In re Marriage of Creese

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1114
Filed July 3, 2024

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF COLLEEN MARIE CREESE
AND PHILLIP MOIN CREESE, JR.

Upon the Petition of
COLLEEN MARIE CREESE,
Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

And Concerning
PHILLIP MOIN CREESE, JR.,
Respondent-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dallas County, Stacy Ritchie, Judge.

A husband appeals from the property-division provisions in a decree

dissolving the parties’ marriage, and the wife cross-appeals as to physical care of

their child. AFFIRMED ON APPEAL AND CROSS-APPEAL.

Delaney J. Kozlowski of Sease & Wadding, Des Moines, for

appellant/cross-appellee.

Katie M. Naset of Hope Law Firm & Associates, P.C., West Des Moines, for

appellee/cross-appellant.

Considered by Badding, P.J., Langholz, J., and Bower, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section

602.9206 (2024).
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BADDING, Presiding Judge.

Phillip Creese appeals, and Colleen Creese cross-appeals, the decree

dissolving their eight-year marriage. Phillip claims the district court erred in valuing

the marital home and his inherited interest in it, while Colleen challenges the

court’s decision to place the parties’ minor child in their joint physical care. She

also requests an award of appellate attorney fees. We deny that request and affirm

the court’s decree.

I. Physical Care

Addressing Colleen’s cross-appeal first, we find from our de novo review of

the record1 that Phillip and Colleen married in May 2015. At the time of their

marriage, Colleen had three children from prior relationships. The couple then had

one child together, K.C., who was born in 2018.

Colleen petitioned to dissolve the marriage in April 2022. She was forty-

three years old and employed as the vice president of implementation services for

an insurance risk management company, where she grossed $110,000 per year

plus bonuses. Phillip was forty years old and managed a trucking company,

earning $75,000 gross per year. He also earned $2000 to $3000 per year from

umpiring softball games. During the “umpiring season,” Colleen provided more of

the nighttime care for K.C., especially when he was younger. Otherwise, the

record shows the parties jointly cared for the child.

1 “In an equity action, such as a dissolution of marriage, our review is de novo.”
In
re Marriage of Miller, 966 N.W.2d 630, 635 (Iowa 2021); accord Iowa R. App.
P. 6.907. “We give weight to the findings of the district court, particularly
concerning the credibility of witnesses; however, those findings are not binding
upon us.” In re Marriage of McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa 2013).
3

Colleen stayed in the marital home until July, when she and K.C. moved

into a rental in a nearby town. Colleen’s three other children were adults at the

time. After Colleen applied for a hearing on temporary matters, the district court

entered an order placing K.C. in their joint physical care. The court continued that

arrangement after the dissolution trial in May 2023. Colleen’s primary argument

against joint physical care—at the temporary hearing, dissolution trial, and on

appeal—centers on Phillip’s habit of “leaving unsecured firearms in the home.”

Phillip is a gun enthusiast. He owns nine guns, including two AR-15 rifles,

a couple of shotguns, and a few pistols. At the temporary hearing, Colleen

introduced pictures of guns scattered throughout their house in the years after K.C.

was born. One showed a rifle on the kitchen table. Others showed rifles propped

against the walls in their bedroom. And yet another showed a handgun on the

kitchen table next to a box of cookies. In one picture, which Phillip said “hurt[] his

heart to look at,” he was sitting on the couch, pointing a handgun across the room

while K.C. was playing on the ground nearby. These pictures prompted the district

court to include the following provision in bold type in the temporary order:

When [K.C.] is in Phillip’s care all firearms shall be securely
stored in a locked case or cabinet or otherwise made completely
inaccessible to [K.C.]

Despite this clear directive, Phillip admitted that he left the gun safe in the

basement open when Colleen’s adult daughter was at the house gathering some

of her things. Phillip justified that violation of the temporary order by testifying,

“there was nobody in the home at that time.” He also admitted that he did not put

his “personal carry” gun in the safe. Instead, Phillip said “[i]t goes in, on a storage
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cabinet where [K.C.] cannot reach.” He acknowledged that cabinet was not locked,

but he testified the gun was not loaded.

