although they do not bind us.

See id.

III. Discussion.

Sallis contends the district court should have suppressed the evidence

discovered during the search of his residence and his girlfriend’s vehicles because

the search warrant was not supported by probable cause. He claims the

application contained five defects: (1) untimely information, (2) an inadequate

nexus between criminal activity and the places to be searched, (3) a conclusory

statement by a confidential informant, (4) inadequate corroboration, and (5) an

inadequate basis for determining the informant’s credibility. We review each

argument in turn.

In determining whether probable cause supports a warrant, “we review the

information actually presented to the judge and determine whether the issuing

judge had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.” State

v. Harbach, 3 N.W.3d 209, 217 (Iowa 2024) (citation omitted). Thus, the question

is whether the information presented in the warrant application “would convince a

person of reasonable prudence that evidence of a crime could be located at the

place to be searched.” Id.

Sallis first contends the application for a search warrant was untimely

because it relied on information about a shooting that occurred three weeks earlier.
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“Allegations of criminal conduct may be so distant in time as to provide no probable

cause for a warrant.” State v. Randle, 555 N.W.2d 666, 670 (Iowa 1996). But we

will not find the information contained in a search warrant application is untimely

based on the passage of time alone; “whether information is stale depends on the

circumstances of the case.” State v. Gogg, 561 N.W.2d 360, 367 (Iowa 1997).

The relevant circumstances include:

(1) the character of the crime (whether an isolated event or an
ongoing activity), (2) the character of the criminal (nomadic or
stable), (3) the nature of the thing to be seized (perishable, easily
destroyed, not affixed and easily removable, or of enduring utility to
the holder), and (4) the place to be searched (mere criminal forum of
convenience or secure operational base).

Id. (internal citations omitted).

Although the application is based in part on the October 9 shooting and the

October 8 video showing Sallis with a handgun, Officer Ehlers also stated that the

confidential informant reported that Sallis was still in possession of a .45 caliber

handgun in “the last 72 hours.” The district court noted that it is reasonable to infer

that possession of a firearm by a felon is an ongoing crime. Because the

application was based on an ongoing crime and stated that Sallis possessed a

handgun no more than three days earlier, the warrant was not based on stale

information. See id. at 368 (“the six-day-old observations of the informant were

not stale”).

Sallis next contends the application failed to show a nexus between the

criminal activity and the places to be searched. In rejecting this argument, the

district court found that firearms and ammunition are not perishable items or easily

destroyed and would be of enduring utility to Sallis. On this basis, the court
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concluded that one could infer the items would be in the apartment that both Sallis

and his girlfriend listed as their residence. The court also found it reasonable to

infer that Sallis had access to the two vehicles registered to his girlfriend and

parked at their residence.

We agree that the warrant application establishes a nexus between the

criminal activity and the places to be searched. It is reasonable to infer that Sallis

would keep the items in his residence based on their nature and the informant’s

statement that Sallis possessed the firearm three days before Officer Ehlers

applied for a warrant. In addition, the October 8 video, Officer Ehlers’s statement

about illegal trafficking of firearms, the location of the girlfriend’s vehicles at the

residence she and Sallis shared, and the informant’s statement that Sallis usually

operated one of the vehicles provided probable cause for their search.

Sallis’s final three challenges concern the information provided by the

confidential informant. He argues that the application did not show the basis for

the informant’s knowledge that Sallis “had done a shooting,” corroborate the

information provided by the informant, or show the informant was credible.

Because each of these factors impacts the others, we consider these arguments

together. See State v. Bishop, 387 N.W.2d 554, 557 (Iowa 1986) (stating “[t]he

informant’s veracity and basis of knowledge are no longer separate and distinct

considerations” since Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983), which “rejected the

former two-pronged test for determining probable cause . . . in favor of a totality of

the circumstances analysis”). Rather than invalidating a warrant for lack of

probable cause based on a deficiency of a single factor, we consider the totality of
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the factors because “a strong showing in one factor may compensate for the

deficiency in another factor.” Id.

When viewed together, the factors before the court that granted the search

warrant provide a sufficient basis for determining the veracity of the informant’s

information. Although the statement about Sallis’s involvement in the shooting

does not provide the basis for the informant’s knowledge, it did provide verifiable

details about when (“earlier in the month of October 2021”) and where (“in the

general area of Gable Street”) the shooting occurred. The informant also

described what happened during the shooting, advising “that Sallis had shot at

another vehicle.” Officer Ehlers corroborated that information by matching it to an

October 9 shooting involving the caliber of bullet that the informant alleged Sallis

used. Officer Ehlers also located a video from one day before the shooting that

showed Sallis in possession of a firearm inside a vehicle matching the description

that a witness to the shooting gave of a vehicle that sped away from the scene.

The vehicle also matched the description of a vehicle owned by Sallis’s girlfriend,

which the informant also described and claimed Sallis “usually operat[ed].” The

informant also gave the name of Sallis’s girlfriend and the address of their

residence, which Officer Ehlers also corroborated. Finally, in addition to the

corroboration, the application states that Officer Ehlers believed the informant was

credible because there was no reason for the informant to lie.

Because probable cause supported the search warrant, we affirm the denial

of Sallis’s motion to suppress.

AFFIRMED.