These justifications fall flat. We agree with Colleen that Phillip’s actions

pose a serious risk for the child’s safety. Colleen testified that she discussed this

unacceptable risk with Phillip, but “he doesn’t feel that [K.C.] is strong enough to

pull the trigger on a gun. . . . That was even after showing him evidence of children,

even in this state, in a neighboring county recently that shot herself.” Her fears for

the child’s safety were heightened because of K.C.’s curiosity about guns. Colleen

testified, “[M]y child . . . routinely talks about shoot[ing] guns. And kids have a

natural curiosity; I want my child to be safe.” Phillip understood Colleen’s

concerns, but he testified that he never “had a loaded weapon anywhere near

[K.C.] when he could get to it.”

The district court shared Colleen’s concerns, finding:

[T]he Court is charged with determining the safety and best
interests of [K.C.] Firearms, including semi-automatic or automatic
assault rifles, left around the house in places of easy access to a
four-year-old child pose a high risk to the safety of that child. . . . A
parent who is a gun enthusiast must balance his hobby with the
safety of any child entering the residence. . . . Colleen testified that
. . . their four-year-old son is very interested in the firearms that are
Phillip’s hobby. This elevated level of curiosity of [K.C.] only
increases the risk of accidental injury to the child or another person
from a firearm.

See Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(i) (considering the “safety of the child”); In re Marriage

of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 695 (Iowa 2007) (“The objective of a physical care

determination is to place the children in the environment most likely to bring them

to health, both physically and mentally, and to social maturity.”).
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Yet it is clear from the record that “Phillip is a loving and caring father,” as

the court found. Colleen concedes they both “actively cared” for K.C. during their

marriage, and she wants Phillip to remain an active part of the child’s life. See

Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 697–98 (“[J]oint physical care is most likely to be in the

best interest of the child where both parents have historically contributed to

physical care in roughly the same proportion.”). Each described the other as a

good parent. And they were, for the most part, supportive of one another’s

relationship with the child. See Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(e) (considering whether

each parent can support the other’s relationship with the child). Colleen typically

had a video chat with K.C. “every night Phil has him,”2 and Phillip did the same

when the child was in her care, with both recognizing that K.C. missed the other

parent when he was not in that parent’s care. They worked together to care for

K.C. during times when the other parent was out of town and, in Phillip’s view, they

communicated well with one another. See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 698 (factoring

in the ability of spouses to communicate and the degree of conflict between them).

The text messages between the parties support his testimony.

In the end, we agree with the district court that “[t]o restrict contact between

Phillip and [K.C.] would cause [K.C.] psychological and emotional harm” and that

joint physical care is in the child’s best interests. See In re Marriage of

Williams, 589 N.W.2d 759, 762 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998) (“The emotional stability

2 Phillip acknowledged that he denied Colleen contact with the child one time

before the trial, which he regretted. See In re Marriage of Meierotto,
No. 15-0047, 2015 WL 5968895, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 14, 2015) (agreeing with
the district court that occasional improper conduct should not overshadow the
parenting characteristics the parties exhibited over several years).
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associated with maintaining the parent-child relationship is primary to the best

interests of the child.”). But the court’s warning and order bears repeating:

It would be catastrophic to this entire family if [K.C.] got ahold
of a firearm and someone was injured. Gun safety by Phillip is
paramount to the best interests of [K.C.] and should be paramount in
exercising his right to possess firearms.
....
Phillip shall secure any and all ammunition and firearms
including but not limited to assault rifles, rifles, shotguns, and
handguns, in a locked gun safe at all times when [K.C.] is present in
his residence or, if in a car, in a locked gun case at all times when
[K.C.] is present in his car until such time as [K.C.] has successfully
completed a gun safety course AND the parties agree that [K.C.] is
old enough to safely be in the presence of such weapons.

If the safety of his child and others were not sufficient motivation already, we

caution Phillip that any violation of this provision could lead to a change in custody.

II. Property Division

Moving onto Phillip’s appeal, he claims the district court made two errors in

its property division: “grossly overestimat[ing] the value of the [marital] home and

miscalculat[ing] the equalization payment owed to Colleen.” When reviewing the

division of property, “we accord the trial court considerable latitude” and will disturb

its ruling “only when there has been a failure to do equity.” In re Marriage of

Schriner, 695 N.W.2d 493, 496 (Iowa 2005) (citations omitted). We find no such

failure here.

When the couple married in May 2015, they were living in Colleen’s house.

Colleen sold that house in December, and the family moved into Phillip’s childhood

home, situated on a 1.2 acre-lot in Dallas County. Phillip and his two sisters had

each inherited a one-third interest in the property after their father’s death. Colleen

recalled that they met with Phillip’s sisters at a restaurant to “hammer out the
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details” of their desired move. After considering “repairs and things that needed

to be done” on the home, the family agreed that Phillip and Colleen would buy it

for $75,000.

Their agreement was set out in a real estate contract that Phillip, his sisters,

and all their spouses signed. The contract required Phillip and Colleen to make a

down payment of $25,000, which was Phillip’s one-third interest in the home. The

remaining $50,000 was to be paid in equal monthly installments to the sisters.

After Colleen sold her home in February or March 2016, she paid $3500 to each

of the sisters. The couple continued to make monthly payments on the contract

from their joint bank account until it was paid off in July 2020.

From the time they moved in until Colleen moved out in July 2022, the

couple worked on renovating the home. Colleen explained:

Every room in that house needed updating. It was buil[t] in
the 70s and had not had a lot of updates to it. So we redid bedrooms,
carpeting, added doors, put on a deck, updated windows, whole new
front door, flooring, paint everything. So every room in that home,
plus part of the basement—every room in that home with the
exception of the dining and kitchen has been updated since we’ve
owned it.

The couple did most of the work themselves, paying for things as they went along

out of marital funds and insurance proceeds. Colleen kept track of the renovation

costs over the years, which totaled $82,573.35 by the dissolution trial in May 2023.

Colleen had a real estate agent perform a comparative market analysis on

the home a few days before the trial. While she did not introduce the analysis into

evidence, Colleen testified the agent valued the home at $300,000. Phillip, on the

other hand, testified the house was only worth its assessed value of $190,000.
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The district court sided with Colleen, finding the “value assessed to a

property for tax purposes is often much lower than the fair market value of a

property. Accordingly, the Court finds the testimony that the market value as

assessed by a realtor of $300,000.00 is the more credible evidence of the value of

this asset.” And although Phillip urged “that one third of the home is not marital

property because he and his two sisters inherited the home from his father,” the

court found that division would not be equitable:

At the time of the inheritance, the beneficiaries, Phillip and his
sisters, established an inheritance value to each of them of
$25,000.00. Accordingly, the Court finds it is equitable to award the
$25,000.00 value of his inheritance to Phillip. Additionally, the
$7,000.00 payment made by Colleen toward the purchase of the
house came from the sale of premarital property she owned. The
Court finds that amount should not be included in the marital estate
for division. The increase in the value of the house was created by
the joint financial investment and efforts of both Phillip and Colleen.
As such, both parties should benefit from the equity created in the
home beyond their initial investments.

Phillip challenges these findings which, when considered with the rest of the

property division, resulted in him owing Colleen a $136,957 equalization payment.

Starting with the value of the marital residence, Phillip argues the court

should not have adopted Colleen’s valuation because it “was not within the

permissible range of evidence, supported by credible evidence, or reasonable and

fair.” See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 703 (“Ordinarily, a trial court’s valuation will not

be disturbed when it is within the range of permissible evidence.”). He particularly

objects to the lack of evidence corroborating Colleen’s testimony about its value.

But our supreme court has said that, in “ascertaining the value of property, its

owner is a competent witness to testify to its market value.” Id. (finding the court’s

valuation of the marital residence was within the range of the evidence based on
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the wife’s valuation “in her financial affidavit and in trial testimony”). And, as

Colleen points out, the actual assessed value of the property is $219,750. The

$190,000 value relied on by Phillip is only for the house itself, without accounting

for the land it sits on or the shed on the property. Because the court’s valuation

was within the range of the evidence, we decline to disturb it on appeal.

Phillip next argues the district court miscalculated the share of the marital

residence that should have been set aside to him as inherited property. Iowa Code

section 598.21(5) (2022) requires the court to “divide all property, except inherited

property or gifts received or expected by one party, equitably between the parties.”

Inherited property is typically “awarded to the individual spouse who owns the

property, independent from the equitable distribution process.” Schriner, 695

N.W.2d at 496; accord Iowa Code § 598.21(6). But “this exclusion is not absolute.”

Schriner, 695 N.W.2d at 496. “Iowa has a unique hybrid system that permits the

court to divide inherited property if equity” so demands. Id. That system is set out

in section 598.21(6), which provides that inherited property “is not subject to a

property division under this section except upon a finding that refusal to divide the

property is inequitable to the other party or to the children of the marriage.”

The district court determined it was equitable to set aside $25,000 from the

value of the house to Phillip as inherited property. Phillip contends the court should

have instead set aside a “one-third share of the property” because he “did not

inherit $25,000 cash when his father passed away but rather, he inherited a one-

third (1/3) share.” He analogizes this situation

to an individual who inherits shares in a corporation. If Phil and his
sisters each inherited 25,000 shares, the value of Phil’s shares, and
thus the value of his inheritance, would be determined at the time of
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dissolution when the value is currently relevant, not the value years
beforehand when he received the shares.

Not necessarily.

Our supreme court has held that the appreciation of an inheritance “may be

characterized as marital property.” In re Marriage of White, 537 N.W.2d 744, 746

(Iowa 1995) (holding that inherited property may be set off based on the property’s

value at the time it was received rather than its value at trial). “When deciding

whether to divide appreciation on inherited property, we must determine whether

the appreciation which occurred during the marriage was fortuitous or due to the

efforts of the parties.” In re Marriage of Richards, 439 N.W.2d 876, 882 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1989); cf. In re Marriage of Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d 97, 104 (Iowa 2007) (stating

in a fifteen-year marriage, it is not appropriate when dividing premarital property

“to emphasize how each asset appreciated—fortuitously versus laboriously”). This

consideration tracks with the factors considered in determining whether it would

be inequitable to exclude inherited property from the marital estate, including

“contributions of the parties toward the property, its care, preservation or

improvement” and “separate contributions by the parties to their economic welfare

to whatever extent those contributions preserve the property for either of them.” In

re Marriage of Goodwin, 606 N.W.2d 315, 319 (Iowa 2000) (citation omitted).

Other factors include the length of the marriage and the length of the time the

property was held after it was devised. In re Marriage of Thomas, 319

N.W.2d 209, 211 (Iowa 1982).

While this was not a long marriage, the parties lived in the home for most of

their marriage. See In re Marriage of Geil, 509 N.W.2d 738, 741 (Iowa 1993)
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(dividing farm property inherited by the wife where it had served as the family

homestead and provided their livelihood for many years). They both contributed

to its purchase, upkeep, and improvements. See In re Marriage of Friedman, 466

N.W.2d 689, 693 (Iowa 1991) (noting courts have “divided the appreciated value

of assets even when separately held where the increase resulted from the talent,

time and effort of the marital partners”). We agree with the district court that the

“joint efforts of the parties increased the value of this asset considerably and it is

the primary asset to which the parties contributed during the marriage.” As a result,

we conclude the court acted equitably in setting aside $25,000 from the value of

the home to Phillip,3 rather than one-third of its $300,000 value. See In re Marriage

of Calhoun, No. 13–0697, 2014 WL 250240, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 23, 2014)

(awarding husband part of increase in value of wife’s gifted farmland because of

the husband’s “contributions to the farmland by expending money and labor

improving the property—improvements which increased the value”). We

accordingly affirm the resulting equalization payment.

III. Attorney Fees

Lastly, Colleen asks that we award her appellate attorney fees. Appellate

attorney fees are awarded at our discretion and are not a matter of right. In re

Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa 2005). When determining

3 In defending the district court’s property division, Colleen mentions that “[b]oth

parties likely commingled their respective contributions to the marital home such
that the entire home should be equally divided.” But she then states “that giving
Phillip a $25,000.00 offset and her a $7,000.00 offset is sufficiently equitable, such
that the trial court’s ruling could remain undisturbed.” With that concession, and
Colleen’s agreement at trial to set aside $25,000 of the home’s value to Phillip, we
decline to consider this passive argument.
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whether to award appellate attorney fees, we consider the needs of the party

seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay the fees, and the relative

merits of the appeal. McDermott, 827 N.W.2d at 687. Upon considering those

factors, we deny Colleen’s request.

AFFIRMED ON APPEAL AND CROSS-APPEAL.